Felty's syndrome and hypofibrinogenemia: an unusual target for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies?

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a risk factor for the development of Felty's syndrome and large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies are considered highly specific for RA and are directed against various citrullinated antigens, including citrullinated fibrinogen. Anti-CCP antibodies may interfere with the detection of citrullinated proteins and their function. In this article, we describe the possible inhibition of fibrinogen by anti-CCP antibodies with clinical consequences which have never been reported in the literature to our best knowledge. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 79-year-old Caucasian woman with a longstanding history of untreated seropositive RA and who had been investigated for severe neutropenia since several months. The association of splenomegaly led to suspicion of Felty's syndrome. Flux cytometry was compatible with T-cell LGL leukemia. In addition, severe hypofibrinogenemia was detected. The later finding has not been consistently associated with the former clinical entities. Further investigations demonstrated that the anti-CCP antibodies of the patient also recognized the P41 peptide of citrullinated fibrinogen. The patient deceased of intracranial hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: It is likely, yet not definite, that high anti-citrullinated fibrinogen titers may contribute to low fibrinogen levels and could have contributed to the fatal hemorrhagic event.

Toll-like receptor 2 mediates the activation of human monocytes and endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies.

The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLAs) is associated with arterial or venous thrombosis and/or recurrent fetal loss. The proposed pathogenic mechanisms for aPLA effects include the inflammatory activation of monocytes and endothelial cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are candidate signaling intermediates. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of TLR2 and TLR4 in cell activation by aPLAs. Of 32 patient-derived aPLAs, 19 induced an inflammatory activation of human monocytes and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In HUVECs, inflammatory responses to these aPLAs were increased by TNF pretreatment, which increases the expression of TLR2 but not TLR4. Anti-TLR2 but not anti-TLR4 antibodies reduced the aPLA-induced activation of monocytes and HUVECs. aPLAs activated TLR2-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells but not TLR4-expressing cells. Binding studies demonstrated an interaction between aPLAs and TLR2 but not TLR4. A role for CD14, a coreceptor for TLR2 and TLR4, can be inferred by observations that anti-CD14 antibodies reduced responses to aPLAs in monocytes, and that responses in HEK293 cells expressing TLR2 and CD14 were greater than in HEK293 cells expressing TLR2 alone. Our results demonstrate a role for TLR2 and CD14 in human endothelial cell and monocyte activation by aPLAs.

Variability between laboratories performing coagulation tests with identical platforms: a nationwide evaluation study.

BACKGROUND: While the assessment of analytical precision within medical laboratories has received much attention in scientific enquiry, the degree of as well as the sources causing variation between them remains incompletely understood. In this study, we quantified the variance components when performing coagulation tests with identical analytical platforms in different laboratories and computed intraclass correlations coefficients (ICC) for each coagulation test. METHODS: Data from eight laboratories measuring fibrinogen twice in twenty healthy subjects with one out of 3 different platforms and single measurements of prothrombin time (PT), and coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XIII were analysed. By platform, the variance components of (i) the subjects, (ii) the laboratory and the technician and (iii) the total variance were obtained for fibrinogen as well as (i) and (iii) for the remaining factors using ANOVA. RESULTS: The variability for fibrinogen measurements within a laboratory ranged from 0.02 to 0.04, the variability between laboratories ranged from 0.006 to 0.097. The ICC for fibrinogen ranged from 0.37 to 0.66 and from 0.19 to 0.80 for PT between the platforms. For the remaining factors the ICC's ranged from 0.04 (FII) to 0.93 (FVIII). CONCLUSIONS: Variance components that could be attributed to technicians or laboratory procedures were substantial, led to disappointingly low intraclass correlation coefficients for several factors and were pronounced for some of the platforms. Our findings call for sustained efforts to raise the level of standardization of structures and procedures involved in the quantification of coagulation factors.

Anti-apolipoprotein A-1 IgG as an independent cardiovascular prognostic marker affecting basal heart rate in myocardial infarction.

AIMS: To assess the prognostic value of anti-apolipoprotein A-1 (anti-apoA-1) IgG after myocardial infarction (MI) and its association with major cardiovascular events (MACEs) at 12 months and to determine their association with resting heart rate (RHR), a well-established prognostic feature after MI. Anti-apoA-1 IgG have been reported in MI without autoimmune disease, but their clinical significance remains undetermined. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 221 consecutive patients with MI were prospectively included, and all completed a 12-month follow-up. Major cardiovascular events consisted in death, MI, stroke, or hospitalization either for an acute coronary syndrome or heart failure. Resting heart rate was obtained on Holter the day before discharge under the same medical treatment. Neonate rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVC) were used in vitro to assess the direct anti-apoA-1 IgG effect on RHR. During follow-up, 13% of patients presented a MACE. Anti-apoA-1 IgG positivity was 9% and was associated with a higher RHR (P = 0.0005) and higher MACE rate (adjusted OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.46-12.6; P = 0.007). Survival models confirmed the significant nature of this association. Patients with MACE had higher median anti-apoA-1 IgG values at admission than patients without (P = 0.007). On NRVC, plasma from MI patients and monoclonal anti-apoA-1 IgG induced an aldosterone and dose-dependent positive chronotropic effect, abrogated by apoA-1 and therapeutic immunoglobulin (IVIG) pre-incubation. CONCLUSIONS: In MI patients, anti-apoA-1 IgG is independently associated with MACE at 1-year, interfering with a currently unknown aldosterone-dependent RHR determinant. Knowing whether anti-apoA-1 IgG assessment could be of interest to identify an MI patient subset susceptible to benefit from apoA-1/IVIG therapy remains to be demonstrated.

[Evaluating the biological efficacy of clopidogrel: genotype or phenotype?]. / Evaluation de l'efficacité biologique du clopidogrel: génotype ou phénotype?

Clopidogrel has a known biological variability that has been consistently associated with recurrence of coronary ischemic events in clinical studies. Among the tests that are currently available, quantification of the phosphorylation status of the vasodilator phosphoprotein (VASP assay) is probably the most specific assay to evaluate the inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor by clopidogrel. A genetic polymorphism of the cytochrome 2C19 has been associated with the biological efficacy of clopidogrel and is also associated with recurrent ischemic events. The VASP assay and the 2C19 genotyping are candidates for the identification of patients at risk; this is the focus of the present review.

Induction of TLR2 expression by inflammatory stimuli is required for endothelial cell responses to lipopeptides.

Human endothelial cells (EC) express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a receptor for lipopolysaccharides (LPS), but little or no TLR2, a lipopeptide receptor. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent inflammatory stimuli modify the expression by EC of TLR4 and TLR2, of the TLR2 co-receptors TLR1 and TLR6 and of the TLR2-accessory proteins CD14 and CD36. Stimulation of umbilical vein derived EC with TNF-alpha, LPS or IL-1beta for 24h induced a strong increase in TLR2 mRNA but not in TLR1, TLR4 and TLR6 mRNA. Inflammatory activation had little effect on CD14 mRNA, but decreased the expression of CD36 mRNA. TLR2 antigen was readily detected by flow cytometry on activated EC, but not on resting EC. A significant proportion of TLR2 was found to be located intracellularly. By using specific signalling pathway inhibitors we established that the induction of TLR2 by inflammatory stimuli was dependent on NF-kappaB, p38-MAP kinase and c-Jun kinase. IRAK-1 phosphorylation after treatment with 10mug/ml of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a TLR2 agonist, was only observed in TNF-alpha-stimulated EC and not in resting EC. Furthermore, LTA potentiated the increase of the inflammatory markers E-Selectin or IL-8 in EC pre-treated with TNF-alpha, LPS or IL-1beta, but not in resting EC. These results imply that the up-regulated TLR2 is functionally active. Interestingly, LTA had no effect on TLR2 expression, nor maintained TLR2 expression, in activated EC. This suggests that lipopeptide responses of EC are dependent on the continued presence of inflammatory cytokines, provided by other cell types, or LPS. In conclusion, inflammatory stimuli induce a high TLR2 expression in EC, which in turn enables the cells to strongly respond to lipopeptides. The up-regulation of TLR2 may be of relevance for the vascular effects of Gram-positive bacteria.

A multicenter evaluation of a new quantitative highly sensitive D-dimer assay for exclusion of venous thromboembolism.

D-dimer testing is widely applied for exclusion of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). We report on a multicenter performance evaluation of a new particle-enhanced immunoassay, Innovance D-Dimer. Innovance D-Dimer assay was performed in 1,543 frozen samples from outpatients suspected of DVT and/or PE enrolled in three management studies as well as in a routine clinical practice. Samples were assayed on BCS/BCS XP, BCT as well as Sysmex CA-7000, CA-1500 and CA-560 analyzers (cut-off on all analyzers: 0.5 mg/l). Stratus CS D-Dimer and Vidas D-Dimer Exclusion were used for comparison. The precision study indicated total coefficients of variation ranging from 2.1% to 8.4% depending on the analyzer and on the sample. Sensitivity and negative predictive values were above 99% and their lower 95% confidence interval were equal or above 97.4% and 98.6%, respectively. Specificity ranged from 38.2% to 40.4% and the respective lower 95% confidence intervals from 35.5% to 37.7%. Area under the curve was 0.90 for all assay systems except for Innovance D-Dimer with BCT (0.89). Two samples from patients with distal DVT tested negative with all assay systems. One patient with high pre-test clinical probability and proximal DVT tested negative with Vidas D-Dimer Exclusion. Our data indicate that the performances of Innovance D-Dimer, regardless of the analyzer, are similar to the reference methods, and that this assay can be used for the exclusion of venous thromboembolic disease.

Technical aspects in laboratory testing for antiphospholipid antibodies: is standardization an impossible dream?

Anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (anti-beta2GPI) assays are widely performed because they are part of the laboratory criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Despite several standardization workshops and the availability of a worldwide accepted calibrator material for aCL, a high variability in numerical assay results and in sample classification is still observed in comparative studies and external quality control surveys. For anti-beta2GPI assays, comparison of numerical values is impeded by the absence of a common calibrator material, and external quality surveys similarly show a large overlap in sample classification. Numerous variables impact assay results, among them the source and integrity of beta2GPI, the secondary calibration process, and the assessment and derivation of cutoff values. For both assays, the vast majority of laboratories use commercial kits whose number has risen considerably in the past years. However, many problems persist, and there is a need to improve the comparability in assay results. The use of monoclonal antibodies as reference calibrators has to be especially considered, with their suitability evaluated by future collaborative studies and external quality controls surveys. Manufacturers should provide more precise information on results obtained when testing control groups for establishing reference ranges and cutoff values. From the customers' perspective, it is important that each laboratory, even if using commercial kits, assesses its local cutoff value whenever possible. In the field of autoimmunity, assay standardization is a difficult but nevertheless important task. Much more effort is needed to reduce the high interlaboratory variability in assay results even if absolute standardization cannot be feasibly achieved.

Anti-(apolipoprotein A-1) IgGs are associated with high levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in acute coronary syndrome.

ApoA-1 (apolipoprotein A-1) is the main component of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and stabilizes PON-1 (paraoxonase-1), which prevents lipid peroxidation and oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) formation. Autoantibodies against apoA-1 [anti-(apoA-1) IgG] have been found in antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosous, two diseases with an increased risk of thrombotic events, as well as in ACS (acute coronary syndrome). OxLDL levels are also elevated in these diseases. Whether anti-(apoA-1) IgGs exist in other prothrombotic conditions, such as APE (acute pulmonary embolism) and stroke, has not been studied and their potential association with oxLDL and PON-1 activity is not known. In the present study, we determined prospectively the prevalence of anti-(apoA-1) IgG in patients with ACS (n=127), APE (n=58) and stroke (n=34), and, when present, we tested their association with oxLDL levels. The prevalance of anti-(apoA-1) IgG was 11% in the ACS group, 2% in the control group and 0% in the APE and stroke groups. The ACS group had significantly higher median anti-(apoA-1) IgG titres than the other groups of patients. Patients with ACS positive for anti-(apoA-1) IgG had significantly higher median oxLDL values than those who tested negative (226.5 compared with 47.7 units/l; P<0.00001) and controls. The Spearman ranked test revealed a significant correlation between anti-(apoA-1) IgG titres and serum oxLDL levels (r=0.28, P<0.05). No association was found between PON-1 activity and oxLDL or anti-(apoA-1) IgG levels. In conclusion, anti-(apoA-1) IgG levels are positive in ACS, but not in stroke or APE. In ACS, their presence is associated with higher levels of oxLDL and is directly proportional to the serum concentration of oxLDL. These results emphasize the role of humoral autoimmunity as a mediator of inflammation and coronary atherogenesis.

[Seventy years later: prothrombin time revisited]. / Le temps de prothrombine reyisité 70 ans après.

Introduced by Armand Quick in 1935, the prothrombin time is the test the most frequently performed in haemostasis laboratories. The diversity of origin and purity of the tissue factor contained in the thromboplastin reagents as well as the composition of phospholipids explain the differences in sensitivity to factor(s) deficiency(ies) observed. Unfortunately, the expression of assay results in non anticoagulated patients varies depending on the place the test is performed. For patients under oral anticoagulation treatment, huge standardisation efforts have led to the implementation of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) for the monitoring of the treatment, which has considerably reduced the differences between thromboplastin reagents. It is hoped that a comparable degree of standardization will be achieved for samples from patients with hepatic disease.

Immunization of LDL receptor-deficient mice with beta2-glycoprotein 1 or human serum albumin induces a more inflammatory phenotype in atherosclerotic plaques.

Antiphospholipid antibodies are a risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis and may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.The aim of this study was to investigate whether antibodies to human beta2-glycoprotein 1 (beta2GP1), as a model of antiphospholipid antibodies, modify the phenotype of atherosclerotic lesions. LDL receptor-deficient mice were immunized with human beta2GP1, human serum albumin (HSA), or not immunized, and fed a high-cholesterol diet for 14 weeks. Some mice also received pravastatin. Immunization with human beta2GP1 or HSA resulted in formation of autoantibodies recognizing murine beta2GP1 or murine albumin, respectively. We quantified atherosclerotic lesion development and mRNA levels of inflammation associated proteins in the thoraco-abdominal aorta as well as lesion development,cellular composition and collagen content in the aortic roots. Immunization with beta2GP1 or HSA had no effect on lesion size,but modified the expression in plaque areas of several inflammation-associated proteins. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue factor, interferon-gamma and CD25 was highest in the thoraco-abdominal aorta of beta2GP1-immunized mice, lowest in non-immunized mice and intermediate in HSA-immunized animals. Immunization with beta2GP1, but not HSA, resulted in a lower smooth muscle cell and collagen content of lesions in aortic roots. Statin treatment partially reversed the effects of beta2GP1 immunization. We conclude that immunization with beta2GP1, and to a lesser extent with HSA, leads to modifications in the cellular and protein composition of atherosclerotic plaques, which are associated with a more inflammatory phenotype. Statin treatment partially prevents these changes.

An analysis of experimental conditions influencing the anti-beta2-glycoprotein I ELISA assay results.

Five components of the anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I (abeta(2)GPI) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (coating buffer, microplate brand, blocking buffer, dilution buffer, and conjugate) were analyzed to evaluate how they affect variability in test results. Thirty-two samples from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) positive for abeta(2)GPI IgG antibodies and three calibrators (a pool of abeta(2)GPI-positive patients, the monoclonal HCAL antibody, and a home-made calibrator) were tested. No differences with regard to the blocking step were noted. Differences were found between the neutral and basic coating buffer when HCAL was used. There were significant differences between Maxisorp and all the other brands of tested microplates. Differences were found between phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and all the other dilution buffers examined, with exception of TRIS when HCAL or the home-made calibrator was used. There were differences between our routine conjugate and one of the other four conjugates tested when using two of the three calibrators. There were also significant differences between the routine and another conjugate analyzed when using the third calibrator. As variations in abeta(2)GPI ELISA conditions determine significant differences in the results, selecting the appropriate test variables is an important step toward abeta(2)GPI assay standardization.

Influence of antidepressants on hemostasis.

Antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are widely used for the treatment of depression and anxious disorders. The observation that depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients with ischemic heart disease, the assessment of the central role of serotonin in pathophysiological mechanisms of depression, and reports of cases of abnormal bleeding associated with antidepressant therapy have led to investigations of the influence of antidepressants on hemostasis markers. In this review, we summarize data regarding modifications of these markers, drawn from clinical studies and case reports. We observed an association between the type of antidepressant drug and the number of abnormal bleeding case reports, with or without modifications of hemostasis markers. Drugs with the highest degree of serotonin reuptake inhibition--fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline--are more frequently associated with abnormal bleeding and modifications of hemostasis markers. The most frequent hemostatic abnormalities are decreased platelet aggregability and activity, and prolongation of bleeding time. Patients with a history of coagulation disorders, especially suspected or documented thrombocytopenia or platelet disorder, should be monitored in case of prescription of any serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI). Platelet dysfunction, coagulation disorder, and von Willebrand disease should be sought in any case of abnormal bleeding occurring during treatment with an SRI. Also, a non-SSRI antidepressant should be favored over an SSRI or an SRI in such a context. Considering the difficulty in performing platelet aggregation tests, which are the most sensitive in SRI-associated bleeding, and the low sensitivity of hemostasis tests when performed in case of uncomplicated bleeding in the general population, establishing guidelines for the assessment of SRI-associated bleeding complications remains a challenge.

Point of care management of heparin administration after heart surgery: A randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Determination of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is used in coagulation management after heart surgery. Results from the central laboratory take long to be obtained. We sought to shorten the time to obtain coagulation results and the desired coagulation state and to reduce blood loss and transfusions using point of care (POC) aPTT determination. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: University-affiliated 20-bed surgical ICU. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two patients planned for valve surgery (Valves) and 84 for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS: Valves and CABG were randomized to postoperative coagulation management monitored either by central laboratory aPTT (Lab group) or by POC aPTT (POC group). Heparin was administered according to guidelines. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: POC aPTT results were available earlier than Lab aPTT after venipuncture in Valves (3 +/- 2 vs. 125 +/- 68 min) and in CABG (3 +/- 4 vs. 114 +/- 62 min). Heparin was introduced earlier in the POC group in Valves (7 +/- 23 vs. 13 +/- 78 h, p = 0.01). Valves of the POC group bled significantly less than Valves in the Lab group (647 +/- 362 ml vs. 992 +/- 647 ml, p < 0.04), especially during the first 8 h after ICU admission. There was no difference in bleeding in CABG (1074 +/- 869 ml vs. 1102 +/- 620, p = NS). In Valves, fewer patients in the POC group than in the Lab group needed blood transfusions (1/21 vs. 8/21; p = 0.03). No difference was detected in CABG. CONCLUSIONS: In Valves in the POC group the time to the desired coagulation state was reduced, as was the thoracic blood loss, reducing the number of patients transfused. This improvement was not observed in CABG. Side effects were similar in the two groups.

Variability of anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies measurement by commercial assays.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement in assay results between commercial kits for the measurement of anti-beta2glycoprotein I antibodies. Ten manufacturers provided one IgG and one IgM kit to three testing centres. Samples from patients with primary (n = 13) or secondary (n = 3) antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), from lupus patients without APS features (n = 6) and from normal individuals (n = 2) were tested in the three centres according to manufacturers' instructions. Dilutions in normal serum of a pool made from positive patients' samples (Forum Calibrators) and dilutions of humanized monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were used as additional calibrators. The calibration curves obtained with each calibrator differed widely between kits. The rate of positivity of patients' samples varied from 7 to 16 for IgG and from 2 to 17 for IgM, depending on the kit. Perfect agreement occurred in 12/22 samples for IgG and 5/22 samples for IgM. Samples from normals were found negative by all kits. Between kits, cutoff values varied up to five fold when expressed in Forum Calibrators arbitrary units and up to three fold when expressed in MoAbs equivalents. Examination of discrepant samples indicated that about half of the discrepancies, scoring 8:2 and 9:1, involved the same few kits. In highly discrepant samples, some kits appeared as high responders as compared to others. In conclusion, with the exception of a few kits, agreement in assay results was acceptable. In conclusion, additional efforts are however necessary, especially concerning the way to assess the cutoff point and the adoption of a reference calibrator, in order to improve standardization of the assays.

Fluvastatin increases the expression of adhesion molecules, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tissue factor in HUVEC stimulated by patient IgG fractions containing antiphospholipid antibodies.

The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) is associated with an increased risk of recurrent thrombosis and pregnancy loss. APLA are able to activate endothelial cells (EC) and induce an increase in the expression of inflammatory marker proteins, such as leukocyte adhesion molecules, tissue factor or the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Our objective was to investigate the effect of statins on EC activation induced by APLA in vitro. IgG was purified from the plasma of six patients with APLA and from healthy controls. EC were incubated with patient IgG or with control IgG, in the presence or absence of 5microM of fluvastatin, and expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and E-selectin, analyzed by flow cytometry and by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (QRT-PCR). The expression of tissue factor and the chemokine MCP-1 was analyzed by QRT-PCR alone. Incubation of EC with patient IgG increased the expression of VCAM-1, E-selectin, tissue factor and MCP-1. Prior treatment of the cells with fluvastatin further increased the expression of these proteins. The fluvastatin effect was reversed by co-incubation with mevalonate or geranylgeranylpyrophosphate and mimicked by the geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor GGTI-286. Our results show that in cultured human EC, statins increase the extent of inflammatory activation induced by APLA. This effect appears to be mediated by an inhibitory effect of statins on one or more geranylgeranylated protein(s).

Agreement of a new whole-blood PT/INR test using capillary samples with plasma INR determinations.

PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to compare in anticoagulated patients the international normalized ratio (INR) measured with a new capillary whole-blood device, the i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyser, with conventional plasma INR obtained from the central laboratory. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between-cartridge variability was first determined with two lyophilized controls with INR levels of 1.60 and 2.75 (n=10). Next, in 35 patients under different intensities of oral anticoagulation, capillary blood INR was measured with two i-STAT devices and was compared to central laboratory plasma INR (Innovin reagent and BCS analyser). RESULTS: Between-cartridge coefficients of variation were 5% (95%, CI 3.4-9.1) and 3% (95%, CI 2.1-5.5) at INR levels of 1.60 and 2.75. Mean INR difference between the two i-STAT devices was 0.1, and the correlation coefficient was 0.98. Between i-STAT and central laboratory INR, the correlation coefficient was 0.95. Bias values were 0.04, 0.2, and -0.04 at INR levels of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.5, respectively. CONCLUSION: The INR measured with the i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyser is precise and compares well with plasma INR performed in a central laboratory.

NFkappaB is an essential intermediate in the activation of endothelial cells by anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein 1 antibodies.

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLA) are associated with thrombophilia and recurrent pregnancy loss. They bind directly to anionic phospholipids or via phospholipid-binding proteins such as beta(2)-glycoprotein 1 (beta(2)GP1). The underlying mechanisms by which aPLA induce a thrombophilic phenotype are not well understood. The present work was done to determine whether antibodies to beta(2)GP1 activate endothelial cells (EC) and whether NFkappaB is involved in this activation. Incubation of EC with these antibodies resulted in a redistribution of NFkappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after a delay of several hours. This was accompanied by an increased expression of tissue factor and of the leukocyte adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin. Inhibition of the nuclear translocation of NFkappaB abolished the response to these antibodies. In comparison to anti-beta(2)GP1 antibodies, incubation of EC with TNF resulted in a more rapid (within 30 minutes) redistribution of NFkappaB and a more pronounced expression of tissue factor and of the leukocyte adhesion molecules. The slower response to the antibodies as compared to TNF suggests that the NFkappaB response to anti-beta(2)GP1 antibodies is indirect. Taken together our results imply that NFkappaB is an essential intermediate in the activation of EC by anti-beta(2)GP1 antibodies.