Derivation and Internal Validation of a Novel Risk Assessment Tool to Identify Infants and Young Children at Risk for Post-Discharge Mortality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Monrovia, Liberia.

OBJECTIVE: To derive and validate internally a novel risk assessment tool to identify young children at risk for all-cause mortality ≤60 days of discharge from hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a prospective observational cohort study of children aged 1-59 months discharged from Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Monrovia, Liberia (2019 to 2022). Caregivers received telephone calls up to 60 days after discharge to ascertain participant vital status. We collected socioeconomic, demographic, clinical, and anthropometric data during hospitalization. Candidate variables with P<0.20 in bivariate analyses were included in a multivariable logistic regression model with best subset selection to identify risk factors for the outcome. We internally validated our tool using bootstrapping with 500 repetitions. RESULTS: There were 1,933 young children enrolled in the study. The median (interquartile range) age was 11 (4, 23) months and 58.7% were male. In total, 67 (3.5%) died during follow-up. Ten variables contributed to our tool (total possible score 82). Cancer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 10.6, 95% CI 2.58, 34.6), pedal edema (aOR 6.94, 95% CI 1.69, 22.6), and leaving against medical advice (aOR 6.46, 95% CI 2.46, 15.3) were most predictive of post-discharge mortality. Our risk assessment tool demonstrated good discriminatory value (optimism corrected area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.77), high precision, and sufficient calibration. CONCLUSIONS: After validation, this tool may be used to identify young children at risk for post-discharge mortality to direct resources for follow-up of high-risk children.

Risk factors for moderate acute malnutrition among children with acute diarrhoea in India and Tanzania: a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects over 30 million children aged < 5 years worldwide. MAM may confer a greater risk of developing severe malnutrition and even mortality in children. Assessing risk factors for MAM may allow for earlier recognition of children at risk of deleterious health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors associated with the prevalence and development of MAM among children aged 6 to 59 months with acute diarrhoea who received treatment with oral rehydration solution and zinc supplementation. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized, dose-finding trial of zinc among children with acute diarrhoea in India and Tanzania. We used regression models to assess risk factors for prevalent MAM at the start of diarrhoea treatment and to identify risk factors associated with the development of MAM at 60 days. MAM was defined as weight for length (or height) Z score ≤-2 and > -3 or mid-upper arm circumference < 12.5 and ≥ 11.5 cm. RESULTS: A total of 4,500 children were enrolled; 593 (13.2%) had MAM at the baseline. MAM at baseline was significantly less common among children in Tanzania than in India (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30, 0.44, P < 0.001), in children aged 24- < 60 months versus 6- < 12 months (aRR 0.46, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.56, P < 0.001), and in families with household wealth index higher than the median (aRR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.92, P = 0.002). Sixty days after outpatient treatment and follow-up, 87 (2.5%) children developed MAM. When compared to children aged 6- < 12 months, children aged 24- < 60 months had a 52% lower risk of developing MAM. Every one unit increase in weight for length (or height) Z score at enrolment was associated with a 93% lower risk of developing MAM during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Among children with diarrhoea, younger children and those from households with lower wealth were at greater risk of MAM. These children may benefit from targeted interventions focusing on feeding (targeted nutrition support for at-risk households) and follow up in order to reduce the occurrence of MAM and its consequences.

Altered amino acid profile in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Low plasma arginine bioavailability has been implicated in endothelial dysfunction and immune dysregulation. The role of arginine in COVID-19 is unknown, but could contribute to cellular damage if low. Our objective was to determine arginine bioavailability in adults and children with COVID-19 vs. healthy controls. We hypothesized that arginine bioavailability would be low in patients with COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We conducted a prospective observational study of three patient cohorts; arginine bioavailability was determined in asymptomatic healthy controls, adults hospitalized with COVID-19, and hospitalized children/adolescents <21 y old with COVID-19, MIS-C, or asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection identified on admission screen. Mean patient plasma amino acids were compared to controls using the Student's t test. Arginine-to-ornithine ratio, a biomarker of arginase activity, and global arginine bioavailability ratio (GABR, arginine/[ornithine+citrulline]) were assessed in all three groups. A total of 80 patients were included (28 controls, 32 adults with COVID-19, and 20 pediatric patients with COVID-19/MIS-C). Mean plasma arginine and arginine bioavailability ratios were lower among adult and pediatric patients with COVID-19/MIS-C compared to controls. There was no difference between arginine bioavailability in children with COVID-19 vs. MIS-C. Adults and children with COVID-19 and MIS-C in our cohort had low arginine bioavailability compared to healthy adult controls. This may contribute to immune dysregulation and endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19. Low arginine-to-ornithine ratio in patients with COVID-19 or MIS-C suggests an elevation of arginase activity. Further study is merited to explore the role of arginine dysregulation in COVID-19.

Intranasal fentanyl and discharge from the emergency department among children with sickle cell disease and vaso-occlusive pain: A multicenter pediatric emergency medicine perspective.

Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) commonly experience vaso-occlusive pain episodes (VOE) due to sickling of erythrocytes, which often requires care in the emergency department. Our objective was to assess the use and impact of intranasal fentanyl for the treatment of children with SCD-VOE on discharge from the emergency department in a multicenter study. We conducted a cross-sectional study at 20 academic pediatric emergency departments in the United States and Canada. We used logistic regression to test bivariable and multivariable associations between the outcome of discharge from the emergency department and candidate variables theoretically associated with discharge. The study included 400 patients; 215 (54%) were female. The median age was 14.6 (interquartile range 9.8, 17.6) years. Nineteen percent (n = 75) received intranasal fentanyl in the emergency department. Children who received intranasal fentanyl had nearly nine-fold greater adjusted odds of discharge from the emergency department compared to those who did not (adjusted odds ratio 8.99, 95% CI 2.81-30.56, p < .001). The rapid onset of action and ease of delivery without intravenous access offered by intranasal fentanyl make it a feasible initial parenteral analgesic in the treatment of children with SCD presenting with VOE in the acute-care setting. Further study is needed to determine potential causality of the association between intranasal fentanyl and discharge from the emergency department observed in this multicenter study.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children.

ABSTRACT: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common cause of childhood mortality globally. In the United States, CAP is a leading cause of pediatric hospitalization and antibiotic use and is associated with substantial morbidity. There has been a dramatic shift in microbiological etiologies for CAP in children over time as pneumococcal pneumonia has become less common and viral etiologies have become predominant. There is no commonly agreed on approach to the diagnosis of CAP in children. When indicated, antimicrobial treatment should consist of narrow-spectrum antibiotics. In this article, we will describe the current understanding of the microbiological etiologies, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, risk factors, treatment, and future directions in the diagnosis and management of pediatric CAP.

Mortality During Readmission Among Children in United States Children's Hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To identify demographic, clinical, and hospital factors associated with mortality on readmission within 180 days following an inpatient hospitalization. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 33 US children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System from January 2010 to June 2020. Our primary outcome was death during readmission within 180 days of an index hospitalization among children aged 0-18 years. Illness severity during the index hospitalization was defined according to the All Patient-Refined Diagnosis-Related Group-categorized illness severity (ie, minor, moderate, or major/extreme). We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors during the index hospitalization associated with mortality during readmission. RESULTS: Among 2 677 111 children discharged, 337 385 (12.6%) were readmitted within 180 days of the index hospitalization and 2913 (0.8%) died during readmission. More than one-quarter (26.2%) of deaths among children who were readmitted and died occurred within 10 days after discharge from the index hospitalization. Factors independently associated with mortality during readmission included multiple complex chronic conditions, index admissions lasting >7 days, moderate or severe/extreme illness during the index hospitalization, and public insurance. Children whose race was reported as Black had greater odds of mortality during readmission compared with children of other races. CONCLUSIONS: Among hospitalized children, several demographic and clinical factors present during index hospitalizations were associated with mortality during readmission. Greater odds of mortality during readmission among children whose race was reported as Black likely reflects disparities in social determinants of health and clinical care. Interventions to reduce mortality during readmission may target high-risk populations in the period immediately following discharge.

Pediatric Traumatic Injury Emergency Department Visits and Management in US Children's Hospitals From 2010 to 2019.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in trauma-related pediatric emergency department (ED) visits and management in US children's hospitals over 10 years. METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive study of the Pediatric Health Information Systems database, including encounters from 33 US children's hospitals. We included patients aged 0 to 19 years with traumatic injuries from 2010 to 2019 identified using International Classification of Diseases-9 and -10 codes. The primary outcome was prevalence of trauma-related ED visits. The secondary outcomes included ED disposition, advanced imaging use, and trauma care costs. We examined trends over time with Poisson regression models, reporting incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We compared demographic groups with rate differences with 95% CIs. RESULTS: Trauma-related visits accounted for 367,072 ED visits (16.3%) in 2010 and 479,458 ED visits (18.1%) in 2019 (IRR 1.022, 95% CI 1.018 to 1.026). From 2010 to 2019, 54.6% of children with traumatic injuries belonged to White race and 23.9% had Hispanic ethnicity. Institutional hospitalization rates (range 3.8% to 14.9%) decreased over time (IRR 0.986, 95% CI 0.977 to 0.994). Hospitalizations from 2010 to 2019 were higher in White children (8.9%) than in children of other races (6.4%) (rate difference 2.56, 95% CI 2.51 to 2.61). Magnetic resonance imaging for brain (IRR 1.05, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.07) and cervical spine (IRR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.05) evaluation increased. The total trauma care costs were $6.7 billion, with median costs decreasing over time. CONCLUSION: During the study period, pediatric ED visits for traumatic injuries increased, whereas hospitalizations decreased. Some advanced imaging use increased; however, median trauma costs decreased over time.

Cash transfers and nutrition education to improve dietary diversity among children aged 6-23 months in Grand Gedeh County, Liberia: a cluster-randomized trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a cash transfer and nutrition education program on dietary diversity among children in Liberia. We hypothesized that a multi-pronged intervention would result in improved dietary diversity among children. METHODS: We conducted a three-armed, cluster-randomized study in 42 communities (12 children per community) in Grand Gedeh County, Liberia, over a 12-month period. We randomly assigned communities to control (n = 14 communities), those that received both bimonthly cash transfers and a structured nutrition education program (n = 14 communities) and those that received bimonthly cash transfers alone (n = 14 communities). Community health assistants conducted bimonthly assessments in participants' homes. The primary outcome was the proportion of children aged 6-23 months who met minimum dietary diversity score (i.e., ≥4 food groups consumed per day). Secondary outcomes included meal frequency and healthcare utilization for illnesses (NCT04101487). RESULTS: There were 599 children enrolled; 533 (88.9%) were retained through the trial period. The proportion of children who consumed ≥4 food groups per day did not differ among the three arms. However, children randomized to receive cash transfers had higher dietary diversity scores than the control group. Children in communities that received cash transfers alone and with nutrition education consumed significantly more meals per day and were less likely to have visits to clinics or hospitals for illnesses than children in control communities. CONCLUSION: Bimonthly, unconditional cash transfers and nutrition education were associated with higher dietary diversity scores, greater meal frequency, and fewer healthcare visits for illnesses among children aged 6-23 months.

Worldwide, more than one in five children suffers from chronic malnutrition. Children aged <2 years who do not eat a diverse diet are at risk of chronic malnutrition and stunting of their height. Thus, interventions are needed to combat the common problem of chronic malnutrition, particularly in settings like rural Liberia where as much as 30% of children are stunted. In this study, caregivers of children aged 6­23 months in rural communities in Eastern Liberia were randomly assigned to receive either bimonthly cash transfers, bimonthly cash transfers and specific nutrition education, or routine support from community health assistants to see if giving caregivers money and nutrition education would increase the dietary diversity of their young children. There were 599 children enrolled and 533 were retained over a 12-month study period. Children in communities randomized to receive cash transfers had higher dietary diversity scores than the control group. Children in communities that received cash transfers alone and with nutrition education consumed significantly more meals per day and were less likely to have visits to clinics or hospitals for illnesses than children in control communities. Unconditional cash transfers in rural Liberia may be one way to reduce inadequate dietary diversity among young children.

Association of Socioeconomic Characteristics With Where Children Receive Emergency Care.

OBJECTIVE: Outcomes of emergency care delivered to children vary by patient-level socioeconomic factors and by emergency department (ED) characteristics, including pediatric volume. How these factors intersect in emergency care-seeking patterns among children is not well understood. The objective of this study was to characterize national associations of neighborhood income and insurance type of children with the characteristics of the EDs from which they receive care. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of ED visits by children from 2014 to 2017 using the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. We determined the associations of neighborhood income and patient insurance type with the proportions of visits to EDs by pediatric volume category, both unadjusted and adjusted for patient-level factors including urban-rural status of residence. RESULTS: Of 107.6 million ED visits by children nationally from 2014 to 2017, children outside of the wealthiest neighborhood income quartile had lower proportions of visits to high-volume pediatric EDs (57.1% poorest quartile, 51.5% second, 56.6% third, 63.5% wealthiest) and greater proportions of visits to low-volume pediatric EDs (4.4% poorest, 6.4% second, 4.6% third, 2.3% wealthiest) than children in the wealthiest quartile. Adjustment for patient-level factors, particularly urban-rural status, inverted this association, revealing that lower neighborhood income was independently associated with visiting higher-volume pediatric EDs. Publicly insured children were modestly more likely to visit higher-volume pediatric EDs than privately insured and uninsured children in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Nationally, children in lower-income neighborhoods tended to receive care in pediatric EDs with lower volume, an association that appears principally driven by urban-rural differences in access to emergency care.

Interregional Transfers for Pandemic Surges.

BACKGROUND: Hospital inpatient and intensive care unit (ICU) bed shortfalls may arise due to regional surges in volume. We sought to determine how interregional transfers could alleviate bed shortfalls during a pandemic. METHODS: We used estimates of past and projected inpatient and ICU cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from 4 February 2020 to 1 October 2020. For regions with bed shortfalls (where the number of patients exceeded bed capacity), transfers to the nearest region with unused beds were simulated using an algorithm that minimized total interregional transfer distances across the United States. Model scenarios used a range of predicted COVID-19 volumes (lower, mean, and upper bounds) and non-COVID-19 volumes (20%, 50%, or 80% of baseline hospital volumes). Scenarios were created for each day of data, and worst-case scenarios were created treating all regions' peak volumes as simultaneous. Mean per-patient transfer distances were calculated by scenario. RESULTS: For the worst-case scenarios, national bed shortfalls ranged from 669 to 58 562 inpatient beds and 3208 to 31 190 ICU beds, depending on model volume parameters. Mean transfer distances to alleviate daily bed shortfalls ranged from 23 to 352 miles for inpatient and 28 to 423 miles for ICU patients, depending on volume. Under all worst-case scenarios except the highest-volume ICU scenario, interregional transfers could fully resolve bed shortfalls. To do so, mean transfer distances would be 24 to 405 miles for inpatients and 73 to 476 miles for ICU patients. CONCLUSIONS: Interregional transfers could mitigate regional bed shortfalls during pandemic hospital surges.

Reducing rates of discharge against medical advice in the neonatal intensive care unit in a tertiary care hospital in South India: a mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate characteristics among neonates and their mothers who were discharged against medical advice (DAMA), providers' perspectives on DAMA and the effect of an intervention to reduce DAMA in a tertiary care hospital in South India. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods study to identify neonates at risk of DAMA. We reviewed charts of neonates and their mothers who were DAMA and conducted logit regression analysis to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to determine associations with DAMA. We conducted focus group discussions with nurses and doctors. We developed an intervention that included family counselling, supplemental funds for hospital bills and involving family members to reduce DAMA. RESULTS: Of 10 834 neonates, 179 (1.7%) were DAMA over the study period. Maternal characteristics associated with DAMA included higher previous parity (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-2.3, P = 0.001). Mothers who received antenatal care had lower odds of DAMA (aOR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.7, P = 0.039). Neonates with lower birth weight (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-9.4, P = 0.002) and congenital malformations (aOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1-5.3, P = 0.005) also had higher odds of DAMA. The most commonly cited reasons for DAMA were financial constraints, inadequate counselling and perceived poor prognosis. The average monthly number of neonates who were DAMA decreased from 3.6 (1.6%) to 1.5 (0.6%) after our multi-pronged intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Neonates with severe illness and poor prognosis had higher odds of DAMA. A multi-pronged intervention demonstrated reductions in the rates of DAMA. This intervention may be trialled in similar settings to reduce DAMA.

Disparities in Pediatric Mortality by Neighborhood Income in United States Emergency Departments.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate emergency department (ED) pediatric mortality by patient neighborhood income. STUDY DESIGN: We calculated the incidence of ED pediatric mortality via a cross-sectional study of children <18 years who died in an ED using the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample and US Census from 2012 to 2016. The main exposure was median income for the patient's zip code tabulation area quartile. To determine factors associated with ED mortality, we modeled mortality using negative binomial regression. We used an interaction term between neighborhood income and insurance type to evaluate their relationship to mortality. RESULTS: There were 64 893 ED deaths during the study period (incidence 17.3 per 100 000 person-years). The incidence of ED mortality increased with decreasing neighborhood income: compared with the wealthiest income quartile, the poorest, second, and third quartiles had adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) of 1.79 (95% CI 1.63-1.96), 1.42 (95% CI 1.29-1.55), and 1.23 (95% CI 1.12-1.36), respectively. The incidence of ED mortality was greater among uninsured children (aIRR 4.96, 95% CI 4.55-5.41) and publicly insured children (aIRR 2.69, 95% CI 2.51-2.88) compared with privately insured children. The interaction term showed no consistent relationship between neighborhood income and insurance with ED mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Children from poorer neighborhoods have greater ED mortality rates than children from greater-income neighborhoods. Improved access to health insurance in the US may lead to reduced pediatric mortality, as ED mortality was greatest in uninsured children. Development of interventions to improve upstream determinants of health that contribute to ED mortality are needed.

Preventing injuries must be a priority to prevent disease in the twenty-first century.

Injuries continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for children, adolescents, and young adults aged 1-24 years in industrialized countries in the twenty-first century. In this age group, injuries cause more fatalities than all other causes combined in the United States (U.S.). Importantly, many of these injuries are preventable. Annually in the U.S. there are >9 million emergency department visits for injuries and >16,000 deaths in children and adolescents aged 0-19 years. Among injury mechanisms, motor vehicle crashes, firearm suicide, and firearm homicide remain the leading mechanisms of injury-related death. More recently, poisoning has become a rapidly rising cause of both intentional and unintentional death in teenagers and young adults aged 15-24 years. For young children aged 1-5 years, water submersion injuries are the leading cause of death. Sports and home-related injuries are important mechanisms of nonfatal injuries. Preventing injuries, which potentially cause lifelong morbidity, as well as preventing injury deaths, must be a priority. A multi-pronged approach using legislation, advancing safety technology, improving the built environment, anticipatory guidance by clinical providers, and education of caregivers will be necessary to decrease and prevent injuries in the twenty-first century.

Reasons for Interfacility Emergency Department Transfer and Care at the Receiving Facility.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to (1) assess the reasons for pediatric interfacility transfers as identified by transferring providers and review the emergency medical care delivered at the receiving facilities and (2) investigate the emergency department (ED) care among the subpopulation of patients discharged from the receiving facility. METHODS: We performed a multicenter, cross-sectional survey of ED medical providers transferring patients younger than 18 years to 1 of 4 US tertiary care pediatric hospitals with a subsequent medical record review at the receiving facility. Referring providers completed surveys detailing reasons for transfer. RESULTS: Eight hundred thirty-nine surveys were completed by 641 providers for 25 months. The median patient age was 5.7 years. Sixty-two percent of the patients required admission. The most common reasons for transfer as cited by referring providers were subspecialist consultation (62%) and admission to a pediatric inpatient (17%) or intensive care (6%) unit. For discharged patients, plain radiography (26%) and ultrasonography (12%) were the most common radiologic studies. Procedural sedation (16%) was the most common ED procedure for discharged patients, and 55% had a subspecialist consult at the receiving facility. Ten percent of interfacility transfers did not require subspecialty consult, ED procedure, radiologic study, or admission. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 4 of 10 interfacility transfers are discharged by the receiving facility, suggesting an opportunity to provide more comprehensive care at referring facilities. On the basis of the care provided at the receiving facility, potential interventions might include increased subspecialty access and developing both ultrasound and sedation capabilities.

Noncompletion and nonpublication of trials studying rare diseases: A cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Rare diseases affect as many as 60 million people in the United States and Europe. However, most rare diseases lack effective therapies and are in critical need of clinical research. Our objective was to determine the frequency of noncompletion and nonpublication of trials studying rare diseases. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of randomized clinical trials studying rare diseases as defined by the Genetic and Rare Disease Information Center database that were registered in ClinicalTrials.gov between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012, and completed or discontinued by December 31, 2014. Our main outcome measures were the frequency of trial noncompletion and, among completed studies, frequency of trial nonpublication at 2 and 4 years following trial completion. Reasons for discontinuation were extracted from the registry, and trial sponsors were contacted for additional information, as needed. Two independent investigators performed publication searches for each trial in PubMed, EMBASE, and GoogleScholar, allowing for a minimum of 45 months between trial completion and publication. When a publication could not be identified, trial sponsors were contacted to confirm publication status. The impact of funding source on trial noncompletion was assessed with multivariable logistic regression, and the effect on time to publication was examined with Cox proportional hazards regression. Control variables included intervention type, trial phase, masking, enrollment, and study population. We analyzed 659 rare disease trials accounting for 70,305 enrolled patients. Industry was the primary funder for 327 trials (49.6%) and academic institutions for 184 trials (27.9%). There were 79 trials (12.0%) focused on pediatric populations. A total of 199 trials (30.2%) were discontinued. Lack of patient accrual (n = 64, 32.1%) and informative termination (n = 41, 20.6%) were the most common reasons for trial noncompletion. Among completed trials, 306 (66.5%) remained unpublished at 2 years and 142 (31.5%) at 4 years. In multivariable analyses, industry-funded trials were less likely to be discontinued than trials funded by healthcare centers (odds ratio [OR] 2.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-4.39, P = 0.003). We found no significant association between funding source and time to publication. A total of 18,148 patients were enrolled in trials that were discontinued or unpublished 4 years after completion. A potential limitation of our study is that certain interventional trials for rare diseases may not have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, in particular Phase 0 and Phase I trials, which are not required to be registered. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, over half of clinical trials initiated for rare diseases were either discontinued or not published 4 years after completion, resulting in large numbers of patients with rare diseases exposed to interventions that did not lead to informative findings. Concerted efforts are needed to ensure that participation of patients in rare disease trials advances scientific knowledge and treatments for rare diseases.

Importance of authorship and inappropriate authorship assignment in paediatric research in low- and middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the importance of authorship and authorship position, and gauge perceptions of inappropriate authorship assignment, among authors publishing paediatric research conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, mixed-methods study using an online survey of both corresponding and randomly selected, non-corresponding authors who published research conducted in LMICs from 2006 to 2015 in the top four paediatric journals by Eigenfactor score. We used chi-square tests to compare responses by authors living in LMICs to authors living in high-income countries (HICs). We analysed qualitative responses using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Of 1420 potential respondents, 19.6% (n = 279) completed the survey. 57% (n = 159) lived in LMICs and 43% (n = 120) in HICs. LMIC authors more commonly perceived first authorship as most important for their academic advancement than HIC authors (74.2% vs. 60.8%, P = 0.017), while HIC authors reported last authorship as most important (25.1% vs. 38.3%, P = 0.018). 65% (n = 181) of respondents believed that their collaborators had been inappropriately assigned authorship positions (no difference in LMIC and HIC responses) and 32.6% (n = 91) reported personally accepting inappropriate authorship positions (more common in HIC respondents, P = 0.005). In qualitative data, respondents questioned the applicability of standard authorship guidelines for collaborative research conducted in LMICs. CONCLUSIONS: LMIC and HIC authors held different perceptions about the importance of authorship position. Reported inappropriate authorship assignment was common among both LMIC and HIC respondents. Alternatives to standard authorship criteria for research conducted in LMICs merit further studies.

OBJECTIF: Comprendre l'importance de la paternité d'auteur et de la position de l'auteur, et évaluer les perceptions de l'attribution inappropriée de la paternité d'auteur parmi les auteurs qui publient des recherches pédiatriques menées dans des pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire (PRFI). MÉTHODES: Nous avons mené une étude transversale à méthodes mixtes avec un sondage en ligne auprès d'auteurs de correspondance et sélectionnés au hasard, d'auteurs not de correspondance, ayant publié des recherches menées dans des PRFIde 2006 à 2015 dans les quatre revues pédiatriques les mieux classées par le score d'Eigenfactor. Nous avons utilisé des tests de chi carré pour comparer les réponses des auteurs des PRFI à ceux des aux auteurs des pays à revenu élevé (PRE). Nous avons analysé les réponses qualitatives à l'aide d'une analyse thématique. RÉSULTATS: Sur 1.420 répondants potentiels, 19,6% (n = 279) ont répondu au sondage. 57% (n = 159) vivaient dans des PRFI et 43% (n = 120) dans des PRE. Les auteurs des PRFI estimaient plus souvent que la position de premier auteur était le plus important pour leur avancement universitaire que les auteurs des PRE (74,2% contre 60,8%, P = 0,017), tandis que les auteurs desPRE ont déclaré que le dernier auteur était le plus important (25,1% contre 38,3%, P = 0,018). 65% (n = 181) des répondants estimaient que des positions d'auteur avaient été attribués de manière inappropriée à leurs collaborateurs (aucune différence entre les réponses des PRFI et des PRE) et 32,6% (n = 91) ont déclaré avoir personnellement accepté des positions d'auteurs inappropriées (plus fréquents chez les répondants desPRE, P = 0,005). En ce qui concerne les données qualitatives, les répondants se sont interrogés sur l'applicabilité des directives standards en matière de paternité d'auteur pour la recherche collaborative menée dans les PRFI. CONCLUSIONS: Les auteurs des PRFI et desPREont des perceptions différentes sur l'importance de la position de l'auteur. L'attribution inappropriée de laposition d'auteur signalée était fréquente chez les répondants des PRFI et des PRE. Les alternatives aux critères standards de la paternité d'auteur pour les recherches menées dans les PRFI méritent d'être approfondies.

Profile of Interfacility Emergency Department Transfers: Transferring Medical Providers and Reasons for Transfer.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for pediatric emergency department (ED) transfers and the professional characteristics of transferring providers. METHODS: We performed a multicenter, cross-sectional survey of ED medical providers transferring patients younger than 18 years to 1 of 4 tertiary care children's hospitals. Referring providers completed surveys detailing the primary reasons for transfer and their medical training. RESULTS: The survey data were collected for 25 months, during which 641 medical providers completed 890 surveys, with an overall response rate of 25%. Most pediatric patients were seen by physicians (89.4%) with predominantly general emergency medicine training (64.2%). The median age of patients seen was 5.6 years. The 3 most common diagnoses were closed extremity fracture (12.2%), appendicitis (11.6%), and pneumonia (3.7%). The 3 most common reasons for transfer were need for medical/surgical subspecialist consultation (62.6%), admission to the inpatient unit (17.1%), and admission to the intensive care unit (6.5%). When asked about the need for supportive pediatric services, referring providers ranked pediatric subspecialty and pediatric inpatient unit availability as the highest. CONCLUSIONS: Most pediatric interfacility ED transfers are referred by general emergency medicine physicians who often transfer for inpatient admission or subspecialty consultation. Understanding the needs of the community-based ED providers is an important step to forming more collaborative efforts for regionalized pediatric emergency care.

Dissemination of the Results of Pediatric Clinical Trials Funded by the US National Institutes of Health.

This study examines practices related to trial registration and results submission in ClinicalTrials.gov and publication of pediatric clinical trials funded by the National Institutes of Health.

Authorship in paediatric research conducted in low- and middle-income countries: parity or parasitism?

OBJECTIVES: Interest in global health has increased greatly in the past two decades. Concomitantly, the number and complexity of research partnerships between high-income (HIC) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has grown. We aimed to determine whether there is authorship parity (equitable representation and author order) or parasitism (no authors from study countries) in paediatric research conducted in LMICs. METHODS: We reviewed all articles published from 2006 to 2015 in the four paediatric journals with the highest Eigenfactor scores. We limited our review to articles from LMICs and abstracted information on author affiliation and order, funding source and study design. We calculated Student's t-tests and chi-square using Fisher's exact test with Monte Carlo estimates. RESULTS: There were 24 169 articles published during the study period, and 1243 met inclusion criteria. Of those, 95.9% (n = 1,192) included at least one author affiliated with a LMIC. Among multicountry studies (n = 165), 40.4% did not include authors from every LMIC involved. Of the 9876 authors, most were affiliated with institutions from upper-middle-income countries (41.7%) and HICs (32.7%), with far fewer affiliated with lower middle-income (15.5%) and low-income countries (5.4%) (P < 0.001). In articles from low-income countries, first and last authors from HICs were more common than authors with low-income country affiliations (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Authorship parasitism was rare overall but common in multicountry studies. In studies conducted in low-income countries, HIC authors more commonly occupied first and last author positions than authors from the study countries. Where LMIC authors make substantial contributions, researchers should strive for authorship parity.