Expression of GPR56 reflects a hypoactivated state of circulating B cells and is downregulated in B cell subsets in patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most prevalent subtype of lung cancer, and the early detection and diagnosis of this disease are crucial in reducing mortality rates. The timely diagnosis of LUAD is essential for controlling tumour development and enabling early surgical treatment. GPR56 is a vital G protein-coupled receptor and its role in T lymphocytes has received considerable attention. However, its function in B cells remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the significance of GPR56 in LUAD. We found that GPR56 exhibited a significant increase in circulating plasmablasts and a decrease in new memory B cells. GPR56 expression in B cells was significantly reduced after LPS stimulation and the proportion of HLA-DR+ and CD40+ proportions were also decreased in GPR56+ B cells after stimulation. Additionally, GPR56 exhibited significant down-regulation in circulating B cell subsets of early-stage LUAD patients, and there were significant correlations between GPR56+ B cell subsets and tumour markers. In conclusion, GPR56 could reflect the hypoactivation state of B cells and the decreased proportion of GPR56+ B cell subset in LUAD patients can signify the active humoral immunity in vivo. The expression of GPR56 in B cells could potentially hold value in the early diagnosis of LUAD.

Augmented drug resistance of osteosarcoma cells within decalcified bone matrix scaffold: The role of glutamine metabolism.

Due to the lack of a precise in vitro model that can mimic the nature microenvironment in osteosarcoma, the understanding of its resistance to chemical drugs remains limited. Here, we report a novel three-dimensional model of osteosarcoma constructed by seeding tumor cells (MG-63 and MNNG/HOS Cl no. 5) within demineralized bone matrix scaffolds. Demineralized bone matrix scaffolds retain the original components of the natural bone matrix (hydroxyapatite and collagen type I), and possess good biocompatibility allowing osteosarcoma cells to proliferate and aggregate into clusters within the pores. Growing within the scaffold conferred elevated resistance to doxorubicin on MG-63 and MNNG/HOS Cl no. 5 cell lines as compared to two-dimensional cultures. Transcriptomic analysis showed an increased enrichment for drug resistance genes along with enhanced glutamine metabolism in osteosarcoma cells in demineralized bone matrix scaffolds. Inhibition of glutamine metabolism resulted in a decrease in drug resistance of osteosarcoma, which could be restored by α-ketoglutarate supplementation. Overall, our study suggests that microenvironmental cues in demineralized bone matrix scaffolds can enhance osteosarcoma drug responses and that targeting glutamine metabolism may be a strategy for treating osteosarcoma drug resistance.

Differential GPR56 Expression in T Cell Subpopulations for Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma Patient Identification.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the expression of GPR56 in the T cells of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients and clarify its diagnostic significance. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 32 patients with stage IA LUAD and 31 healthy controls. GPR56 and perforin were analysed in circulating T-cell subsets by flow cytometry. In addition, a correlation between perforin and GPR56 expression was detected. Changes in GPR56+ cells in early LUAD patients were analysed, and the diagnostic significance of GPR56+ T cells for early LUAD was studied by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The expression of GPR56 in CD8+ T cells from early-stage LUAD patients was significantly greater than that in CD4+ T cells. The percentage of perforin-positive GPR56+ cells in early-stage LUAD patients was high. GPR56 levels in the T cells of LUAD patients were significantly lower than those in healthy controls. ROC analysis revealed that the area under the curve for the percentage of GPR56-positive CD8+ TEMRA cells to distinguish early-stage LUAD patients from healthy individuals- reached 0.7978. CONCLUSION: The decreased expression of GPR56 in the peripheral blood of early-stage LUAD patients correlated with perforin levels, reflecting compromised antitumor immunity and aiding early-stage LUAD screening.

Factors related to suicidal ideation of schizophrenia patients in China: a study based on decision tree and logistic regression model.

This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with suicidal ideation in schizophrenia patients in China using decision tree and logistic regression models. From October 2020 to March 2022, patients with schizophrenia were chosen from Chifeng Anding Hospital and Daqing Third Hospital in Heilongjiang Province. A total of 300 patients with schizophrenia who met the inclusion criteria were investigated by questionnaire. The questionnaire covered general data, suicidal ideation, childhood trauma, social support, depressive symptoms and psychological resilience. Logistic regression analysis revealed that childhood trauma and depressive symptoms were risk factors for suicidal ideation in schizophrenia (OR = 2.330, 95%CI: 1.177 ~ 4.614; OR = 10.619, 95%CI: 5.199 ~ 21.688), while psychological resilience was a protective factor for suicidal ideation in schizophrenia (OR = 0.173, 95%CI: 0.073 ~ 0.409). The results of the decision tree model analysis demonstrated that depressive symptoms, psychological resilience and childhood trauma were influential factors for suicidal ideation in patients with schizophrenia (p < 0.05). The area under the ROC for the logistic regression model and the decision tree model were 0.868 (95% CI: 0.821 ~ 0.916) and 0.863 (95% CI: 0.814 ~ 0.912) respectively, indicating excellent accuracy of the models. Meanwhile, the logistic regression model had a sensitivity of 0.834 and a specificity of 0.743 when the Youden index was at its maximum. The decision tree model had a sensitivity of 0.768 and a specificity of 0.8. Decision trees in combination with logistic regression models are of high value in the study of factors influencing suicidal ideation in schizophrenia patients.

Insights into Advanced Neurological Dysfunction Mechanisms Following DBS Surgery in Parkinson's Patients: Neuroinflammation and Pyroptosis.

Parkinson's disease is a severe neurodegenerative disorder. Currently, deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) is the first line of surgical treatment. However, serious neurological impairments such as speech disorders, disturbances of consciousness, and depression after surgery limit the efficacy of treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent experimental and clinical studies that have explored the possible causes of neurological deficits after DBS. Furthermore, we tried to identify clues from oxidative stress and pathological changes in patients that could lead to the activation of microglia and astrocytes in DBS surgical injury. Notably, reliable evidence supports the idea that neuroinflammation is caused by microglia and astrocytes, which may contribute to caspase-1 pathway-mediated neuronal pyroptosis. Finally, existing drugs and treatments may partially ameliorate the loss of neurological function in patients following DBS surgery by exerting neuroprotective effects.

Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND: Glioma is one of the leading types of brain tumor, but few etiologic factors of primary glioma have been identified. Previous observational research has shown an association between viral infection and glioma risk. In this study, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the direction and magnitude of the causal relationship between viral infection and glioma. METHODS: We conducted a two-sample bidirectional MR analysis using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Summary statistics data of glioma were collected from the largest meta-analysis GWAS, involving 12,488 cases and 18,169 controls. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with exposures were used as instrumental variables to estimate the causal relationship between glioma and twelve types of viral infections from corresponding GWAS data. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: After correcting for multiple tests and sensitivity analysis, we detected that genetically predicted herpes zoster (caused by Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection) significantly decreased risk of low-grade glioma (LGG) development (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76-0.96, P = 0.01, FDR = 0.04). No causal effects of the other eleven viral infections on glioma and reverse causality were detected. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first and largest studies in this field. We show robust evidence supporting that genetically predicted herpes zoster caused by VZV infection reduces risk of LGG. The findings of our research advance understanding of the etiology of glioma.

Fermentation supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus drives catabolism in chondrocytes via NF-κB signaling mediated increase of cholesterol metabolism.

Septic arthritis induced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes irreversible cartilage degradation and subsequent permanent joint dysfunction. Recently, cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis is recognized to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, whether cholesterol metabolism is linked to septic arthritis pathology remains largely unknown. Here, we found that exposure to fermentation supernatant (FS) of S. aureus in chondrocytes resulted in a significant increase in expression of key modulators involved in cholesterol metabolism, including lectin-type oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX1), cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), 25- hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) as well as retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα), a binding receptor for cholesterol metabolites. We further demonstrated that enhancement of CH25H/CYP7B1/RORα axis resulted from FS exposure was mediated by activation of NF-κB signaling, along with upregulation in catabolic factors including matrix metallopeptidases (MMP3 and MMP13), aggrecanase-2 (ADAMTS5), and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) in chondrocytes. Exogenous cholesterol acts synergistically with FS in activating NF-κB pathway and increases cholesterol metabolism. While, the addition of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) which promotes cholesterol efflux, resulted in remarkable reduction of intracellular cholesterol level and restoration of balance between anabolism and catabolism in FS treated chondrocytes. Collectively, our data indicated that, in response to FS of S. aureus, NF-κB signaling activation coupled with increased cholesterol metabolism to stimulate catabolic factors in chondrocytes, highlighting cholesterol metabolism as a potential therapeutic target for treating septic arthritis.

Perception of risk of relapse among patients with first episode and recurrent schizophrenia: a descriptive phenomenological study.

BACKGROUND: Patients suffering from schizophrenia are at a higher risk of relapse. The perception of the risk of relapse in patients is critical for relapse prevention. In the field of psychiatry, the study of risk perception of relapse has been neglected. METHODS: We carried out a qualitative study using a descriptive phenomenological approach. Data were collected at two psychiatric hospitals in China. In total, 22 patients with schizophrenia were recruited through purposive sampling. Face to face semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. Interview recordings were transcribed by the research team, and transcripts were analysed by two independent coders with Colaizzi's descriptive analysis framework. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist were used for reporting. RESULTS: The data of first-episode patients yielded three themes: (i) lack of knowledge about disease recognition and medical treatment; (ii) overoptimistic estimation of the risk of relapse; (iii) perceived importance of treatment. For first-relapse patients : (i) initial awareness of relapse warning signs; (ii) lack of systematic and accurate assessment of disease information; (iii) the perception that drug withdrawal is related to relapse. Patients with multiple relapses: (i) susceptibility to relapse: confusion and powerlessness; (ii) the severity of relapse: suicidal thoughts and behavior; (iii) effects of perceived benefits and barriers of medication behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: In schizophrenic patients with first-episode, first-relapse, and multiple relapses, there were dynamic changes in the perception of disease relapse risk and medication behaviour. Medical workers must improve risk awareness education. They should provide patients with scientific, accurate, and timely communication channels, and dynamically assess and manage the risk of relapse in various patients.

A comparative study of the cognitive load of basic-level category, superordinate category and subordinate category.

Some cognitive linguists (Rosch et al. Cognit Psychol 8:382-439, 1976; Ungerer and Schmid An introduction to cognitive linguistics, Pearson Education Limited, London, England, 2006) believe the basic level category has cognitive economy because the basic level category allows obtaining the maximum amount of information about an item with the lowest cognitive effort. Whether it is also true for L2 learners has not been verified so far. This study examined whether Chinese English learners' cognitive load of basic level category is lower than that of superordinate category and subordinate category. The eye movement data, including that of total duration of fixations, total number of fixations, duration of first fixation, and average duration of fixations, generated by 31 Chinese English learners while reading sentences with different levels of category words, were collected and analyzed. The results showed that Chinese English learners' cognitive load of the basic level category was the lowest. This study provides cross-linguistic experimental evidence for the basic level category theory, and also shows the cognitive economy of basic level categories is an intrinsic psychological property, no matter whether it is the first language or the second language that the readers use.

Can Translation Equivalents in L1 Activated by L2 Produce Homophonic Interference: An Eye Movement Study of Cross-Language Lexical Activation in Chinese English Learners.

This study used an eye-tracking method to examine whether Chinese translation equivalents activated by English prime words can continue to activate their Chinese homophones. With 30 English prime words, and 60 Chinese target words as materials, the experiment used a Tobii eye-tracking device to collect data from 30 university students while completing an English-Chinese lexical semantic-judgment task, aimed at investigating whether (1) when Chinese English learners see the English words, they can activate the homophones of Chinese translation equivalents; and (2) there is a word frequency effect in cross-language lexical activation, i.e., Chinese translation equivalents with different word frequencies have different effects on the activation speed. Compared with low-frequency Chinese translation equivalents, high-frequency Chinese equivalents can facilitate the activation faster and easier. The two research hypotheses were confirmed on several eye movement indicators, supporting the cross-language lexical activation as well as word-frequency effect of Chinese translation equivalents. This is also the first verification of cross-language dual-link lexical activation which engage both semantics and phonology, indicating that L2-L1 semantic activation has strong stability for further phonological activation.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Actin-Depolymerizing Factor (ADF) Family Genes and Expression Analysis of Responses to Various Stresses in Zea Mays L.

Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) is a small class of actin-binding proteins that regulates the dynamics of actin in cells. Moreover, it is well known that the plant ADF family plays key roles in growth, development and defense-related functions. Results: Thirteen maize (Zea mays L., ZmADFs) ADF genes were identified using Hidden Markov Model. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 36 identified ADF genes in Physcomitrella patens, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa japonica, and Zea mays were clustered into five groups. Four pairs of segmental genes were found in the maize ADF gene family. The tissue-specific expression of ZmADFs and OsADFs was analyzed using microarray data obtained from the Maize and Rice eFP Browsers. Five ZmADFs (ZmADF1/2/7/12/13) from group V exhibited specifically high expression in tassel, pollen, and anther. The expression patterns of 13 ZmADFs in seedlings under five abiotic stresses were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and we found that the ADFs mainly responded to heat, salt, drought, and ABA. Conclusions: In our study, we identified ADF genes in maize and analyzed the gene structure and phylogenetic relationships. The results of expression analysis demonstrated that the expression level of ADF genes was diverse in various tissues and different stimuli, including abiotic and phytohormone stresses, indicating their different roles in plant growth, development, and response to external stimulus. This report extends our knowledge to understand the function of ADF genes in maize.

Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic and expression analysis of the maize HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase genes.

HECT (homologous to the E6AP carboxyl terminus) ubiquitin ligase genes (E3s) are enzymes with diverse functions influencing plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses. However, there is relatively little information available regarding the maize HECT E3 gene family. In the present study, 12 maize HECT E3 genes (ZmUPL1 to ZmUPL12) were identified at the whole-genome level. The phylogenetic relationships, structures, and expression levels of the maize HECT E3 genes were then analyzed. On the basis of the constructed maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, the HECT E3 genes were divided into six groups. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay results revealed that all of the maize ZmUPL genes were expressed in most of the examined tissues and were responsive to three abiotic stresses. Considered together, the study results may provide a useful foundation for future investigations of maize stress-tolerance genes as well as functional analyses of the E3 enzymes in diverse agriculturally important crop species.

Anatomic Study of Craniocervical Junction and Its Surrounding Structures in Endoscopic Transoral-Transpharyngeal Approach.

PURPOSE: This study aims to provide accurate and comprehensive data of craniocervical junction and its peripheral structures in order to provide a profound insight of craniocervical junction as well as to avoid complications during surgical procedures related to it. METHODS: Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) images of 120 individuals were reviewed, the measurements were performed on coronal, sagittal, and axial planes after 3-dimensional volume reconstruction. The authors measured pharyngeal tubercle, foramen magnum, and tuberculum anterius atlantis, which located based on the position of incisor. The anatomic features of other important bony landmarks, internal carotid artery, and vertebral artery were also fully studied so as to avoid being injured during the transoral-transpharyngeal procedure. RESULTS: During the endoscopic surgery to craniocervical junction, the bending angle of neuroendoscopy should be 14.27 ±â€Š4.51° and the entering depth should be about 72.57 ±â€Š8.72 mm. It is safe to work within the angle of 77.73 ±â€Š3.15° in axial plane and the safe penetration width from the axial midline is 20.05 ±â€Š3.11 mm in the level of foramina magnum. The distance from axial middle line to hypoglossal canal, external opening of carotid canal, and inner edge of jugular foramen was 9.78 ±â€Š0.72, 24.50 ±â€Š1.26, and 24.33 ±â€Š1.68 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These data in this study are valuable for neurosurgeons in clinical practice to reduce the possibility of complications and maximize the safety of surgeries; these data also contribute to the understanding of the anatomy of craniocervical junction and its surrounding structures.

Exploring the Relationship Between Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Gut Microbiota Through a Mendelian Randomization Study.

Observational studies have shown gut microbiota changes in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients, but the causal relationship remains unknown. We aimed to determine any causal links between gut microbiota and this prion disease. Using Mendelian randomization analysis, we examined the causal relationship between gut microbiota composition and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Data on gut microbiota (N = 18,340) and disease cases (5208) were obtained. Various analysis methods were used, including inverse variance weighted, Mendelian randomization-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode. In addition, MR-PRESSO was used to evaluate horizontal pleiotropy and detect outliers. Pleiotropy and heterogeneity were assessed, and reverse analysis was conducted. Negative associations were found between sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and family Defluviitaleaceae, family Ruminococcaceae, genus Butyricicoccus, genus Desulfovibrio, and genus Eubacterium nodatum. Genus Lachnospiraceae UCG010 showed a positive correlation. Reverse analysis indicated genetic associations between the disease and decreased levels of family Peptococcaceae, genus Faecalibacterium, and genus Phascolarctobacterium, as well as increased levels of genus Butyrivibrio. No pleiotropy, heterogeneity, outliers, or weak instrument bias were observed. This study revealed bidirectional causal effects between specific gut microbiota components and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Certain components demonstrated inhibitory effects on disease pathogenesis, while others were positively associated with the disease. Modulating gut microbiota may provide new insights into prion disease therapies. Further research is needed to clarify mechanisms and explore treatments for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Beat-to-Beat Blood Pressure Variability Within 24 Hours of Ischemic Stroke Onset: A Potential Predictor of Functional Prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Beat-to-beat blood pressure variability (BPV) is based on each heartbeat and represents a dynamic equilibrium process modulated by artery and cardiac involvement of pressure-receptive reflexes. To date, there remains a lack of prospective studies illustrating the clinical value of beat-to-beat BPV within 24 hours of acute ischemic stroke onset. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study prospectively monitored beat-to-beat blood pressure and heart rate in patients with acute ischemic stroke within 24 hours of onset using a noninvasive plethysmograph and calculated beat-to-beat BPV, heart rate variability, and the cross-correlation baroreflex sensitivity. A modified Rankin Scale score of ≥2 at 90 days was defined as an unfavorable prognosis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed, and the nomogram model was developed by adding the beat-to-beat BPV to the traditional model for predicting prognosis. Beat-to-beat BPV increased significantly in the unfavorable outcome group (P<0.05) compared with that in the favorable outcome group, whereas no difference was observed in beat-to-beat heart rate variability and cross-correlation baroreflex sensitivity between both groups (P>0.05). Furthermore, beat-to-beat BPV within 24 hours of acute ischemic stroke onset was independently associated with unfavorable outcome at 90 days (P<0.005). The addition of beat-to-beat BPV to the traditional model for predicting prognosis enhanced the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve from 0.816 to 0.830. CONCLUSIONS: Increased beat-to-beat BPV within 24 hours of acute ischemic stroke onset was independently associated with a poor prognosis at 90 days and may be a potential predictor for discriminating unfavorable prognosis.

Harnessing Synchronous Photothermal and Photocatalytic Effects of Substoichiometric MoO3-x Nanoparticle-Decorated Membranes for Clean Water Generation.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation provides a promising pathway for sustainable freshwater and energy generation. However, developing highly efficient photothermal and photocatalytic nanomaterials is challenging. Herein, substoichiometric molybdenum oxide (MoO3-x) nanoparticles are synthesized via step-by-step reduction treatment of l-cysteine under mild conditions for simultaneous photothermal conversion and photocatalytic reactions. The MoO3-x nanoparticles of low reduction degree are decorated on hydrophilic cotton cloth to prepare a MCML evaporator toward rapid water production, pollutant degradation, as well as electricity generation. The obtained MCML evaporator has a strong local light-to-heat effect, which can be attributed to excellent photothermal conversion via the local surface plasmon resonance effect in MoO3-x nanoparticles and the low heat loss of the evaporator. Meanwhile, the rich surface area of MoO3-x nanoparticles and the localized photothermal effect together effectively accelerate the photocatalytic degradation reaction of the antibiotic tetracycline. With the benefit of these advantages, the MCML evaporator attains a superior evaporation rate of 4.14 kg m-2 h-1, admirable conversion efficiency of 90.7%, and adequate degradation efficiency of 96.2% under 1 sun irradiation. Furthermore, after being rationally assembled with a thermoelectric module, the hybrid device can be employed to generate 1.0 W m-2 of electric power density. This work presents an effective complementary strategy for freshwater production and sewage treatment as well as electricity generation in remote and off-grid regions.

Hierarchically porous cellulose-based carbon aerogels with N-doped skeletons and encapsulated iron-based catalysts for efficient tetracycline catalytic degradation.

Three-dimensional interpenetrating and hierarchically porous carbon material is an efficient catalyst support in water remediation and it is still a daunting challenge to establish the relationship between hierarchically porous structure and catalytic degradation performance. Herein, a highly porous silica (SiO2)/cellulose-based carbon aerogel with iron-based catalyst (FexOy) was fabricated by in-situ synthesis, freeze-drying and pyrolysis, where the addition of SiO2 induced the hierarchically porous morphology and three-dimensional interpenetrating sheet-like network with nitrogen doping. The destruction of cellulose crystalline structure by SiO2 and the iron-catalyzed breakdown of glycosidic bonds synergistically facilitated the formation of electron-rich graphite-like carbon skeleton. The unique microstructure is confirmed to be favorable for the diffusion of reactants and electron transport during catalytic process, thus boosting the catalytic degradation performance of carbon aerogels. As a result, the catalytic degradation efficiency of tetracycline under light irradiation by adding only 5 mg of FexOy/SiO2 cellulose carbon aerogels was as high as 90 % within 60 min, demonstrating the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and Fenton reaction. This ingenious structure design provides new insight into the relationship between hierarchically porous structure of carbon aerogels and their catalytic degradation performance, and opens a new avenue to develop cellulose-based carbon aerogel catalysts with efficient catalytic performance.

Experiences of returning to work in patients with schizophrenia after treatment: A longitudinal qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Returning to work (RTW) has always been regarded as one of the important indicators to evaluate the therapeutic effect of patients with schizophrenia. The existing studies on RTW in patients with schizophrenia are mostly focused on intervention measures, and the qualitative research on RTW is very limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the experience of the RTW after treatment in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: A longitudinal qualitative study was conducted involving 24 patients with schizophrenia in China. The interviews were held at three time-points during their RTW process, (1) when patients had improved and were close to discharge, (2) within 1 month post-discharge, and (3) 6 months post-discharge. The interview recordings were transcribed by the research team, and transcripts were independently analyzed by two independent coders using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients with schizophrenia participated in 72 personal interviews. The thematic framework based on the experience of patients with schizophrenia reveals a three-phases of the process of RTW: improved, being at a loss, and job crisis. The study identified one theme of the first phase: the expectation and optimism. Two themes in the second phase: (1) psychological distress of upcoming work; (2) expectation of assistance pre-work. And four themes in the third phase: (1) tremendous pressure of RTW; (2) lack of medical and social support; (3) social status and interpersonal relationships change; and (4) high level of financial pressure. CONCLUSION: The experience of RTW is a dynamic process with great challenges in each phase, patients with schizophrenia have been deeply affected by what they have experienced. There is an urgent need to ensure that existing community and social support is integrated into daily care to support patients with schizophrenia to RTW successful. The findings of this study also suggest relevant departments and employers should be aware of the barriers to RTW for patients with schizophrenia, and take certain measures to change the current situation.

Structuring restricted amorphous molecular chains in the reinforced cellulose film by uniaxial stretching.

The construction of the preferred orientation structure by stretching is an efficient strategy to fabricate high-performance cellulose film and it is still an open issue whether crystalline structure or amorphous molecular chain is the key factor in determining the enhanced mechanical performance. Herein, uniaxial stretching with constant width followed by drying in a stretching state was carried out to cellulose hydrogels with physical and chemical double cross-linking networks, achieving high-performance regenerated cellulose films (RCFs) with an impressive tensile strength of 154.5 MPa and an elastic modulus of 5.4 GPa. The hierarchical structure of RCFs during uniaxial stretching and drying was systematically characterized from micro- to nanoscale, including microscopic morphology, crystalline structure as well as relaxation behavior at a molecular level. The two-dimensional correlation spectra of dynamic mechanical analysis and Havriliak-Negami fitting results verified that the enhanced mechanical properties of RCFs were mainly attributed to the stretch-induced tight packing and restricted relaxation of amorphous molecular chains. The new insight concerning the contribution of molecular chains in the amorphous region to the enhancement of mechanical performance for RCFs is expected to provide valuable guidance for designing and fabricating high-performance eco-friendly cellulose-based films.

Causal relationship between gut microbiota and myasthenia gravis: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies have demonstrated an association between gut microbiota and myasthenia gravis; however, the causal relationship between the two still lacks clarity. Our goals are to ascertain the existence of a bidirectional causal relationship between gut microbiota composition and myasthenia gravis, and to investigate how gut microbiota plays a role in reducing the risk of myasthenia gravis. METHODS: We acquired gut microbiota data at the phylum, class, order, family, and genus levels from the MiBioGen consortium (N = 18,340) and myasthenia gravis data from the FinnGen Research Project (426 cases and 373,848 controls). In the two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, we assessed the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and myasthenia gravis. We also conducted bidirectional MR analysis to determine the direction of causality. The inverse variance weighted, mendelian randomization-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were used to test the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and severe myasthenia gravis. We used MR-Egger intercept and Cochran's Q test to assess for pleiotropy and heterogeneity, respectively. Furthermore, we utilized the MR-PRESSO method to evaluate horizontal pleiotropy and detect outliers. RESULTS: In the forward analysis, the inverse-variance weighted method revealed that there is a positive correlation between the genus Lachnoclostridium (OR = 2.431,95%CI 1.047-5.647, p = 0.039) and the risk of myasthenia gravis. Additionally, the family Clostridiaceae1 (OR = 0.424,95%CI 0.202-0.889, p = 0.023), family Defluviitaleaceae (OR = 0.537,95%CI 0.290-0.995, p = 0.048), family Enterobacteriaceae (OR = 0.341,95%CI 0.135-0.865, p = 0.023), and an unknown genus (OR = 0.407,95%CI 0.209-0.793, p = 0.008) all demonstrated negative correlation with the risk of developing myasthenia gravis. Futhermore, reversed Mendelian randomization analysis proved a negative correlation between the risk of myasthenia gravis and genus Barnesiella (OR = 0.945,95%CI 0.906-0.985, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our research yielded evidence of a causality connection in both directions between gut microbiota and myasthenia gravis. We identified specific types of microbes associated with myasthenia gravis, which offers a fresh window into the pathogenesis of this disease and the possibility of developing treatment strategies. Nonetheless, more studies, both basic and clinical, are necessary to elucidate the precise role and therapeutic potential of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.