RESUMO
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling without CD28 can elicit primary effector T cells, but memory T cells generated during this process are anergic, failing to respond to secondary antigen exposure. We show that, upon T cell activation, CD28 transiently promotes expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a), an enzyme that facilitates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO), before the first cell division, coinciding with mitochondrial elongation and enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC). microRNA-33 (miR33), a target of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), attenuates Cpt1a expression in the absence of CD28, resulting in cells that thereafter are metabolically compromised during reactivation or periods of increased bioenergetic demand. Early CD28-dependent mitochondrial engagement is needed for T cells to remodel cristae, develop SRC, and rapidly produce cytokines upon restimulation-cardinal features of protective memory T cells. Our data show that initial CD28 signals during T cell activation prime mitochondria with latent metabolic capacity that is essential for future T cell responses.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD28/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/citologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Carnitina O-Palmitoiltransferase , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Compostos de Epóxi/farmacologia , Humanos , Interleucina-15/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
Chronic nonmalignant lymphoproliferation and autoimmune cytopenia are relevant manifestations of immunohematologic diseases of childhood. Their diagnostic classification is challenging but important for therapy. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a genetically defined inborn error of immunity combining these manifestations, but it can explain only a small proportion of cases. Diagnostic categories such as ALPS-like disease, common variable immunodeficiency, or Evans syndrome have therefore been used. Advances in genetics and increasing availablity of targeted therapies call for more therapy-oriented disease classification. Moreover, recent discoveries in the (re)analysis of genetic conditions affecting FAS signaling ask for a more precise definition of ALPS. In this review, we propose the term autoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies for a disease phenotype that is enriched for patients with genetic diseases for which targeted therapies are available. For patients without a current molecular diagnosis, this term defines a subgroup of immune dysregulatory disorders for further studies. Within the concept of autoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies, we propose a revision of the ALPS classification, restricting use of this term to conditions with clear evidence of perturbation of FAS signaling and resulting specific biologic and clinical consequences. This proposed approach to redefining ALPS and other lymphoproliferative conditions provides a framework for disease classification and diagnosis that is relevant for the many specialists confronted with these diseases.
Assuntos
Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Doenças Autoimunes , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune , Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos , Humanos , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/diagnóstico , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/genética , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/terapia , Fenótipo , Receptor fas/genética , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/genética , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a noninfectious and nonmalignant lymphoproliferative disease frequently associated with autoimmune cytopenia resulting from defective FAS signaling. We previously described germline monoallelic FAS (TNFRSF6) haploinsufficient mutations associated with somatic events, such as loss of heterozygosity on the second allele of FAS, as a cause of ALPS-FAS. These somatic events were identified by sequencing FAS in DNA from double-negative (DN) T cells, the pathognomonic T-cell subset in ALPS, in which the somatic events accumulated. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify whether a somatic event affecting the FAS-associated death domain (FADD) gene could be related to the disease onset in 4 unrelated patients with ALPS carrying a germline monoallelic mutation of the FADD protein inherited from a healthy parent. METHODS: We sequenced FADD and performed array-based comparative genomic hybridization using DNA from sorted CD4+ or DN T cells. RESULTS: We found homozygous FADD mutations in the DN T cells from all 4 patients, which resulted from uniparental disomy. FADD deficiency caused by germline heterozygous FADD mutations associated with a somatic loss of heterozygosity was a phenocopy of ALPS-FAS without the more complex symptoms reported in patients with germline biallelic FADD mutations. CONCLUSIONS: The association of germline and somatic events affecting the FADD gene is a new genetic cause of ALPS.
Assuntos
Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas , Humanos , Apoptose/genética , Doenças Autoimunes/genética , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/genética , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , DNA , Receptor fas/genética , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/genética , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/metabolismo , Células Germinativas/patologia , MutaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Elevated TCRαß+CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells (DNT) and serum biomarkers help identify FAS mutant patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). However, in some patients with clinical features and biomarkers consistent with ALPS, germline or somatic FAS mutations cannot be identified on standard exon sequencing (ALPS-undetermined: ALPS-U). OBJECTIVE: We sought to explore whether complex genetic alterations in the FAS gene escaping standard sequencing or mutations in other FAS pathway-related genes could explain these cases. METHODS: Genetic analysis included whole FAS gene sequencing, copy number variation analysis, and sequencing of FAS cDNA and other FAS pathway-related genes. It was guided by FAS expression analysis on CD57+DNT, which can predict somatic loss of heterozygosity (sLOH). RESULTS: Nine of 16 patients with ALPS-U lacked FAS expression on CD57+DNT predicting heterozygous "loss-of-expression" FAS mutations plus acquired somatic second hits in the FAS gene, enriched in DNT. Indeed, 7 of 9 analyzed patients carried deep intronic mutations or large deletions in the FAS gene combined with sLOH detectable in DNT; 1 patient showed a FAS exon duplication. Three patients had reduced FAS expression, and 2 of them harbored mutations in the FAS promoter, which reduced FAS expression in reporter assays. Three of the 4 ALPS-U patients with normal FAS expression carried heterozygous FADD mutations with sLOH. CONCLUSION: A combination of serum biomarkers and DNT phenotyping is an accurate means to identify patients with ALPS who are missed by routine exome sequencing.
Assuntos
Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune , Receptor fas , Humanos , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/diagnóstico , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/genética , Biomarcadores , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Receptor fas/genética , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fas ligand (FasL) is expressed by activated T cells and induces death in target cells upon binding to Fas. Loss-of-function FAS or FASLG mutations cause autoimmune-lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) characterized by expanded double-negative T cells (DNT) and elevated serum biomarkers. While most ALPS patients carry heterozygous FAS mutations, FASLG mutations are rare and usually biallelic. Only 2 heterozygous variants were reported, associated with an atypical clinical phenotype. OBJECTIVE: We revisited the significance of heterozygous FASLG mutations as a cause of ALPS. METHODS: Clinical features and biomarkers were analyzed in 24 individuals with homozygous or heterozygous FASLG variants predicted to be deleterious. Cytotoxicity assays were performed with patient T cells and biochemical assays with recombinant FasL. RESULTS: Homozygous FASLG variants abrogated cytotoxicity and resulted in early-onset severe ALPS with elevated DNT, raised vitamin B12, and usually no soluble FasL. In contrast, heterozygous variants affected FasL function by reducing expression, impairing trimerization, or preventing Fas binding. However, they were not associated with elevated DNT and vitamin B12, and they did not affect FasL-mediated cytotoxicity. The dominant-negative effects of previously published variants could not be confirmed. Even Y166C, causing loss of Fas binding with a dominant-negative effect in biochemical assays, did not impair cellular cytotoxicity or cause vitamin B12 and DNT elevation. CONCLUSION: Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations are better tolerated for FASLG than for FAS, which may explain the low frequency of ALPS-FASLG.
Assuntos
Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune , Humanos , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/genética , Proteína Ligante Fas/genética , Mutação , Biomarcadores , Vitaminas , Receptor fas/genética , Apoptose/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Biallelic mutations in LIG4 encoding DNA-ligase 4 cause a rare immunodeficiency syndrome manifesting as infant-onset life-threatening and/or opportunistic infections, skeletal malformations, radiosensitivity and neoplasia. LIG4 is pivotal during DNA repair and during V(D)J recombination as it performs the final DNA-break sealing step. OBJECTIVES: This study explored whether monoallelic LIG4 missense mutations may underlie immunodeficiency and autoimmunity with autosomal dominant inheritance. METHODS: Extensive flow-cytometric immune-phenotyping was performed. Rare variants of immune system genes were analyzed by whole exome sequencing. DNA repair functionality and T-cell-intrinsic DNA damage tolerance was tested with an ensemble of in vitro and in silico tools. Antigen-receptor diversity and autoimmune features were characterized by high-throughput sequencing and autoantibody arrays. Reconstitution of wild-type versus mutant LIG4 were performed in LIG4 knockout Jurkat T cells, and DNA damage tolerance was subsequently assessed. RESULTS: A novel heterozygous LIG4 loss-of-function mutation (p.R580Q), associated with a dominantly inherited familial immune-dysregulation consisting of autoimmune cytopenias, and in the index patient with lymphoproliferation, agammaglobulinemia, and adaptive immune cell infiltration into nonlymphoid organs. Immunophenotyping revealed reduced naive CD4+ T cells and low TCR-Vα7.2+ T cells, while T-/B-cell receptor repertoires showed only mild alterations. Cohort screening identified 2 other nonrelated patients with the monoallelic LIG4 mutation p.A842D recapitulating clinical and immune-phenotypic dysregulations observed in the index family and displaying T-cell-intrinsic DNA damage intolerance. Reconstitution experiments and molecular dynamics simulations categorize both missense mutations as loss-of-function and haploinsufficient. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that certain monoallelic LIG4 mutations may cause human immune dysregulation via haploinsufficiency.
Assuntos
DNA Ligases , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência , Humanos , DNA Ligases/genética , Autoimunidade/genética , Haploinsuficiência , DNA Ligase Dependente de ATP/genética , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/genética , Mutação , DNARESUMO
BACKGROUND: In 2014, germline signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations were first described to cause a novel multisystem disease of early-onset lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. OBJECTIVE: This pivotal cohort study defines the scope, natural history, treatment, and overall survival of a large global cohort of patients with pathogenic STAT3 GOF variants. METHODS: We identified 191 patients from 33 countries with 72 unique mutations. Inclusion criteria included symptoms of immune dysregulation and a biochemically confirmed germline heterozygous GOF variant in STAT3. RESULTS: Overall survival was 88%, median age at onset of symptoms was 2.3 years, and median age at diagnosis was 12 years. Immune dysregulatory features were present in all patients: lymphoproliferation was the most common manifestation (73%); increased frequencies of double-negative (CD4-CD8-) T cells were found in 83% of patients tested. Autoimmune cytopenias were the second most common clinical manifestation (67%), followed by growth delay, enteropathy, skin disease, pulmonary disease, endocrinopathy, arthritis, autoimmune hepatitis, neurologic disease, vasculopathy, renal disease, and malignancy. Infections were reported in 72% of the cohort. A cellular and humoral immunodeficiency was observed in 37% and 51% of patients, respectively. Clinical symptoms dramatically improved in patients treated with JAK inhibitors, while a variety of other immunomodulatory treatment modalities were less efficacious. Thus far, 23 patients have undergone bone marrow transplantation, with a 62% survival rate. CONCLUSION: STAT3 GOF patients present with a wide array of immune-mediated disease including lymphoproliferation, autoimmune cytopenias, and multisystem autoimmunity. Patient care tends to be siloed, without a clear treatment strategy. Thus, early identification and prompt treatment implementation are lifesaving for STAT3 GOF syndrome.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Imunitário , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência , Criança , Humanos , Autoimunidade/genética , Estudos de Coortes , Mutação com Ganho de Função , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/genética , Mutação , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Proliferação de Células , LinfócitosRESUMO
Molecular dissection of inborn errors of immunity can help to elucidate the nonredundant functions of individual genes. We studied 3 children with an immune dysregulation syndrome of susceptibility to infection, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, developmental delay, autoimmunity, and lymphoma of B-cell (n = 2) or T-cell (n = 1) origin. All 3 showed early autologous T-cell reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. By whole-exome sequencing, we identified rare homozygous germline missense or nonsense variants in a known epigenetic regulator of gene expression: ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2). Mutated TET2 protein was absent or enzymatically defective for 5-hydroxymethylating activity, resulting in whole-blood DNA hypermethylation. Circulating T cells showed an abnormal immunophenotype including expanded double-negative, but depleted follicular helper, T-cell compartments and impaired Fas-dependent apoptosis in 2 of 3 patients. Moreover, TET2-deficient B cells showed defective class-switch recombination. The hematopoietic potential of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells was skewed toward the myeloid lineage. These are the first reported cases of autosomal-recessive germline TET2 deficiency in humans, causing clinically significant immunodeficiency and an autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with marked predisposition to lymphoma. This disease phenotype demonstrates the broad role of TET2 within the human immune system.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/deficiência , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Mutação com Perda de Função , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/deficiência , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/genética , Aloenxertos , Apoptose , Subpopulações de Linfócitos B/patologia , Técnicas de Reprogramação Celular , Códon sem Sentido , Metilação de DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/fisiologia , Dioxigenases , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/patologia , Recém-Nascido , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Linfoma de Células T Periférico/genética , Linfoma de Células T Periférico/patologia , Masculino , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/genética , Linhagem , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/fisiologia , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/patologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/patologia , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
Germline STAT3 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have been linked to poly-autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. Here we studied the impact of 17 different STAT3 GOF mutations on the canonical STAT3 signaling pathway and correlated the molecular results with clinical manifestations. The mutations clustered in three groups. Group 1 mutants showed altered STAT3 phosphorylation kinetics and strong basal transcriptional activity. They were associated with the highest penetrance of lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. Group 2 mutants showed a strongly inducible transcriptional reporter activity and were clinically less penetrant. Group 3 mutants were mostly located in the DNA binding domain and showed the strongest DNA binding affinity despite a poor transcriptional reporter response. Thus, the GOF effect of STAT3 mutations is determined by a heterogeneous response pattern at the molecular level. The correlation of response pattern and clinical penetrance indicates a significant contribution of mutation-determined effects on disease manifestations.
Assuntos
Mutação com Ganho de Função/genética , Linfócitos/imunologia , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Autoimunidade/genética , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Família Multigênica , Penetrância , Fosforilação , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening inflammatory syndrome characterized by hyperactivation of lymphocytes and histiocytes. T cells play a key role in HLH pathogenesis, but their differentiation pattern is not well characterized in patients with active HLH. We compared T-cell activation patterns between patients with familial HLH (1°HLH), 2°HLH without apparent infectious trigger (2°HLH) and 2°HLH induced by a viral infection (2°V-HLH). Polyclonal CD8+ T cells are highly activated in 1°HLH and 2°V-HLH, but less in 2°HLH as assessed by HLA-DR expression and marker combination with CD45RA, CCR7, CD127, PD-1 and CD57. Absence of increased HLA-DR expression on T cells excluded active 1° HLH with high sensitivity and specificity. A high proportion of polyclonal CD127- CD4+ T cells expressing HLA-DR, CD57, and perforin is a signature of infants with 1°HLH, much less prominent in virus-associated 2°HLH. The similar pattern and extent of CD8+ T-cell activation compared to 2° V-HLH is compatible with a viral trigger of 1°HLH. However, in most 1°HLH patients no triggering infection was documented and the unique activation of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells indicates that the overall T-cell response in 1°HLH is different. This may reflect different pathways of pathogenesis of these two HLH variants.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/imunologia , Viroses/imunologia , Antígenos CD57/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Antígenos HLA-DR/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Ativação Linfocitária , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/diagnóstico , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/etiologia , Masculino , Perforina/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Viroses/complicações , Viroses/diagnósticoRESUMO
Premature T-cell immunosenescence with CD57+ CD8+ T-cell accumulation has been linked to immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in primary immunodeficiencies including activated PI3 kinase delta syndrome (APDS). To address whether CD57 marks the typical senescent T-cell population seen in adult individuals or identifies a distinct population in APDS, we compared CD57+ CD8+ T cells from mostly pediatric APDS patients to those of healthy adults with similarly prominent senescent T cells. CD57+ CD8+ T cells from APDS patients were less differentiated with more CD27+ CD28+ effector memory T cells showing increased PD1 and Eomesodermin expression. In addition, transition of naïve to CD57+ CD8+ T cells was not associated with the characteristic telomere shortening. Nevertheless, they showed the increased interferon-gamma secretion, enhanced degranulation and reduced in vitro proliferation typical of senescent CD57+ CD8+ T cells. Thus, hyperactive PI3 kinase signaling favors premature accumulation of a CD57+ CD8+ T-cell population, which shows most functional features of typical senescent T cells, but is different in terms of differentiation and relative telomere shortening. Initial observations indicate that this specific differentiation state may offer the opportunity to revert premature T-cell immunosenescence and its potential contribution to inflammation and immunodeficiency in APDS.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD57/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/etiologia , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Encurtamento do Telômero , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Senescência Celular/genética , Senescência Celular/imunologia , Classe I de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Contagem de Linfócitos , Doenças da Imunodeficiência Primária , Sirolimo/farmacologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Fas is a transmembrane receptor involved in the maintenance of tolerance and immune homeostasis. In murine models, it has been shown to be essential for deletion of autoreactive B cells in the germinal center. The role of Fas in human B-cell selection and in development of autoimmunity in patients carrying FAS mutations is unclear. We analyzed patients with either a somatic FAS mutation or a germline FAS mutation and somatic loss-of-heterozygosity, which allows comparing the fate of B cells with impaired vs normal Fas signaling within the same individual. Class-switched memory B cells showed: accumulation of FAS-mutated B cells; failure to enrich single V, D, J genes and single V-D, D-J gene combinations of the B-cell receptor variable region; increased frequency of variable regions with higher content of positively charged amino acids; and longer CDR3 and maintenance of polyreactive specificities. Importantly, Fas-deficient switched memory B cells showed increased rates of somatic hypermutation. Our data uncover a defect in B-cell selection in patients with FAS mutations, which has implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and lymphomagenesis of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome.
Assuntos
Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos B/imunologia , Seleção Clonal Mediada por Antígeno , Mutação , Receptor fas/fisiologia , Apoptose , Autoimunidade , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Criança , Códon sem Sentido , Feminino , Mutação da Fase de Leitura , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Perda de Heterozigosidade , Masculino , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Hipermutação Somática de Imunoglobulina , Recombinação V(D)J , Receptor fas/deficiência , Receptor fas/genéticaRESUMO
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a human disorder characterized by defective Fas signaling, resulting in chronic benign lymphoproliferation and accumulation of TCRαß(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) double-negative T (DNT) cells. Although their phenotype resembles that of terminally differentiated or exhausted T cells, lack of KLRG1, high eomesodermin, and marginal T-bet expression point instead to a long-lived memory state with potent proliferative capacity. Here we show that despite their terminally differentiated phenotype, human ALPS DNT cells exhibit substantial mitotic activity in vivo. Notably, hyperproliferation of ALPS DNT cells is associated with increased basal and activation-induced phosphorylation of serine-threonine kinases Akt and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin abrogated survival and proliferation of ALPS DNT cells, but not of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells in vitro. In vivo, mTOR inhibition reduced proliferation and abnormal differentiation by DNT cells. Importantly, increased mitotic activity and hyperactive mTOR signaling was also observed in recently defined CD4(+) or CD8(+) precursor DNT cells, and mTOR inhibition specifically reduced these cells in vivo, indicating abnormal programming of Fas-deficient T cells before the DNT stage. Thus, our results identify the mTOR pathway as a major regulator of lymphoproliferation and aberrant differentiation in ALPS.
Assuntos
Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/patologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lectinas Tipo C/imunologia , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/imunologia , Masculino , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptores Imunológicos , Transativadores/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with heterozygous germline mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) experience autoimmunity and lymphoid hyperplasia. OBJECTIVES: Because regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is critical for maintaining regulatory T (Treg) cell functions, we investigate Treg cells in patients with heterozygous germline PTEN mutations (PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome [PHTS]). METHODS: Patients with PHTS were assessed for immunologic conditions, lymphocyte subsets, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ Treg cell levels, and phenotype. To determine the functional importance of phosphatases that control the PI3K pathway, we assessed Treg cell induction in vitro, mitochondrial depolarization, and recruitment of PTEN to the immunologic synapse. RESULTS: Autoimmunity and peripheral lymphoid hyperplasia were found in 43% of 79 patients with PHTS. Immune dysregulation in patients with PHTS included lymphopenia, CD4+ T-cell reduction, and changes in T- and B-cell subsets. Although total CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cell numbers are reduced, frequencies are maintained in the blood and intestine. Despite pathogenic PTEN mutations, the FOXP3+ T cells are phenotypically normal. We show that the phosphatase PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) downstream of PTEN is highly expressed in normal human Treg cells and provides complementary phosphatase activity. PHLPP is indispensable for the differentiation of induced Treg cells in vitro and Treg cell mitochondrial fitness. PTEN and PHLPP form a phosphatase network that is polarized at the immunologic synapse. CONCLUSION: Heterozygous loss of function of PTEN in human subjects has a significant effect on T- and B-cell immunity. Assembly of the PTEN-PHLPP phosphatase network allows coordinated phosphatase activities at the site of T-cell receptor activation, which is important for limiting PI3K hyperactivation in Treg cells despite PTEN haploinsufficiency.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/fisiologia , Síndrome do Hamartoma Múltiplo/imunologia , Sinapses Imunológicas/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos/fisiologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatases/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Autoimunidade , Células Cultivadas , Criança , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Síndrome do Hamartoma Múltiplo/genética , Humanos , Hiperplasia , Masculino , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação/genética , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , Ligação Proteica , Transporte Proteico , Transdução de Sinais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A patient with autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder (ALPS) developed IgG4-related disease. In retrospect, he had high levels of serum IgG4 for several years prior to presenting with IgG4-related pancreatitis. These high IgG4 levels were masked by hypergammaglobulinemia, a common feature of ALPS. We next screened 18 ALPS patients; four of them displayed increased levels of IgG4. Hence, IgG4-related disease should be considered in ALPS patients, especially in those manifesting lymphocytic organ infiltration or excessive hypergammaglobulinaemia. Screening of IgG4-related disease patients for ALPS-associated mutations would provide further information on whether this disease could be a late-onset atypical presentation of ALPS.
Assuntos
Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Adulto , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/sangue , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/patologia , Humanos , Hipergamaglobulinemia/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Linfonodos/patologia , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/imunologia , Masculino , Pâncreas/patologiaRESUMO
Autoimmune cytopenia is a frequent manifestation of primary immunodeficiencies. Two siblings presented with Evans syndrome, viral infections, and progressive leukopenia. DNA available from one patient showed a homozygous frameshift mutation in tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP2) abolishing protein expression. TPP2 is a serine exopeptidase involved in extralysosomal peptide degradation. Its deficiency in mice activates cell death programs and premature senescence. Similar to cells from naïve, uninfected TPP2-deficient mice, patient cells showed increased major histocompatibility complex I expression and most CD8(+) T-cells had a senescent CCR7-CD127(-)CD28(-)CD57(+) phenotype with poor proliferative responses and enhanced staurosporine-induced apoptosis. T-cells showed increased expression of the effector molecules perforin and interferon-γ with high expression of the transcription factor T-bet. Age-associated B-cells with a CD21(-) CD11c(+) phenotype expressing T-bet were increased in humans and mice, combined with antinuclear antibodies. Moreover, markers of senescence were also present in human and murine TPP2-deficient fibroblasts. Telomere lengths were normal in patient fibroblasts and granulocytes, and low normal in lymphocytes, which were compatible with activation of stress-induced rather than replicative senescence programs. TPP2 deficiency is the first primary immunodeficiency linking premature immunosenescence to severe autoimmunity. Determination of senescent lymphocytes should be part of the diagnostic evaluation of children with refractory multilineage cytopenias.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/imunologia , Aminopeptidases/imunologia , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/genética , Dipeptidil Peptidases e Tripeptidil Peptidases/imunologia , Mutação da Fase de Leitura , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/genética , Serina Endopeptidases/imunologia , Trombocitopenia/genética , Aminopeptidases/deficiência , Aminopeptidases/genética , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/complicações , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/imunologia , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/patologia , Animais , Apoptose , Sequência de Bases , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Consanguinidade , Dipeptidil Peptidases e Tripeptidil Peptidases/deficiência , Dipeptidil Peptidases e Tripeptidil Peptidases/genética , Feminino , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/complicações , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/imunologia , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Perforina/genética , Perforina/imunologia , Serina Endopeptidases/deficiência , Serina Endopeptidases/genética , Irmãos , Proteínas com Domínio T/genética , Proteínas com Domínio T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/patologia , Trombocitopenia/complicações , Trombocitopenia/imunologia , Trombocitopenia/patologiaRESUMO
Omenn syndrome (OS) is a severe immunodeficiency associated with erythroderma, lymphoproliferation, elevated IgE, and hyperactive oligoclonal T cells. A restricted T-cell repertoire caused by defective thymic T-cell development and selection, lymphopenia with homeostatic proliferation, and lack of regulatory T cells are considered key factors in OS pathogenesis. We report 2 siblings presenting with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Pneumocystis jirovecii infections and recurrent sepsis; one developed all clinical features of OS. Both carried homozygous germline mutations in CARD11 (p.Cys150*), impairing NF-κB signaling and IL-2 production. A somatic second-site mutation reverting the stop codon to a missense mutation (p.Cys150Leu) was detected in tissue-infiltrating T cells of the OS patient. Expression of p.Cys150Leu in CARD11-deficient T cells largely reconstituted NF-κB signaling. The reversion likely occurred in a prethymic T-cell precursor, leading to a chimeric T-cell repertoire. We speculate that in our patient the functional advantage of the revertant T cells in the context of persistent CMV infection, combined with lack of regulatory T cells, may have been sufficient to favor OS. This first observation of OS in a patient with a T-cell activation defect suggests that severely defective T-cell development or homeostatic proliferation in a lymphopenic environment are not required for this severe immunopathology.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Mutação , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/genética , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/deficiência , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/imunologia , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Guanilato Ciclase/deficiência , Guanilato Ciclase/imunologia , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Imuno-Histoquímica , Imunofenotipagem , Lactente , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/imunologia , IrmãosAssuntos
Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/etiologia , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Homozigoto , Receptor fas/deficiência , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/diagnóstico , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/metabolismo , Síndrome Linfoproliferativa Autoimune/terapia , Biomarcadores , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) comprises a heterogeneous group of heritable deficiencies of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Many patients with SCID have lymphocyte-activation defects that remain uncharacterized. METHODS: We performed genetic studies in four patients, from four families of Northern Cree ancestry, who had clinical characteristics of SCID, including early onset of severe viral, bacterial, and fungal infections despite normal B-cell and T-cell counts. Genomewide homozygosity mapping was used to identify a candidate region, which was found on chromosome 8; all genes within this interval were sequenced. Immune-cell populations, signal transduction on activation, and effector functions were studied. RESULTS: The patients had hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia, and their peripheral-blood B cells and T cells were almost exclusively of naive phenotype. Regulatory T cells and γδ T cells were absent. All patients carried a homozygous duplication--c.1292dupG in exon 13 of IKBKB, which encodes IκB kinase 2 (IKK2, also known as IKKß)--leading to loss of expression of IKK2, a component of the IKK-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Immune cells from the patients had impaired responses to stimulation through T-cell receptors, B-cell receptors, toll-like receptors, inflammatory cytokine receptors, and mitogens. CONCLUSIONS: A form of human SCID is characterized by normal lymphocyte development despite a loss of IKK2 function. IKK2 deficiency results in an impaired response to activation stimuli in a variety of immune cells, leading to clinically relevant impairment of adaptive and innate immunity. Although Ikk2 deficiency is lethal in mouse embryos, our observations suggest a more restricted, unique role of IKK2-NF-κB signaling in humans. (Funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and others.).
Assuntos
Agamaglobulinemia/genética , Quinase I-kappa B/genética , Mutação , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/genética , Imunidade Adaptativa/genética , Linfócitos B/fisiologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Genes Recessivos , Humanos , Quinase I-kappa B/deficiência , Imunidade Inata/genética , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Ativação Linfocitária , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Linhagem , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Linfócitos T/fisiologiaRESUMO
Accumulation of CD3(+) T-cell receptor (TCR)αß(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative T cells (DNT) is a hallmark of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). DNT origin and differentiation pathways remain controversial. Here we show that human ALPS DNT have features of terminally differentiated effector memory T cells reexpressing CD45RA(+) (TEMRA), but are CD27(+)CD28(+)KLRG1(-) and do not express the transcription factor T-bet. This unique phenotype was also detected among CD4(+) or CD8(+) ALPS TEMRA cells. T-cell receptor ß deep sequencing revealed a significant fraction of shared CDR3 sequences between ALPS DNT and both CD4(+) and CD8(+)TEMRA cells. Moreover, in ALPS patients with a germ line FAS mutation and somatic loss of heterozygosity, in whom biallelic mutant cells can be tracked by absent Fas expression, Fas-negative T cells accumulated not only among DNT, but also among CD4(+) and CD8(+)TEMRA cells. These data indicate that in human Fas deficiency DNT cannot only derive from CD8(+), but also from CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, defective Fas signaling leads to aberrant transcriptional programs and differentiation of subsets of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Accumulation of these cells before their double-negative state appears to be an important early event in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferation in ALPS patients.