BRAF-Mutated Melanoma Journey in Latin America: Expert Recommendations From Diagnosis to Treatment.

OBJECTIVES: • Gather a panel of Latin American experts in testing and treating BRAF-melanoma. • Describe the current landscape of BRAF-mutated melanoma in Latin America. • Outline the current gaps in testing and recommend improvements for testing and treating BRAF-mutated melanoma in the region. INTRODUCTION: Melanoma prevalence in Latin America is lower than in high- and middle-income countries. However, recent data indicate that the region's incidence and mortality are rising, with more stage IV patients being diagnosed. According to international clinical practice guidelines, conducting BRAF-mutation testing in patients with stage III or stage IV melanoma and high-risk resected disease is imperative. Still, BRAF-mutation testing and targeted therapies are inconsistently available in the region. METHODS: Americas Health Foundation convened a meeting of Latin American experts on BRAF-mutated melanoma to develop guidelines and recommendations for diagnosis through treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Some recommendations for improving diagnostics through improving access and reducing the cost of BRAF-mutation testing, enhancing efficiency in pathology laboratories, and creating country-specific local guidelines. The panel also gave treatment recommendations for neo-adjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy, and therapy for patients with metastatic disease in Latin America.

Challenges and recommendations to increasing the use of exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing for diagnosing rare diseases in Brazil: an expert perspective.

Early diagnosis of genetic rare diseases is an unmet need in Brazil, where an estimated 10-13 million people live with these conditions. Increased use of chromosome microarray assays, exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing as first-tier testing techniques in suitable indications can shorten the diagnostic odyssey, eliminate unnecessary tests, procedures, and treatments, and lower healthcare expenditures. A selected panel of Brazilian experts in fields related to rare diseases was provided with a series of relevant questions to address before a multi-day conference. Within this conference, each narrative was discussed and edited through numerous rounds of discussion until agreement was achieved. The widespread adoption of exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing in Brazil is limited by various factors: cost and lack of funding, reimbursement, awareness and education, specialist shortages, and policy issues. To reduce the burden of rare diseases and increase early diagnosis, the Brazilian healthcare authorities/government must address the barriers to equitable access to early diagnostic methods for these conditions. Recommendations are provided, including broadening approved testing indications, increasing awareness and education efforts, increasing specialist training opportunities, and ensuring sufficient funding for genetic testing.

Streamlining breast cancer and colorectal cancer biosimilar regulations to improve treatment access in Latin America: an expert panel perspective.

In a multiday conference, a panel of Latin American experts in biological cancer therapies and health economics were provided with questions to address the barriers restricting access to biosimilars in Latin America, specifically for patients with breast cancer and colorectal cancer, for whom biosimilars can be a path forward to increasing access to care. During the conference, responses were discussed and edited until a consensus was achieved. The regulatory challenges identified in the conference included heterogenous regulations, non-adherence to regulatory pathways, scarcity of market opportunity, inadequate naming of biosimilars by only using international non-proprietary names, imprecise use of interchangeability and substitution, and insufficient traceability and pharmacovigilance. Recommendations were developed to improve the implementation of regulatory pathways and reliable procurement strategies that increase access to these therapies with adequate traceability and outcome measures; efforts from all involved stakeholders will be crucial. These recommendations can serve as a strategy for biosimilar adoption in other countries in a similar situation.

The landscape of systemic lupus erythematosus in Brazil: An expert panel review and recommendations.

PURPOSE: The objective of this review is to address the barriers limiting access to diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN) in Brazil, specifically for patients in the public healthcare system, arguably those with the least access to innovation. DESIGN: A selected panel of Brazilian experts in SLE/LN were provided with a series of relevant questions to address in a multi-day conference. During the conference, responses were discussed and edited by the entire group through numerous drafts and rounds of discussion until a consensus was achieved. RESULTS: The authors propose specific and realistic recommendations for implementing access to innovative diagnostic tools and treatment alternatives for SLE/LN in Brazil. Moreover, in creating these recommendations, the authors strived to address barriers and impediments for technology adoption. The multidisciplinary care required for SLE/LN necessitates the collective participation of all involved stakeholders. CONCLUSION: A great need exists to expand the adoption of innovative diagnostic tools and treatments for SLE/LN not only in Brazil but also in most countries, as access issues remain an urgent demand. The recommendations presented in this article can serve as a strategy for new technology adoption in other countries in a similar situation.

Addressing the unmet needs of patients with BRAF-mutated melanoma in Latin America: Expert perspective.

Melanoma represents an increasing public health burden with extensive unmet needs in Latin America (LA). A mutation in the BRAF gene is present in approximately 50% of all melanomas in White populations and is a target of precision medicine, with the potential to dramatically improve patient outcomes. Thus, increased access to BRAF testing and therapy is LA must be explored. At a multi-day conference, a panel of Latin American experts in oncology and dermatology were provided with questions to address the barriers limiting access to testing for BRAF mutation in patients with melanoma in LA, who may be eligible for targeted therapy to improve their prognosis. During the conference, responses were discussed and edited until a consensus on addressing the barriers was achieved. Identified challenges included ignorance of BRAF-status implications, limited human and infrastructural resources, affordability and reimbursement, fragmented care delivery, pitfalls in the sample journey, and lack of local data. Despite the clear benefits of targeted therapies for BRAF-mutated melanoma in other regions, there is no clear path to prepare LA for a sustainable personalized medicine approach to this disease. Due to melanoma's time-sensitive nature, LA must aim to provide early access to BRAF testing and consider mutational status within treatment decision making. To this end, recommendations are provided and include establishing multidisciplinary teams and melanoma referral centers and improving access to diagnosis and treatment.

Rarecare: A policy perspective on the burden of rare diseases on caregivers in Latin America.

In Latin America (LA), 40-50 million people live with rare diseases (RDs) that require constant monitoring, care, and attention. Caregivers help them with their basic life activities and medication administration, which they would otherwise be unable to perform. Family caregivers complement healthcare and social security systems; however, their unpaid work is often underappreciated and under-protected. Recognizing the need to address these unrecognized and undervalued women, the Americas Health Foundation (AHF) convened a panel of LA experts on caregiving for people with RDs to provide recommendations to support the undervalued family caregivers. A panel of LA experts in caregiving for RDs were given questions to address the challenges faced by family caregivers of people with RDs in LA. During a 3-day conference, the panelists' responses were discussed and edited until the panel agreed on recommendations to address the challenges. The identified challenges for caregivers included physical, emotional, and economical areas. Caregivers, primarily women, experienced physical pain, and social isolation, and were forced to pay substantial out-of-pocket expenses in their caregiving roles. Brazil and Colombia are at the forefront of policies to protect caregivers and their experiences in attempting to provide for this group are outlined as case studies for what is possible in LA. Finally, recognizing that caregivers must be included in formulating, executing, and evaluating care policies for people living with RDs and that the caregivers themselves require social assurances, the panel suggested policy objectives aimed at protecting caregivers of people living with RDs. The recommendations ranged from recognizing the role of the family caregiver as an essential supplement to the formal healthcare system to providing financial assistance, training, and workplace protection, among others. Finally, monitoring and evaluating the impact of policies is necessary to ensure that LA is moving forward in caring for family caregivers for people with RDs.

The landscape of vitiligo in Latin America: a call to action.

Vitiligo is a chronic pigmentary condition and severely impacts patient quality of life (QoL). It is an underrecognized burden for patients, healthcare systems, and society in Latin America (LA). This paper examines the journey of a vitiligo patient in LA and assesses the disease landscape. Americas Health Foundation (AHF) assembled a panel of six Argentine, Brazilian, Colombian, and Mexican vitiligo experts. On 10-12 May 2022, they met in a virtual meeting. Each panelist wrote a short paper on barriers to vitiligo diagnosis and treatment in LA before the meeting. AHF staff moderated as the panel reviewed and modified each paper over three days. The panel approved the recommendations based on research, professional opinion, and personal experience. The panel agreed that lack of disease awareness and research, social ostracization, and limited therapeutic options hinder patients in their quest for diagnosis and treatment. In addition to the medical and psychological difficulties associated with vitiligo, problems connected to the Latin American healthcare system may negatively impact diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Access to timely diagnosis and treatment is crucial for improving outcomes. Governments, medical societies, academics, patient organizations, industry, and the public must unite to eliminate these challenges.

Alopecia Areata in Latin America: Where are We and Where are We Going?

Alopecia areata (AA) represents an underrecognized burden in Latin America (LA), severely impacting quality of life (QoL). This impact is exacerbated by limited access to specialized dermatologic care and therapies for AA within and among nations. Many of the unmet needs for AA globally also exist in LA. The region has geographic, ethnic, cultural, and economic conditions. With new AA medicines targeting immunologic pathways on the horizon, LA must prepare regarding regulatory issues, reimbursement, awareness, and education to give adequate and timely treatment for patients with AA. To address these issues, the Americas Health Foundation convened a panel of six dermatologists from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico who are experts in AA and its comorbidities for a 3-day virtual meeting to discuss AA diagnosis and treatment in LA and create a manuscript offering recommendations to address discussed barriers. This publication examines unmet AA needs in LA, treatment, and innovative therapies and recommends improving AA care. Access constraints to conventional and novel medicines hinder appropriate treatments for patients. Therapy initiation delays can affect QoL, mental health, and disease progression. People with AA face stigmas, discrimination, and misconceptions owing to a lack of disease awareness. With promising new treatments for AA on the horizon, all stakeholders must coordinate efforts to enhance LA's AA management landscape and improve patient outcomes.

A task force for diagnosis and treatment of people with Alzheimer's disease in Latin America.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a substantial burden to patients, their caregivers, health systems, and society in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This impact is exacerbated by limited access to diagnosis, specialized care, and therapies for AD within and among nations. The region has varied geographic, ethnic, cultural, and economic conditions, which create unique challenges to AD diagnosis and management. To address these issues, the Americas Health Foundation convened a panel of eight neurologists, geriatricians, and psychiatrists from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru who are experts in AD for a three-day virtual meeting to discuss best practices for AD diagnosis and treatment in LAC and create a manuscript offering recommendations to address identified barriers. In LAC, several barriers hamper diagnosing and treating people with dementia. These barriers include access to healthcare, fragmented healthcare systems, limited research funding, unstandardized diagnosis and treatment, genetic heterogeneity, and varying social determinants of health. Additional training for physicians and other healthcare workers at the primary care level, region-specific or adequately adapted cognitive tests, increased public healthcare insurance coverage of testing and treatment, and dedicated search strategies to detect populations with gene variants associated with AD are among the recommendations to improve the landscape of AD.

Persistent Depletion of Neuroprotective Factors Accompanies Neuroinflammatory, Neurodegenerative, and Vascular Remodeling Spectra in Serum Three Months after Non-Emergent Cardiac Surgery.

We hypothesized that the persistent depletion of neuroprotective markers accompanies neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in patients after cardiac surgery. A total of 158 patients underwent elective heart surgery with their blood collected before surgery (tbaseline) and 24 h (t24hr), seven days (t7d), and three months (t3m) post-surgery. The patients' serum was measured for markers of neurodegeneration (τau, τaup181-183, amyloid ß1-40/ß2-42, and S100), atypical neurodegeneration (KLK6 and NRGN), neuro-injury (neurofilament light/heavy, UC-HL, and GFAP), neuroinflammation (YKL-40 and TDP-43), peripheral nerve damage (NCAM-1), neuroprotection (apoE4, BDNF, fetuin, and clusterin), and vascular smoldering inflammation (C-reactive protein, CCL-28 IL-6, and IL-8). The mortality at 28 days, incidence of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and functional status were followed for three months. The levels of amyloid ß1-40/ß1-42 and NF-L were significantly elevated at all time points. The levels of τau, S100, KLK6, NRGN, and NCAM-1 were significantly elevated at 24 h. A cluster analysis demonstrated groupings around amyloids, KLK6, and NCAM-1. YKL-40, but not TDP-43, was significantly elevated across all time points. BDNF, apoE4, fetuin, and clusterin levels were significantly diminished long-term. IL-6 and IL-8 levles returned to baseline at t3m. The levels of CRP, CCL-28, and Hsp-70 remained elevated. At 3 months, 8.2% of the patients experienced a stroke, with transfusion volume being a significant variable. Cardiac-surgery patients exhibited persistent peripheral and neuronal inflammation, blood vessel remodeling, and the depletion of neuroprotective factors 3 months post-procedure.

A disturbed balance between blood complement protective factors (FH, ApoE) and common pathway effectors (C5a, TCC) in acute COVID-19 and during convalesce.

A complement effect on homeostasis during infection is determined by both cytotoxic (activate complement component 5 (C5a) terminal cytotoxic complex (TCC)), and cytoprotective elements (complement factor H (FH), as well as apolipoprotein E (ApoE)). Here, we investigated the gap in knowledge in their blood milieu during SARS-CoV-2 infection with respect to the viral burden, level of tissue necrosis, and immunological response. 101 patients hospitalized with a PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 had blood collected at H1 (48 h), H2 (3-4 Days), H3 (5-7 days), H4 (more than 7 days up to 93 days). Pre-existing conditions, treatment, the incidence of cerebrovascular events (CVA), a history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and mortality was collected using electronic medical records. Plasma C5a, TCC, FH, and ApoE were considered as a complement milieu. Tissue necrosis (HMGB1, RAGE), non-specific inflammatory responses (IL-6, C-reactive protein), overall viral burden (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein), and specific immune responses (IgG, IgA, IgM directed αS- & N-proteins) were assessed simultaneously. C5a remained elevated across all time points, with the peak at 5-7 days. Studied elements of complement coalesced around three clusters: #0 (↑↑↑C5a, ↑↑TCC, ↓↓ApoE), #1 ↑C5a, ↑TCC, ↑↑↑FH); #2 (↑C5a, ↑TCC, ↑FH, ↑↑↑ApoE). The decline in FH and ApoE was a predictor of death, while TCC and C5a correlated with patient length of stay, APACHE, and CRP. Increased levels of C5a (Δ = 122.64; p = 0.0294; data not shown) and diminished levels of FH (Δ = 836,969; p = 0.0285; data not shown) co-existed with CVA incidence. C5a correlated storngly with blood RAGE and HMGB1, but not with viral load and immunological responsiveness. Remdesivir positively affected FH preservation, while convalescent plasma treatment elevated C5a levels. Three clusters of complement activation demonstrated a various milieu of ApoE & FH vs C5a & TCC in COVID-19 patients. Complement activation is linked to increased necrosis markers but not to viral burden or immune system response.

Atopic Dermatitis in Latin America: A Roadmap to Address Data Collection, Knowledge Gaps, and Challenges.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a systemic, multifactorial disease that causes significant morbidity and health care burden in Latin America (LA). Data on AD are scarce in LA. Lack of disease registries and non-standardized study methodologies, coupled with region-specific genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, hamper data collection. A panel of LA experts in AD was given a series of relevant questions to address before a conference. Each narrative was discussed and edited through numerous rounds of deliberation until achieving consensus. Identified knowledge gaps in AD research were updated prevalence, adult-disease epidemiology, local phenotypes and endotypes, severe-disease prevalence, specialist distribution, and AD public health policy. Underlying reasons for these gaps include limited funding for AD research, from epidemiology and public policy to clinical and translational studies. Regional heterogeneity requires that complex interactions between race, ethnicity, and environmental factors be further studied. Informed awareness, education, and decision making should be encouraged.

Mild to moderate overweight in dogs: is there an impact on routine hematological and biochemical profiles, echocardiographic parameters and cardiac autonomic modulation?

Obesity is considered the most common nutritional disease of dogs. Even though overt obesity is more likely to impair health, even moderately overweight dogs are at greater risk for requiring medication for chronic health problems earlier in life. Although the number of overweight dogs far exceeds the number of obese ones, most of the studies published so far focused on derangements in a mixed overweight/obese population (Body condition score - BCS ≥7/9) rather than in separated groups. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of mild to moderate obesity on routine hematological and biochemical profile and cardiovascular parameters in dogs. Nine healthy lean (BCS =4-5/9) and 24 overweight dogs (BCS = 6-7/9) were enrolled. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry analyses, echocardiographic parameters, and cardiac autonomic function by heart rate variability (HRV) were determined. In our study population, although total protein, globulin and phosphorus concentrations were increased in overweight compared to lean dogs, all complete blood count and biochemical parameters were within reference ranges for both groups. Parameters usually increased in obese dogs, like triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, were within reference ranges in our overweight population. There were no significant changes in echocardiographic parameters, but HRV had a significant decrease in high frequency (HF) power (P = 0.02), suggesting a depression in parasympathetic activity. Our findings show that mild to moderate overweight dogs do not show the hematological and echocardiographic alterations already reported for mixed overweight/obese populations but might have impaired cardiac autonomic modulation. Although not enough to make conclusions, our data raise the question of whether research studies should place overweight and obese dogs in the same category.

Opportunities and challenges for newborn screening and early diagnosis of rare diseases in Latin America.

Rare diseases (RDs) cause considerable death and disability in Latin America. Still, there is no consensus on their definition across the region. Patients with RDs face a diagnostic odyssey to find a correct diagnosis, which may last many years and creates a burden for caregivers, healthcare systems, and society. These diagnostic delays have repercussions on the health and economic burden created by RDs and continue to represent an unmet medical need. This review analyzes barriers to the widespread adoption of newborn screening (NBS) programs and early diagnostic methods for RDs in Latin America and provides recommendations to achieve this critical objective. Increasing the adoption of NBS programs and promoting early diagnosis of RDs are the first steps to improving health outcomes for patients living with RDs. A coordinated, multistakeholder effort from leaders of patient organizations, government, industry, medical societies, academia, and healthcare services is required to increase the adoption of NBS programs. Patients' best interests should remain the guiding principle for decisions regarding NBS implementation and early diagnosis for RDs.

The Impact of Delayed Symptomatic Treatment Implementation in the Intensive Care Unit.

We estimated the harm related to medication delivery delays across 12,474 medication administration instances in an intensive care unit using retrospective data in a large urban academic medical center between 2012 and 2015. We leveraged an instrumental variables (IV) approach that addresses unobserved confounds in this setting. We focused on nurse shift changes as disruptors of timely medication (vasodilators, antipyretics, and bronchodilators) delivery to estimate the impact of delay. The average delay around a nurse shift change was 60.8 min (p < 0.001) for antipyretics, 39.5 min (p < 0.001) for bronchodilators, and 57.1 min (p < 0.001) for vasodilators. This delay can increase the odds of developing a fever by 32.94%, tachypnea by 79.5%, and hypertension by 134%, respectively. Compared to estimates generated by a naïve regression approach, our IV estimates tend to be higher, suggesting the existence of a bias from providers prioritizing more critical patients.

The Characterization of the Toll of Caring for Coronavirus Disease 2019 on ICU Nursing Staff.

OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic exercised a significant demand on healthcare workers. We aimed to characterize the toll of caring for coronavirus disease 2019 patients by registered nurses. DESIGN: An observational study of two registered nurses cohorts. SETTING: ICUs in a large academic center. SUBJECTS: Thirty-nine ICU registered nurses assigned to coronavirus disease 2019 versus noncoronavirus disease 2019 patients. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Skin temperature (t [°C]), galvanic skin stress response (GalvStress), blood pulse wave, energy expenditure (Energy [cal]), number of steps (hr-1), heart rate (min-1), and respiratory rate (min-1) were collected using biosensors during the shift. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Loading Index measured the subjective perception of an assignment load. Elevated skin temperatures during coronavirus disease 2019 shifts were recorded (ΔtCOVID vs tnon-COVID = +1.3 [°C]; 95% CI, 0.1-2.5). Registered nurses staffing coronavirus disease patients self-reported elevated effort (ΔEffortCOVID vs Effortnon-COVID = +28.6; 95% CI, 13.3-43.9) concomitant with higher energy expenditure (ΔEnergyCOVID vs Energynon-COVID = +21.5 [cal/s]; 95% CI, 4.2-38.7). Galvanic skin stress responses were more frequent among coronavirus disease registered nurse (ΔGalStressCOVID vs GalvStressnon-COVID = +10.7 [burst/hr]; 95% CI, 2.6-18.7) and correlated with self-reported increased mental burden (ΔTLXMentalCOVID vs ΔTLXMentalnon-COVID = +15.3; 95% CI, 1.0-29.6). CONCLUSIONS: There are indications that registered nurses providing care for coronavirus disease 2019 in the ICU reported increased thermal discomfort coinciding with elevated energy expenditure and a more pronounced self-perception of effort, stress, and mental demand.

Dynamic Changes in Central and Peripheral Neuro-Injury vs. Neuroprotective Serum Markers in COVID-19 Are Modulated by Different Types of Anti-Viral Treatments but Do Not Affect the Incidence of Late and Early Strokes.

The balance between neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and COVID-19-directed therapy may underly the heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2's neurological outcomes. A total of 105 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19 had serum collected over a 6 month period to assess neuroinflammatory (MIF, CCL23, MCP-1), neuro-injury (NFL, NCAM-1), neurodegenerative (KLK6, τ, phospho τ, amyloids, TDP43, YKL40), and neuroprotective (clusterin, fetuin, TREM-2) proteins. These were compared to markers of nonspecific inflammatory responses (IL-6, D-dimer, CRP) and of the overall viral burden (spike protein). Data regarding treatment (steroids, convalescent plasma, remdasavir), pre-existing conditions, and incidences of strokes were collected. Amyloid ß42, TDP43, NF-L, and KLK6 serum levels declined 2-3 days post-admission, yet recovered to admission baseline levels by 7 days. YKL-40 and NCAM-1 levels remained elevated over time, with clusters of differential responses identified among TREM-2, TDP43, and YKL40. Fetuin was elevated after the onset of COVID-19 while TREM-2 initially declined before significantly increasing over time. MIF serum level was increased 3-7 days after admission. Ferritin correlated with TDP-43 and KLK6. No treatment with remdesivir coincided with elevations in Amyloid-ß40. A lack of convalescent plasma resulted in increased NCAM-1 and total tau, and steroidal treatments did not significantly affect any markers. A total of 11 incidences of stroke were registered up to six months after initial admission for COVID-19. Elevated D-dimer, platelet counts, IL-6, and leukopenia were observed. Variable MIF serum levels differentiated patients with CVA from those who did not have a stroke during the acute phase of COVID-19. This study demonstrated concomitant and opposite changes in neurodegenerative and neuroprotective markers persisting well into recovery.

Remote Monitoring of Critically-Ill Post-Surgical Patients: Lessons from a Biosensor Implementation Trial.

Biosensors represent one of the numerous promising technologies envisioned to extend healthcare delivery. In perioperative care, the healthcare delivery system can use biosensors to remotely supervise patients who would otherwise be admitted to a hospital. This novel technology has gained a foothold in healthcare with significant acceleration due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, few studies have attempted to narrate, or systematically analyze, the process of their implementation. We performed an observational study of biosensor implementation. The data accuracy provided by the commercially available biosensors was compared to those offered by standard clinical monitoring on patients admitted to the intensive care unit/perioperative unit. Surveys were also conducted to examine the acceptance of technology by patients and medical staff. We demonstrated a significant difference in vital signs between sensors and standard monitoring which was very dependent on the measured variables. Sensors seemed to integrate into the workflow relatively quickly, with almost no reported problems. The acceptance of the biosensors was high by patients and slightly less by nurses directly involved in the patients' care. The staff forecast a broad implementation of biosensors in approximately three to five years, yet are eager to learn more about them. Reliability considerations proved particularly troublesome in our implementation trial. Careful evaluation of sensor readiness is most likely necessary prior to system-wide implementation by each hospital to assess for data accuracy and acceptance by the staff.

Long-Term Abnormalities of Lipid Profile After a Single Episode of Sepsis.

Background: Acute disturbances of the lipid profile are commonplace during acute sepsis episode. However, their long-term persistence has not to be investigated despite pivotal role of dyslipidemia in several comorbidities excessively noted in sepsis survivors (stroke, cardiomyopathy). Methods: A total of 9,861 individuals hospitalized for a singular episode of sepsis between 2009 and 2019 were identified from electronic medical records. Lab measurements of total cholesterol (Tchol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides (TG), lipoprotein(a) [Lp (a)], apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The data were examined as baseline values before sepsis, during hospitalization, and <3 months, 3-6 months, 6-12 months, 1-2 years, and more than 2 years from initial sepsis. Results: Significant reductions in HDL-c (HDLbaseline = 44.06 vs. HDLsepsis = 28.2; U = -37.79, p < 0.0001, Cohen's d = 0.22) and LDL-c serum levels were observed during and up to three months post sepsis, with females much less affected. In contrast, male subjects had derangement in HDL present for up to two years after a singular septic episode. Total cholesterol levels were slightly yet significantly elevated for up to two years after sepsis. TG were elevated up to one year [TGbaseline = 128.26 vs. TGsepsis = 170.27, t(8255) = -21.33, p < 0.0001, Cohen's d = 0.49] and normalized. Lp(a) was elevated up to two years after initial episode [Lp(a)baseline = 24.6 ± 16.06; Lp(a)sepsis-2year = 8.25 ± 5.17; Lp(a)morethan2years = 61.4 ± 40.1; ANOVA F (2, 24) = 7.39; p = 0.0032]. Response to statin therapy was blunted in sepsis survivors for several years after sepsis resolution. Significant drop-out in prescription of statins and niacin after sepsis was observed. Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein was elevated for up to five years after sepsis resolution (H [6;1685] = 502.2; p < 0.0001). Discussion: Lipid abnormalities persisted long after the initial septic insult suggesting potential role in accelerating atherosclerosis and other abnormalities. In addition, sepsis seems to blunt statin effectiveness. Additionally, a significant and unexplained drop in statin use was seen in post-septic period. Conclusions: Our study suggests that persistent derangements of lipid profile components for up to two years after sepsis may be associated with altered risk of atherosclerosis-related events among sepsis survivors.