Low-frequency rTMS in the superior parietal cortex affects the working memory in horizontal axis during the spatial task performance.

Spatial working memory has been extensively investigated with different tasks, treatments, and analysis tools. Several studies suggest that low frequency of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the parietal cortex may influence spatial working memory (SWM). However, it is not yet known if after low-frequency rTMS applied to the superior parietal cortex, according to Pz electroencephalography (EEG) electrode, would change the orientation interpretation about the vertical and horizontal axes coordinates in an SWM task. The current study aims at filling this gap and obtains a better understanding of the low-frequency rTMS effect in SWM. In this crossover study, we select 20 healthy subjects in two conditions (control and 1-Hz rTMS). The subjects performed an SWM task with two random coordinates. Our results presented that low-frequency rTMS applied over the superior parietal cortex may influence the SWM to lead to a larger distance of axes interception point (p < 0.05). We conclude that low-frequency rTMS over the superior parietal cortex (SPC) changes the SWM performance, and it has more predominance in horizontal axis.

Effectiveness of short sprint interval training in women with major depressive disorder: a proof-of-concept study.

Background: High-intensity intermittent training has emerged as an option for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). However, short sprint training (sSIT), an efficient HIIT modality, has not been tested yet for this purpose. The sSIT has been proven to induce the same metabolic adaptations, with the advantage of promoting lower muscle fatigue than other HIIT protocols. Methods: Seventeen adult women diagnosed with moderate/severe MDD were randomly allocated into a sSIT group (n=9) or a control condition (n=8). The sSIT group completed, over two weeks, six 6-10-min sessions which consisted of 3-12 "all out" sprints of 5 s interspersed with low-intensity recovery of 30-45 s. The week before and after the intervention, both groups were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale of 21-itens (HAM-D21), and for physical fitness and incidental physical activity. Results: The sSIT group exhibited significant improvements for HAM-D21 scores (24.6±8.2 vs. 16.8±10.1), maximum aerobic power (140±15 vs. 155±15 W), countermovement jump (13.0±3.4 vs. 14.9±3.1 cm), % of body fatness (32.4±4.4 vs. 29.3±3.8%), and 4-days number of steps (13,626±11,309 vs. 16,643±15,371) after the training period when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Less than 1 hour of a sSIT protocol over two weeks have demonstrated to reduce depressive symptoms, while improving aerobic fitness and body composition, and increasing incidental physical activity in a sample of women diagnosed with MDD.

A Rapid Review of Randomized Trials Assessing the Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Depressive Symptoms in People with Mental Illness.

OBJECTIVE: to systematically search for randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols vs. control without exercise or other exercise protocols, in patients with mental disorders experiencing depressive symptoms, and to provide some guidance based on the current HIIT literature to improve further interventions. METHODS: we searched for relevant studies, published by 18 August 2022 on PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus databases, that used a HIIT protocol, involving adults (≥18 years) with a diagnosis of a mental disorder, participating in a HIIT or a control condition, and assessed for depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Four studies accounting for 108 participants (n HIIT = 55; n comparison groups = 53) met the inclusion criteria. Three out of the four studies included found significant improvements of depressive symptoms after 12 days to 8 weeks of intervention. However, there were no differences to other forms of low-to-moderate continuous exercise in 2/3 studies. CONCLUSIONS: The limited evidence suggests the effectiveness of HIIT interventions for improving depressive symptoms in people with mental illness. However, HIIT was not superior to other exercise treatments, although a trend for its superiority may be recognized. A number of methodological issues should be considered in further interventions to better characterize and identify the most efficient HIIT modalities for the treatment of depressive symptoms in these patients.

Modelos de percepção do tempo: um novo paradigma para o fisioterapeuta / Time perception models: a new paradigm for the physical therapist

A percepção do tempo é subjetiva e relativa, além de modulada por aspectos neurofuncionais como a emoção, memória e atenção, e está alterada em algumas patologias neuropsiquiátricas. Entretanto, ainda existe muita discussão sobre quais modelos de percepção do tempo são mais aceitáveis e como estão envolvidos nas doenças neurológicas. Desse modo, o conhecimento do fisioterapeuta sobre a percepção do tempo e seus modelos é um fator que pode direcionar ao tratamento do paciente, pois há uma ativação de áreas corticais na percepção do tempo que também são envolvidas na motricidade. Um modelo geral de processamento de informação temporal deve comportar um oscilador, acumulador e comparador dos dados obtidos com a memória. No entanto, as bases neurofisiológicas dos mecanismos de percepção do tempo ainda não são totalmente determinadas, existindo modelos que apontam a existência de um mecanismo neural único ou a de vários dispositivos especializados em diferentes escalas. Embora as mudanças na percepção do tempo não caracterizem uma doença, diversos comprometimentos neurológicos podem acometer a percepção temporal. Apesar dos esforços não se pode concluir sobre quais áreas desempenham a função temporizadora, apenas inferir por meio de experimentos realizados em animais e humanos. (AU)

The time perception is subjective, relative and modulated by neurofunctional aspects such as emotion, memory and attention. This is altered in some neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is still much debate about which time perception models are more acceptable and how they are involved in neurological diseases. Thus, the physical therapist knowledge of time perception and its models is a factor that can direct the patient treatment, as there is activation in cortical areas which are also involved in motor function. A general model temporal information processing must contain an oscillator, accumulator and comparator data obtained from the memory. However, the neurophysiology of time perception mechanisms are still not fully determined, models exist which indicate the existence of a single neural mechanism or various specialized devices with different scales. Although the change in the time perception does not characterize a disease, various neurological impairments can affect time perception. Despite efforts cannot conclude on areas which perform the timer function, only inferred through performed in animal and human experiments. (AU)

Avaliação do risco de desenvolver diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em popolação universitária / Assessment of risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in a university population / Evaluación del riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes mellitus del tipo 2 en la población universitar

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência dos fatores de risco para desenvolver diabetes mellitustipo 2 (DM2) em uma população universitária. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal, realizado entre 2013 e 2014 em uma universidade de Parnaíba-PI, com indivíduos maiores de 18 anos que estudam ou trabalham no campus. Do total populacional disposto no campus (4.310 pessoas), participaram da pesquisa 74% (111) dos docentes (G1), 77,68% (94) dos técnicos administrativos (G2) e 32,10% (1.299) dos discentes, totalizando 1.504 indivíduos que responderam ao questionário "Are you at risk for type 2 diabetes?", traduzido para a língua portuguesa, de forma impressa, individual e anônima, com as respostas obtidas através de autopreenchimento. Calculou-se o risco de desenvolver DM2 para cada grupo, a associação entre o grupo e o risco de DM2 com teste do Qui-Quadrado (p<0,05) e o risco relativo (RR) para desenvolvimento de DM2 considerando os escores obtidos no grupo. RESULTADOS: A amostra contemplou 34,89% (1504) do n amostral. O risco de DM2 foi apresentado por 16,21% (18) dos indivíduos do G1, 13,82% (13) do G2 e 1,23% (16) do G3. Quanto à hipertensão, verificou-se a incidência de 17,1% (19) no G1, 12,8% (12) no G2 e 5,9% (77) no G3. Nos G1, G2 e G3, 59,5% (66), 38,3% (36) e 41,26% (536), respectivamente, não eram fisicamente ativos. O risco de desenvolver DM2 foi elevado no G1 e no G2, significativamente diferente do G3. CONCLUSÃO: Encontrou-se a prevalência do risco de desenvolver diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) de 16,21% no grupo de docentes, 13,82% no grupo de técnicos administrativos e 1,23% no grupo de discentes, destacando-se a obesidade e a inatividade física como fatores de risco mais comuns

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a university population. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study, carried out between 2013 and 2014, in a university of Parnaíba, Piauí State, with individuals aged over 18 years, who study or work in campus. Of the total campus population provision (4,310 individuals), participated in the survey 74% (111) of teachers (G1), 77.68% (94) of the administrative staff (G2), and 32.10% (1,299) of the students, total ling 1,504 individuals who answered the questionnaire "Are you at risk for type 2 diabetes?", translated into Portuguese, in a written, individual, and anonymous form, with responses obtained through self- administration. The risk of developing T2DM was calculated for each group, as well as the association between the group and the T2DM risk, using the chi-square test (p<0.05), and the relative risk of T2DM development, considering the scores obtained in the group. RESULTS: The sample included 34.89% (1504) of the total sample n. T2DM risk was presented by 16.21% (18) of the individuals in G1, 13.82% (13) of G2, and 1.23% (16) of G3. For hypertension, the incidence of 17.1% (19) in G1, 12.8% (12) in G2, and 5.9% (77) in G3 was found. In G1, G2 and G3, 59.5% (66), 38.3% (36), and 41.26% (536), respectively, were not physically active. The risk of developing T2DM was higher in G1 and G2, and significantly different from G3. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of risk of developing type 2 diabetes was found at 16.21% in the teachers group, 13.82% in the administrative staff group, and 1.23% in the students group, with obesity and physical inactivity evidenced as the most common risk factors

OBJETIVO: Verificar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en una población universitaria. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y transversal realizado entre 2013 y 2014 en una universidad de Parnaíba-PI con individuos mayores de 18 años que estudian o trabajan em el campus. Del total poblacional del campus (4.310 personas), participaron de la investigación el 74% (111) de los docentes (G1), el 77,68% (94) de los técnicos administrativos (G2) y el 32,10% (1.299) de los discentes en un total de 1.504 individuos que contestaron el cuestionario "Are you at risk for type 2 diabetes?", que fue traducido para el idioma portugués, de forma impresa, individual y anónima con las respuestas obtenidas a través de auto aplicación. Se calculó el riesgo de desarrollo de la DM2 em cada grupo, la asociación del grupo y el riesgo de DM2 con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado (p<0,05) y el riesgo relativo (RR) para el desarrollo de la DM2 considerando las puntuaciones obtenidas en el grupo. RESULTADOS: La muestra incluyó el 34,89% (1504) del cálculo total de la muestra. El riesgo de la DM2 se diós en el 16,21% (18) de los individuos del G1, el 13,82% (13) del G2 y el 1,23% (16) del G3. Sobre la hipertensión, se verifico la incidência del 17,1% (19) en el G1, el 12,8% (12) en el G2 y el 5,9% (77) en el G3. En el G1, G2 y G3, el 59,5% (66), el 38,3% (36) y el 41,26% (536), respectivamente, no eran físicamente activos. El riesgo del desarrollo de la DM2 fue elevado en el G1 y el G2, significativamente distinto del G3. CONCLUSIÓN: Se encontró uma prevalencia del riesgo de desarrollo de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) del 16,21% en el grupo de docentes, del 13,82% en elgrupo de técnicos administrativos y del 1,23% en el grupo de discentes destacándose la obesidad y la inactividad física como factores de riesgo más comunes