Time Course of High-Energy Phosphate Depletion During Cold Storage of Human Heart Grafts Using the Celsior Solution.

The aim of this study was to provide insight into high-energy phosphate compound concentration dynamics under realistic clinical cold-storage conditions using the Celsior solution in seven heart grafts discarded from transplantation. The hearts of seven local donors (three males, four females, age 37 ± 17 years, height 175 ± 5 cm, weight 75 ± 9 kg) initially considered for transplantation and eventually discarded were submitted to a Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy observation in a clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner over at least 9 h. The grafts remained in their sterile container at 4°C during the entire examination. Hence, Phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and intracellular pH were recorded non-destructively at a 30-minute interval. With the ischemic time Ti, the concentration ratios decreased at PCr/ATP = 1.68-0.0028·Tis, Pi/ATP = 1.38 + 0.0029·Tis, and intracellular pH at 7.43-0.0012·Tis. ATP concentration remained stable for at least 9 h and did not decrease as long as phosphocreatine was detectable. Acidosis remained moderate. In addition to the standard parameters assessed at the time of retrieval, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy can provide an assesment of the metabolic status of heart grafts before transplantation. These results show how HEPC metabolites deplete during cold storage. Although many parameters determine graft quality during cold storage, the dynamics of HEPC and intracellular pH may be helpful in the development of strategies aiming at extending the ischemic time.

STABILISE Technique for a Non-A Non-B Acute Aortic Dissection in Marfan Syndrome.

A 35-year-old man, with a deep pectus excavatum due to a Marfan syndrome treated 9 years before for an acute type A dissection involving only the aortic arch, by a Bentall surgery, was admitted for acute chest pain. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed an acute type non-A non-B dissection extending to the iliac. After 5 days with strict arterial blood pressure management, the patient had recurrent refractory chest pain and a hybrid technique associating full supra-aortic vessels debranching and STABILISE technique during the same procedure was performed. The patient had an uneventful recovery with CT scan showing complete aortic arch aneurysm exclusion.

Association of Plasma Creatinine Phosphokinase Elevation and a History of Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy in Recipients of Heart Transplant.

Plasma creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) elevation is frequent after heart transplantation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that this CPK elevation is related to idiopathic cardiomyopathy as primary cardiac disease. We included 203 patients who survived >1 year after heart transplantation. Plasma CPK was measured every 4 months during a 15.1 ± 7.7-year follow-up. In univariate analysis, CPK elevation was significantly associated with age at transplantation, length of follow-up, treatment with everolimus, and idiopathic cardiomyopathy as primary cardiac disease. In multivariate analysis, idiopathic cardiomyopathy and length of follow-up were the only significant predictors of CPK elevation (p = 0.002 and p = 0.0001, respectively). A subgroup of 19 patients had frequent CPK elevation (>20% of the dosages). All these patients but 1 had an idiopathic cardiomyopathy as primary disease. In 5 of these 19 patients, we identified a syndrome known to affect both cardiac and skeletal muscles. In conclusion, underlying idiopathic cardiomyopathy is a major determinant of plasma CPK elevation after heart transplantation. Our results show that besides well-described syndromes associating skeletal and cardiac muscle disease, idiopathic cardiomyopathy may be associated with subclinical skeletal muscle myopathy.

Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on the Management and Prognosis of Infective Endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious condition which is difficult to diagnose and to treat, both medically and surgically. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the management of patients with IE. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre retrospective study including patients hospitalized for IE during the pandemic (Group 2) compared with the same period the year before (Group 1). We compared clinical, laboratory, imagery, therapeutic, and patient outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 283 patients were managed for possible or definite IE (164 in Group 1 and 119 in Group 2). There were more intravenous drug-related IE patients in Group 2 (p = 0.009). There was no significant difference in surgery including intra-cardiac device extraction (p = 0.412) or time to surgery (p = 0.894). The one-year mortality was similar in both groups (16% versus 17.7%, p = 0.704). The recurrence rate was not significantly different between the two groups (5.9% in Group 2 versus 9.1% in Group 1, p = 0.311). CONCLUSIONS: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic did not appear to have had a negative impact on the management of patients with IE. Maintenance of the activities of the endocarditis team within the referral centre probably contributed to this result. Nevertheless, the high proportion of intravenous drug-addicted patients in the pandemic cohort suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a major psychosocial impact.

Atrioventricular conduction disorders in aortic valve infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Aortic valve infective endocarditis may be complicated by high-degree atrioventricular block in up to 10-20% of cases. AIM: To assess high-degree atrioventricular block occurrence, contributing factors, prognosis and evolution in patients referred for aortic infective endocarditis. METHODS: Two hundred and five patients referred for aortic valve infective endocarditis between January 2018 and March 2021 were included in this study. A comprehensive assessment of clinical, electrocardiographic, biological, microbiological and imaging data was conducted, with a follow-up carried out over 1 year. RESULTS: High-degree atrioventricular block occurred in 22 (11%) patients. In univariate analysis, high-degree atrioventricular block was associated with first-degree heart block at admission (odds ratio 3.1; P=0.015), periannular complication on echocardiography (odds ratio 6.9; P<0.001) and severe biological inflammatory syndrome, notably C-reactive protein (127 vs 90mg/L; P=0.011). In-hospital mortality (12.7%) was higher in patients with high-degree atrioventricular block (odds ratio 4.0; P=0.011) in univariate analysis. Of the 16 patients implanted with a permanent pacemaker for high-degree atrioventricular block and interrogated, only four (25%) were dependent on the pacing function at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: High-degree atrioventricular block is associated with high inflammation markers and periannular complications, especially if first-degree heart block is identified at admission. High-degree atrioventricular block is a marker of infectious severity, and tends to raise the in-hospital mortality rate. Systematic assessment of patients admitted for infective endocarditis suspicion, considering these contributing factors, could indicate intensive care unit monitoring or even temporary pacemaker implantation in those at highest risk.

Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography assessment of a successful transcatheter mitral valve in valve implantation for degenerated bioprosthesis.

Reoperation for degenerated mitral bioprosthesis is considered a high risk procedure. Transcatheter mitral valve in valve implantation has emerged as an off-label alternative for patients contra-indicated to surgery. We report a 46-year-old man, with a 29 mm mitral bioprosthesis since 2002, who was admitted for acute heart failure because of a severe intra-prosthetic regurgitation. His recent medical history revealed a fast growing cavum carcinoma. In view of generally poor prognosis, the heart team decided to perform a transcatheter mitral valve in valve implantation by transapical approach. Live three-dimensional TEE was used during the implantation for sizing, device positioning, and hemodynamic assessment.

One-year clinical outcomes following Edwards INSPIRIS RESILIA aortic valve implantation in 487 young patients with severe aortic stenosis: a single-center experience.

Introduction: The use of an aortic bioprosthesis is on the rise in younger patients with severe aortic stenosis despite the risk of accelerated structural valve degeneration (SVD). In the search for an optimal valve substitute that would not be prone to SVD, the INSPIRIS bioprosthesis represents a promising solution to lowering the risk of SVD. Here, we report the 1-year outcomes of the INSPIRIS RESILIA aortic bioprosthesis in a population of young patients who underwent aortic valve replacement. Methods: In this prospective single-center study, we included all consecutive patients receiving INSPIRIS RESILIA bioprosthesis between June 2017 and July 2021. Patients with isolated severe aortic regurgitation were excluded. Clinical assessment and transthoracic echocardiography were performed preoperatively and at 1 year post-operatively. The primary outcome was overall mortality at one year. Results: A total of 487 patients were included. The mean age was 58.2 ± 11.5 years, 75.2% were men. Most of the interventions were elective, with a mean EuroSCORE II of 4.8 ± 7.9. The valve annulus size in most cases was either 23 mm or 25 mm. Overall mortality at 1-year was 4.1%. At 1-year, 7 patients (1.4%) had a stroke, 4 patients (0.8%) had a myocardial infarction, and 20 patients (4.1%) were hospitalized for congestive heart failure. The Kaplan-Meier estimated survival rates and survival without major adverse cardiac events at 1-year were 96.4% and 96.7%, respectively. At 1-year follow-up, 10 patients (2.1%) had endocarditis and 1 patient (0.2%) had partial prosthetic thrombosis. Pacemaker implantation at 1-year post-operative was necessary in 27 patients (5.5%). Severe patient prosthesis mismatch and severe intra valvular regurgitation were 1.2% and 0.6%, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier estimated survival rates at 1-year of no infective endocarditis preoperative and infective endocarditis preoperative were 97.9 ± 0.7% and 89.5 ± 3.3%, respectively (P < 0.001). Excluding endocarditis-related complication, no structural valve deterioration and no valve failure requiring redo surgery were reported. Conclusion: This is the largest single-center descriptive study of the 1-year outcomes after INSPIRIS RESILIA bioprosthesis implantation. The EDWARDS INSPIRIS RESILIA bioprosthesis provides encouraging clinical outcomes with an excellent 1- year survival rates and good hemodynamic performance. Long-term studies are mandatory to assess valve durability.

Clinical and Echocardiographic Features of Patients With Infective Endocarditis and Bicuspid Aortic Valve According to Echocardiographic Definition of Valve Morphology.

BACKGROUND: The influence of different bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) morphology in the clinical course of infective endocarditis (IE) has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to describe the clinical and echocardiographic features of IE in patients with BAV (BAVIE) according to valve morphology. METHODS: Patients with definite BAVIE prospectively enrolled in 4 high-volume referral centers from 2000 to 2019 were evaluated and divided into 2 groups according to the echocardiographic definition of fused BAV morphology: right-left coronary (RL type) and right noncoronary or left noncoronary (non-RL type) cusp fusion. All patients were followed up for 1 year. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-eight patients with BAVIE were included (77.7% male; median age, 52 [36.83-61.00] years): 112 patients with RL type (81%) and 26 patients with non-RL type BAV (19%), with no significant differences in age, sex, and comorbidities between groups. Although 43% of the cohort had known BAV, the referral was late after symptom onset, particularly for the RL phenotype; time from symptom onset to hospitalization >30 days (31.3% vs 11.5%; P = .032) and New York Heart Association class ≥ II (64.3% vs 42.3%; P = .039) were more frequent in patients with RL type BAV than in patients with non-RL type BAV. Conversely, patients with non-RL type BAV had a higher incidence of hemorrhagic stroke (19.2% vs 5.4%; P = .034) and high-grade atrioventricular block (11.5% vs 0.9%; P = .021). Streptococcus viridans was more frequently isolated in patients with non-RL type BAV than in patients with RL type BAV (44% vs 24.1%; P = .045). No difference in short- and intermediate-term mortality was observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical profile and echocardiographic features in BAVIE patients may differ according to valve morphology, and patients with BAVIE appear to be referred late, even when BAV disease is previously known.

Excess mortality and morbidity in patients surviving infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Mortality and morbidity associated with infective endocarditis may extend beyond successful treatment. The primary objective was to analyze rates, temporal changes, and predictors of excess mortality in patients surviving the acute phase of endocarditis. The secondary objective was to determine the rate of recurrence and the need for late cardiac surgery. METHODS: An observational cohort study was conducted at a university-affiliated tertiary medical center, among 328 patients who survived the active phase of endocarditis. We used age-, sex-, and calendar year-specific mortality hazard rates of the Bouches-du-Rhone French district population to calculate expected survival and excess mortality. The risk of recurrence and late valve surgery was also assessed. RESULT: Compared with expected survival, patients surviving a first episode of endocarditis had significantly worse outcomes (P = .001). The relative survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 92% (95% CI, 88%-95%), 86% (95% CI, 77%-92%), and 82% (95% CI, 59%-91%), respectively. This excess mortality was observed during the entire follow-up period but was the highest during the first year after hospital discharge. Most of the recurrences and late cardiac surgeries also occurred during this period. Women exhibited a higher risk of age-adjusted excess mortality (adjusted excess hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.05-3.82; P = .03). Comorbidity index, recurrence of endocarditis, and history of an aortic valve endocarditis in women were independent predictors of excess mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These results justify close monitoring of patients after successful treatment of endocarditis, at least during the first year. Special attention should be paid to women with aortic valve damage.

Risk of reoperation for mitral bioprosthesis dysfunction.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Today, when a mitral valve replacement is required, more patients and surgeons choose a bioprosthesis. Yet, the rationale of this choice is unclear in patients in whom age represents a predicting factor for reoperation. The study aim was to define the risk factors for reoperation after mitral bioprosthesis failure. METHODS: A total of 282 consecutive patients (202 women, 80 men; mean age at surgery 61 years; range: 28-88 years) who underwent reoperation for mitral bioprosthesis failure between 1990 and 2006 was reviewed. Surgery was undertaken because of bioprosthesis degeneration (91%), prosthetic valve infective endocarditis (6%), paravalvular leak (2%), or other causes (1%). Emergency procedures were performed in 7% of cases. Associated procedures included tricuspid valve surgery in 16% of patients (tricuspid valve repair in 11%, tricuspid valve replacement in 5%) and coronary artery bypass graft in 5%. Almost one-fifth of patients (18%) had undergone more than one previous mitral valve replacement. RESULTS: The overall operative mortality was 7.4% (n = 21). Factors identified (by multivariate analysis) as predictors of operative death included: presence of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio (OR) = 8.69, 95% CI 2.55-29.61; p = 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 9.01, 95% CI 1.72-47.18; p = 0.009), NYHA class III/IV (OR 5.46, 95% CI 1.41-21.16; p = 0.01), and pulmonary artery pressure > 60 mmHg (OR = 3.13, 95% CI 1.10-8.94; p = 0.03). Associated procedures were not significant risk factors for mortality. New prostheses were mechanical in 68% of cases, and bioprostheses in 32%. CONCLUSION: One reoperation for mitral bioprosthesis dysfunction is acceptable if the patient can be expected to survive to reoperation while free from comorbidities and the severe effects of mitral disease. The application of strict selective criteria to recipients at the first valve replacement, combined with a close follow up, may allow this goal to be achieved.

The timing of surgery influences mortality and morbidity in adults with severe complicated infective endocarditis: a propensity analysis.

AIMS: To determine whether the timing of surgery could influence mortality and morbidity in adults with complicated infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS AND RESULTS: In 291 consecutive adults with definite IE who underwent surgery during the active phase, we compared those operated on within the first week of antimicrobial therapy (n=95) to those operated on later (n=191). The impact of the timing of surgery on 6-month mortality, relapses, and postoperative valvular dysfunctions (PVD) was analysed using propensity score (PS) analyses. After stratification of the cohort into quintiles based on the PS, ≤1st week surgery was associated with a trend of decrease in 6-month mortality in the quintile of patients with the most likelihood of undergoing this early surgical management [quintile 5: 11% vs. 33%, odds ratio (OR)=0.18, 95% CI (confidence interval) 0.04-0.83, P=0.03]. Patients of this subgroup were younger, were more likely to have Staphylococcus aureus infections, congestive heart failure, and larger vegetations. Besides, ≤1st week surgery was associated with an increased number of relapses or PVD (16% vs. 4%, adjusted OR=2.9, 95% CI 0.99-8.40, P=0.05). CONCLUSION: Surgery performed very early may improve survival in patients with the most severe complicated IE. However, a greater risk of relapses and PVD should be expected when surgery is performed very early.

Influence of the healthcare pathway on the outcome of patients with infective endocarditis.

AIMS: To determine the prognosis of patients treated for infective endocarditis (IE) according to their healthcare pathway. To assess how the ESC guidelines are implemented concerning the performance of transoesophageal echocardiography, the use of antibiotic therapy, and the performance of valve surgery; and to compare the epidemiological profile of IE according to the type of centres in which the patients are hospitalized. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective multicentric study including 22 hospitals in the South-East of France, 342 patients were classified into three groups according to their healthcare pathway: 119 patients diagnosed and taken care entirely in a reference centre or hospital with cardiac surgery [Referral Center (RC) group], 111 patients diagnosed and initially taken care in a non-RC (NRC), then referred in a centre including cardiac surgery [transferred to the Referral Center (TRC) group] and 112 patients totally taken care in the NRC (NRC group). One-year mortality was 26% (88 deaths) and was not significantly different between Groups 1 and 2 (20 vs. 21%, P = 0.83). Patients in the NRC group had a higher mortality (37%) compared with patients in the RC and TRC groups (P < 0.001). ESC guidelines were not implemented similarly depending on the healthcare pathway (P = 0.04). Patients in the NRC group were significantly older (P < 0.001) and had more comorbidities (P < 0.001) than patients treated in referral centres. CONCLUSION: Prognosis of patients with IE is influenced by their healthcare pathway. Patients treated exclusively in NRC have a worse prognosis than patients treated in referral or surgical centres.

A Massive Number of Extracellular Tropheryma whipplei in Infective Endocarditis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Whipple's disease (WD) is a chronic multisystemic infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei. If this bacterium presents an intracellular localization, associated with rare diseases and without pathognomonic signs, it is often subject to a misunderstanding of its physiopathology, often a misdiagnosis or simply an oversight. Here, we report the case of a patient treated for presumed rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, this patient presented to the hospital with infectious endocarditis. After surgery and histological analysis, we discovered the presence of T. whipplei. Electron microscopy allowed us to discover an atypical bacterial organization with a very large number of bacteria present in the extracellular medium in vegetation and valvular tissue. This atypical presentation we report here might be explained by the anti-inflammatory treatment administrated for our patient's initial diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Mitral valve repair is better than mitral valve replacement in native mitral valve endocarditis: Results from a prospective matched cohort.

BACKGROUND: In native mitral valve infective endocarditis (NMIE), the respective values of mitral valve repair (MVRep) and replacement (MVR) are still debated. AIM: To compare MVRep and MVR in a large prospective matched cohort. METHODS: Between 2010 and 2017, all consecutive patients operated on for NMIE in our centre were included prospectively. Clinical and outcome features were compared between the two groups. Primary endpoint was event-free survival, including death, reoperation and relapse. Univariate and multivariable survival analyses and a propensity score analysis were performed. RESULTS: Among 152 patients, 115 (75.7%) underwent MVRep, and 37 (24.3%) MVR. Median follow-up was 28±22months. Surgery was performed during the active phase in 75.0% of patients (25.7% on an urgent basis). Compared with the MVRep group, patients in the MVR group were more frequently intravenous drug abusers (10.8% vs. 0.9%; P=0.016), had a more frequent history of rheumatic fever (13.5% vs. 0%; P=0.001), more aortic abscesses (16.7% vs. 3.5%; P=0.018), larger vegetations (16.6±8.1mm vs. 12.6±9.9mm; P=0.042) and poorer New York Heart Association status (P=0.006). Overall mortality was lower in the MVRep group than in MVR group (11.3% vs. 29.3%; P=0.018). Event-free survival was better in the MVRep group than in the MVR group in univariate analysis (hazard ratio: 2.72, 95% confidence interval: 1.34-5.52; P=0.004). Survival analysis in the propensity-matched cohort showed that MVRep was safer than MVR (log rank test: P=0.018). Multivariable analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model confirmed this finding (hazard ratio: 3.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.15-10.61; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: MVRep is feasible in most cases of NMIE and, when technically possible, should be preferred, even in urgent surgery.

Infective endocarditis with neurological complications: Delaying cardiac surgery is associated with worse outcome.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with a high mortality rate, related in part to neurological complications. Studies suggest that valvular surgery should be performed early when indicated, but is often delayed by the presence of neurological complications. AIM: To assess the effect of delaying surgery in patients with IE and neurological complications and to identify factors predictive of death. METHODS: In a prospective, single-centre study in a referral centre for IE, all patients with IE underwent systematic screening for neurological complications. The primary outcome was 6-month death. In patients presenting with neurological complications, the prognosis according to surgical status was analysed and a Cox regression model used to identify variables predictive of death. RESULTS: Between April 2014 and January 2018, 351 patients with a definite diagnosis of left-sided IE were included. Ninety-four patients (26.8%) presented with at least one neurological complication. Fifty-nine patients (17.7%) died during 6-month follow-up. Six-month mortality rates did not differ significantly between patients with and without neurological complications (P=0.60). Forty patients had a temporary surgical contraindication because of neurological complications. During the period of surgical contraindication, seven of these patients (17.5%) died, six (15.0%) presented a new embolic event, and 12 (30.0%) presented cardiac or septic deterioration. In multivariable analysis, predictive factors of death in patients presenting with neurological complications were temporary surgical contraindication (hazard ratio 7.36, 95% confidence interval 1.61-33.67; P=0.010) and presence of a mechanical prosthetic valve (hazard ratio 16.40, 95% confidence interval 2.22-121.17; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a temporary surgical contraindication due to neurological complications had a higher risk of death and frequent major complications while waiting for surgery. When indicated, the decision to postpone surgery in the early phase should be weighed against the risk of infectious or cardiac deterioration.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for the diagnosis of native valve infective endocarditis: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) has recently been added as a major criterion in the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2015 infective endocarditis guidelines. PET/CT is currently used in patients with suspected prosthetic valve and cardiac device-related endocarditis. However, the value of the ESC classification and the clinical impact of PET findings are unknown in patients with native valve endocarditis (NVE). AIMS: Our aims were: to assess the value of the ESC criteria (including PET/CT) in NVE; to determine the usefulness of PET/CT concerning embolic detection; and to describe a new PET/CT feature (diffuse splenic uptake). METHODS: Between 2012 and 2017, 75 patients with suspected NVE were included prospectively, after exclusion of patients with uninterpretable or unfeasible PET/CT. Using gold standard expert consensus, 63 cases of infective endocarditis were confirmed and 12 were rejected. RESULTS: Significant valvular uptake was observed in 11 of 63 patients with definite NVE and in no patients who had the diagnosis of infective endocarditis rejected (sensitivity 17.5%, specificity 100%). Among the 63 patients with NVE, a peripheral embolism or mycotic aneurysm was observed in 20 (31.7%) cases. Application of the ESC criteria increased Duke criteria sensitivity from 63.5% to 69.8% (P<0.001), without a change in specificity. Diffuse splenic uptake was observed in 39 (52.0%) patients, including 37 (58.7%) with a final diagnosis of NVE (specificity 83.3%). CONCLUSIONS: 18F-FDG PET/CT has poor sensitivity but high specificity in the diagnosis of NVE. The usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT is high for embolic detection. Diffuse splenic uptake represents a possible new diagnostic criterion for NVE.

Short-term results of repeat valve replacement: a predictive factor analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The new-generation bioprostheses are associated with a longer lifespan, and therefore tend to be implanted in younger patients. However, with the increase in life expectancy, the trend is towards a higher rate of repeat valve replacement. Hence, the study aim was to evaluate the present mortality and risk factors for repeat valvular surgery. METHODS: A total of 183 consecutive patients (87 males, 96 females; mean age 62 years; range: 28-88 years) who underwent repeat valve replacement at the authors' institution between 2001 and 2004 was reviewed. Reoperations in these patients were required due to structural degeneration of the bioprosthesis (50%), to paravalvular leak (20%), and to prosthetic endocarditis (14%), valve thrombosis (9%), and plasty failure (9%). In total, 105 patients (57%) had received at least one bioprosthesis during the previous operation, 58 (31%) had a mechanical valve, 15 (8%) had an isolated mitral plasty, and five (2%) hybrid procedures. All preoperative and operative risk factors were studied. RESULTS: The overall operative mortality rate was 6.6% (n = 12), but only 3.9% (n = 4) for the bioprosthesis reoperation. The risk factors for mortality included pulmonary hypertension (> 60 mmHg; p = 0.03), renal insufficiency (p = 0.02), more than one repeat valve replacement (p = 0.004), previous mechanical prosthesis (p = 0.02), previous mitral surgery (p = 0.019), and associated tricuspid surgery (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The data acquired tended to show that repeat valve replacement of bioprostheses may be carried out with an acceptable operative risk, in connection with the majority of operations on bioprostheses being secondary to structural degeneration of the implant. Hence, in most cases a well-controlled, programmed operation would lead to very low mortality (< 4%), despite a significant morbidity rate.

FDG-PET/CT Incidental Detection of Cancer in Patients Investigated for Infective Endocarditis.

Background: Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is an imaging technique largely used in the management of infective endocarditis and in the detection and staging of cancer. We evaluate our experience of incidental cancer detection by PET/CT during IE investigations and follow-up. Methods and Findings: Between 2009 and 2018, our center, which includes an "endocarditis team," managed 750 patients with IE in a prospective cohort. PET/CT became available in 2011 and was performed in 451 patients. Incidental diagnosis of cancer by PET/CT was observed in 36 patients and confirmed in 34 of them (7.5%) (colorectal n = 17; lung n = 7; lymphoma n = 2; melanoma n = 2; ovarian n = 2; prostate n = 1; bladder n = 1; ear, nose, and throat n = 1; brain n = 1). A significant association has been found between colorectal cancer and Streptococcus gallolyticus and/or Enterococcus faecalis [12/26 vs. 6/33 for other cancers, p = 0.025, odds ratio = 3.86 (1.19-12.47)]. Two patients had a negative PET/CT (a colon cancer and a bladder cancer), and two patients, with positive PET/CT, had a benign colorectal tumor. PET/CT had a sensitivity of 94-100% for the diagnosis of cancer in this patient. Conclusions: Whole-body PET/CT confirmed the high incidence of cancer in patients with IE and could now be proposed in these cases.

Spondylodiscitis complicating infective endocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to assess the characteristics and prognosis of pyogenic spondylodiscitis (PS) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). The secondary objectives were to assess the factors associated with occurrence of PS. METHODS: Prospective case-control bi-centre study of 1755 patients with definite IE with (n=150) or without (n=1605) PS. Clinical, microbiological and prognostic variables were recorded. RESULTS: Patients with PS were older (mean age 69.7±18 vs 66.2±14; p=0.004) and had more arterial hypertension (48% vs 34.5%; p<0.001) and autoimmune disease (5% vs 2%; p=0.03) than patients without PS. The lumbar vertebrae were the most frequently involved (84 patients, 66%), especially L4-L5. Neurological symptoms were observed in 59% of patients. Enterococci and Streptococcus gallolyticus were more frequent (24% vs 12% and 24% vs 11%; p<0001, respectively) in the PS group. The diagnosis of PS was based on contrast-enhanced MRI in 92 patients, bone CT in 88 patients and 18F-FDG PET/CT in 56 patients. In-hospital (16% vs 13.5%, p=0.38) and 1-year (21% vs 22%, p=0.82) mortalities did not differ between patients with or without PS. CONCLUSIONS: PS is a frequent complication of IE (8.5% of IE), is observed in older hypertensive patients with enterococcal or S. gallolyticus IE, and has a similar prognosis than other forms of IE. Since PS is associated with specific management, multimodality imaging including MRI, CT and PET/CT should be used for early diagnosis of this complication of endocarditis.

Comparison Between ESC and Duke Criteria for the Diagnosis of Prosthetic Valve Infective Endocarditis.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to assess the value of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) criteria, including 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in prosthetic valve infective endocarditis (PVE). Secondary objectives were: 1) to assess the reproducibility of 18F-FDG-PET/CT; 2) to compare its diagnostic value with that of echocardiography; and 3) to assess the diagnostic value of the presence of a diffuse splenic uptake BACKGROUND: 18F-FDG PET/CT has been added as a major criterion in the ESC 2015 infective endocarditis (IE) guidelines, but the benefit of the ESC criteria has not been prospectively compared with the conventional Duke criteria. METHODS: Between 2014 and 2017, 175 patients with suspected PVE were prospectively included in 3 French centers. After exclusion of patients with uninterpretable 18F-FDG PET/CT, 115 patients were evaluated, including 91 definite and 24 rejected IE, as defined by an expert consensus. RESULTS: Cardiac uptake by 18F-FDG PET/CT was observed in 67 of 91 patients with definite PVE and 6 with rejected IE (sensitivity 73.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 63.3% to 82.3%], specificity 75% [95% CI: 53.3% to 90.2%]). The ESC 2015 classification increased the sensitivity of Duke criteria from 57.1% (95% CI: 46.3% to 67.5%) to 83.5% (95% CI: 74.3% to 90.5%) (p < 0.001), but decreased its specificity from 95.8% (95% CI: 78.9% to 99.9%) to 70.8% (95% CI: 48.9% to 87.4%). Intraobserver reproducibility of 18F-FDG PET/CT was good (kappa = 0.84) but interobserver reproducibility was less satisfactory (kappa = 0.63). A diffuse splenic uptake was observed in 24 (20.3%) patients, including 23 (25.3%) of definite PVE, and only 1 (4.2%) rejected PVE (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: 18F-FDG PET/CT is a useful diagnostic tool in suspected PVE, and explains the greater sensitivity of ESC criteria than Duke criteria. However, 18F-FDG PET/CT also presents with important limitations concerning its feasibility, specificity, and reproducibility. Our study describes for the first time a new endocarditis criterion, that is, the presence of a diffuse splenic uptake on 18F-FDG PET/CT.