Is the dopaminergic loss associated with gait and postural impairments in subjects with Parkinson's disease at different motor stages?

Gait and postural control deficiencies in Parkinson's disease (PD) involve several specific motor aspects. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the main changes in gait kinematics and postural control with dopaminergic loss in the striatum region. This is a cross-sectional study that included 42 individuals with PD at different motor stages, according to the Hoehn & Yahr scale (H&Y). Motor subsection of the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-part III (MDS-UPDRS III) was used to evaluate general motor aspects. Gait kinematics was assessed using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Postural control was assessed by stabilometry using force platforms. Dopamine depletion was verified through 99mTc-TRODAT-1 (SPECT-CT) examination. We included 12, 15 and 15 individuals classified as H&Y I, II and III, respectively. We identified worse values of dopamine transporter uptake, MDS-UPDRS III, gait parameters (velocity, step length and stride length) and center of pressure displacement as the disease progressed. Our results indicate that higher dopaminergic loss and gait and postural control deficits occur between the H&Y levels II and III.

Stereotatic radiosurgery for the treatment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Stereotaxic Radiosurgery (SRS) is a non-invasive lesioning technique for movement disorders when patients cannot undergo DBS due to medical comorbidities. OBJECTIVE: To describe and summarize the literature on SRS's application and physical parameters for Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms. METHODS: The MEDLINE/PUBMED and EMBASE databases were searched in July 2022 following the PRISMA guideline. Two independent reviewers screened data from 425 articles. The level of evidence followed the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Pertinent details for each study regarding participants, physical parameters, and results were extracted. RESULTS: Twelve studies reported that 454 PD patients underwent Gamma KnifeⓇ (GK). The mean improvement time of the treated symptoms was three months after GK. Tremor is the most common symptom investigated, with success rates ranging from 47.5% to 93.9%. Few studies were conducted for caudatotomy (GKC) and pallidotomy (GKP), which presented an improvement for dyskinesia and bradykinesia. Physical parameters were similar with doses ranging from 110 to 200 Gy, use of a 4-mm collimator with an advanced imaging locator system, and coordinates were obtained from available stereotactic atlases. CONCLUSIONS: GK thalamotomy is a good alternative for treating tremor; however, its effects are delayed, and there are cases in which it can regress after years. The outcomes of GKC and GKP seem to be promising. The existing studies are more limited, and effects need to be better investigated.

Low serum uric acid levels and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Levodopa is the most used and effective medication for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), its long-term use is associated with the appearance of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Uric acid (UA) is believed to play an important neuroprotective role in PD. OBJECTIVE: To investigate if serum UA levels are related with the presence of LIDs in PD patients. Also, we investigated the associations among UA levels and clinical features of PD. METHODS: We enrolled 81 PD patients (dyskinesia = 48; no dyskinesia = 33) in the present study. A blood sample was collected to evaluate serum UA levels, clinical evaluation included the following instruments: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (HY), and the sub-item 4.1 of MDS-UPDRS IV (score ≥ 1). Additional relevant clinical information was obtained by a clinical questionnaire. RESULTS: Serum UA levels were lower in the dyskinesia group when compared with the no dyskinesia group. The same result was found in the UA levels of both men and women. The multivariate analysis showed lower uric acid levels were significantly associated with having dyskinesia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.424; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.221-0.746; p = 0.005). Additional analysis verified that serum UA levels are inversely correlated with depressive symptoms, disease duration, MDS-UPDRS IV and time spent with dyskinesia. A positive correlation was found with age at onset of PD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides a possible role of serum UA levels in LID present in PD patients.

ANTECEDENTES: A levodopa é a medicação mais utilizada e eficaz para os sintomas motores da doença de Parkinson (DP); seu uso a longo prazo está associado ao aparecimento de discinesia induzida por levodopa (LID). Acredita-se que o ácido úrico desempenhe um importante papel neuroprotetor na DP. OBJETIVO: Investigar se os níveis séricos de AU estão relacionados com a presença de LID em pacientes com DP. Além disso, investigamos as associações entre os níveis de AU e as características clínicas da DP. MéTODOS: Foram incluídos 81 pacientes com DP (discinesia = 48; sem discinesia = 33) no presente estudo. Uma amostra de sangue foi coletada para avaliar os níveis séricos de AU, a avaliação clínica incluiu os seguintes instrumentos: Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA), Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI-II), MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (HY) e o subitem 4.1 da MDS-UPDRS IV (escore ≥ 1). Informações clínicas relevantes adicionais foram obtidas por meio de um questionário clínico. RESULTADOS: Os níveis séricos de AU foram menores no grupo com discinesia quando comparados ao grupo sem discinesia. O mesmo resultado foi encontrado nos níveis de AU de homens e mulheres. A análise multivariada mostrou que níveis mais baixos de ácido úrico foram significativamente associados a ter discinesia (odds ratio [OR] = 0,424; intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 0,221­0,746; p = 0,005). Análises adicionais verificaram que os níveis séricos de AU estão inversamente correlacionados com sintomas depressivos, duração da doença, MDS-UPDRS IV e tempo gasto com discinesia. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada com a idade de início dos sintomas da DP. CONCLUSõES: O presente estudo fornece um possível papel dos níveis séricos de AU na LID presente em pacientes com DP.

Floor and ceiling effects on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with Parkinson's disease in Brazil.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease associated with cognitive impairment. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has been used as a recommended global cognition scale for patients with PD, but there are some concerns about its application, partially due to the floor and ceiling effects. Objective: To explore the floor and ceiling effects on the MoCA in patients with PD in Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from patients with PD from five Brazilian Movement Disorders Clinics, excluding individuals with a possible diagnosis of dementia. We analyzed the total score of the MoCA, as well as its seven cognitive domains. The floor and ceiling effects were evaluated for the total MoCA score and domains. Multivariate analyses were performed to detect factors associated with floor and ceiling effects. Results: We evaluated data from 366 patients with PD and approximately 19% of individuals had less than five years of education. For the total MoCA score, there was no floor or ceiling effect. There was a floor effect in the abstraction and delayed memory recall domains in 20% of our sample. The ceiling effect was demonstrated in all domains (80.8% more common in naming and 89% orientation), except delayed recall. Education was the main factor associated with the floor and ceiling effects, independent of region, sex, age at evaluation, and disease duration. Conclusion: The floor and ceiling effects are present in specific domains of the MoCA in Brazil, with a strong impact on education. Further adaptations of the MoCA structure for underrepresented populations may reduce these negative effects.

A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa comum associada ao declínio cognitivo. A Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal (Montreal Cognitive Assessment ­ MoCA) tem sido usada como uma escala de cognição global recomendada para pacientes com DP, mas existem algumas preocupações sobre sua aplicação, em parte pelos efeitos solo e teto. Objetivo: Explorar os efeitos solo e teto na MoCA em pacientes com DP no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados de pacientes com DP oriundos de cinco Clínicas de Distúrbios de Movimento no Brasil, excluindo-se pessoas com possível diagnóstico de demência. Nós analisamos a pontuação total da MoCA, assim como a de seus sete domínios cognitivos. Os efeitos solo e teto foram avaliados para a pontuação total da MoCA e seus domínios. Foram feitas análises multivariadas para a detecção de fatores associados os efeitos solo e teto. Resultados: Nós avaliamos dados de 366 pacientes com DP, e aproximadamente 19% das pessoas tinham menos que cinco anos de escolaridade. Para a pontuação total do MoCA, não houve efeito solo ou teto. Houve efeito solo nos domínios abstração e memória de evocação tardia em 20% de nossa amostra. O efeito teto foi demonstrado em todos os domínios (80,8% mais comum em nomeação e 89% orientação), com exceção de memória de evocação tardia. A educação foi o principal fator associado aos efeitos solo e teto, independentemente de região, sexo, idade na avaliação e duração da doença. Conclusão: Os efeitos solo e teto estão presentes em domínios específicos da MoCA no Brasil, com forte impacto da educação. Adaptações adicionais à estrutura da MoCA para populações vulneráveis podem reduzir esses efeitos negativos.

Differences in spontaneous speech fluency between Parkinson's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.

Background: The basal ganglia and cerebellum both have a role in speech production although the effect of isolated involvement of these structures on speech fluency remains unclear. Objective: The study aimed to assess the differences in the articulatory pattern in patients with cerebellar vs. basal ganglia disorders. Methods: A total of 20 individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), 20 with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), and 40 controls (control group, CG) were included. Diadochokinesis (DDK) and monolog tasks were collected. Results: The only variable that distinguished SCA3 carriers from the CG was the number of syllables in the monolog, with SCA3 patients of a significantly lower number. For patients with PD, the number of syllables, phonation time, DDK, and monolog were significantly lower than for CG. Patients with PD were significantly worse compared to patients with SCA3 in the number of syllables and phonation time in DDK, and phonation time in monolog. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between the number of syllables in the monolog and the MDS-UPDRS III for participants with PD, and the Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale for participants with SCA3 suggesting a relationship between speech and general motor functioning. Conclusion: The monolog task is better at discriminating individuals with cerebellar vs. Parkinson's diseases as well as differentiating healthy control and was related to the severity of the disease.

Brazilian headache registry: methods and preliminary data of the pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation and treatment of primary and secondary headaches is a global public health challenge. Recognizing the epidemiological impact of headaches, a group of researchers linked to the Brazilian Headache Society proposed the Brazilian Headache Registry and drew up its initial protocol. OBJECTIVE: Here we describe the methods and preliminary data obtained from the pilot study. METHODS: This was a multicenter longitudinal observational study conducted between September 2020 and August 2021. Prospective data were collected in three specialist centers for headache care in states in southern and southeastern Brazil. Patients aged 18 years or older who sought care for headache in tertiary centers and who agreed to participate in the study, were considered eligible. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were included in the pilot study: 43 (65%) from Rio Grande do Sul state and 23 (35%) from Minas Gerais state. Overall, 90% were female, and the subjects' mean age was 38.2 ± 11.2 years. Primary headaches accounted for 85.3% of the diagnoses made. Among secondary headaches, medication overuse headache was the most frequent type (7.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The pilot study showed the feasibility of the research protocol developed for tertiary centers. The Brazilian Headache Registry will form a source of longitudinal data with the aim of contributing to better characterization of the various phenotypes of patients with primary and secondary headaches, and to detailing the use of health resources and identifying predictors of better clinical outcomes.

ANTECEDENTES: A avaliação e o tratamento das cefaleias primárias e secundárias são um desafio global de saúde pública. Reconhecendo o impacto epidemiológico das cefaleias, um grupo de pesquisadores vinculados à Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia propôs a criação de um Registro Brasileiro de Cefaleia e elaborou seu protocolo inicial. OBJETIVO: Nesta publicação descrevemos os métodos e dados preliminares obtidos a partir do estudo piloto. MéTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo observacional longitudinal multicêntrico, realizado entre setembro de 2020 e agosto de 2021. Foram coletados dados em três centros especializados no atendimento de cefaleia, em estados da região sul e sudeste do Brasil. Pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos que procuraram os centros terciários por queixa de cefaleia e concordaram em participar do estudo foram considerados elegíveis. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e seis pacientes foram incluídos no estudo piloto, 43 (65%) do Rio Grande do Sul e 23 (35%) de Minas Gerais. Da amostra total, 90% eram do sexo feminino e a idade média dos sujeitos foi de 38,2 ± 11,2 anos. As cefaleias primárias representaram 85,3% dos diagnósticos realizados. Entre as cefaleias secundárias, a cefaleia por uso excessivo de medicamentos foi a mais frequente (7,1%). CONCLUSõES: O estudo piloto evidenciou a viabilidade do protocolo de pesquisa desenvolvido para centros terciários. O Registro Brasileiro de Cefaleia constituirá uma fonte de dados longitudinais com o objetivo de contribuir para melhor caracterização dos diversos fenótipos de pacientes com cefaleias primárias e secundárias, detalhar o uso de recursos de saúde e identificar preditores de melhores desfechos clínicos.

Evaluation of the complete Sniffin Sticks Test versus its subtests in differentiating Parkinson's disease patients from healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: Hyposmia is one of the most common, as well as the first nonmotor condition in Parkinson disease (PD). The sniffin sticks test (SST) evaluates three different aspects of olfactory function: threshold (T), discrimination (D), and identification (I). The sum of the scores of these three subtests produce a global score of olfaction, the Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI) score. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate if the TDI score or one of its subtests is better to discriminate PD patients from controls. METHODS: We recruited 27 PD patients and 17 healthy age-matched controls (HC) who were evaluated through a clinical interview, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale. The olfaction was assessed using the complete SST. RESULTS: The performance of PD patients on the olfactory test was significantly worse when compared with the HC (T: 3.0 vs. 6.5, p < 0.001; D: 8.1 vs. 11.2, p < 0.001; I: 7.3 vs. 11.7, p < 0.001; TDI: 18.8 vs. 29.9, p < 0.001). The prevalence of olfaction impairment in our study (PD: 100%, and HC: 56%) was greater than that found in the literature. Cognition influenced the performance on TDI. The olfactory subtests were impaired proportionally between patients and controls. Furthermore, D and I were correlated, but only in PD patients. The TDI showed a tendency to better discriminate PD patients from HC, when compared with its subtests. CONCLUSIONS: Although the complete olfactory evaluation is time consuming, it seems to be a superior tool to identify olfaction impairment in PD patients, when compared with the isolated subtests.

ANTECENDENTES: Hiposmia é um dos sintomas mais comuns da doença de Parkinson (DP), além de ser um de seus primeiros sintomas não-motores. O Sniffin Sticks Test avalia três diferentes aspectos da função olfatória: limiar (L), discriminação (D) e identificação (I). A soma dos escores desses três subtestes produz um escore global do olfato, o Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI). OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se o TDI ou um de seus subtestes seria melhor em discriminar pacientes com DP de controles saudáveis. MéTODOS: Foram recrutados 27 pacientes com DP e 17 controles saudáveis de mesma faixa etária, que foram avaliados através de uma entrevista clínica, a Montreal Cognitive Assessment e Movement Disorders Society ­ Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale. O olfato foi examinado através da bateria completa do Sniffin Sticks Test (SST). RESULTADOS: Os pacientes com DP tiveram pior performance no teste olfatório quando comparados com os controles (L: 3,0 vs. 6,5; p < 0,001; D: 8,1 vs. 11,2; p < 0,001; I: 7,3 vs. 11,7; p < 0,001; TDI: 18,8 vs. 29,9; p < 0,001). A prevalência de comprometimento olfatório no nosso estudo (DP: 100%, e controles: 56%) foi maior do que a reportada na literatura. A cognição influenciou a performance no TDI. Os subtestes olfatórios foram afetados proporcionalmente entre pacientes e controles. Além disso, D e I se correlacionaram, mas apenas em pacientes de DP. O TDI mostrou uma tendência em melhor discriminar pacientes de DP dos controles, quando comparado com os seus subtestes. CONCLUSõES: Embora a avaliação olfatória completa consuma tempo, ela parece ser superior aos subtestes isolados para identificar comprometimento olfatório em pacientes com DP.

Depressive symptoms and axial motor disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Depression is an important nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been associated with the motor symptoms in these individuals. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there are relationships between depressive symptoms and abnormalities in axial postural alignment and axial motor deficits, especially postural instability, and trunk rigidity in PD. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 65 individuals were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) for the analysis of depressive symptoms and underwent a postural assessment of head, trunk, and hip sagittal alignment through computerized photogrammetry. The MDS-UPDRS was used to assess clinical aspects of PD, the Trunk Mobility Scale was used to assess axial rigidity, and the MiniBESTest to assess balance. To determine the relationship between depressive symptoms and postural alignment, multiple linear regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The participants with depressive symptoms had more severe motor deficits as well as greater trunk rigidity and worse postural instability (p < 0.05). When the postural angles were compared between men and women using Student's t-test, it was found that men had greater flexion angles of the head (p = 0.003) and trunk (p = 0.017). Using multiple linear regression analysis corrected for the age and sex of the participants, we verified that the anterior trunk inclination was significantly larger in the PD population with depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.453, ß = 0.116, and p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: PD individuals with depressive symptoms have more severe flexed trunk posture, mainly in older men. Additionally, more severe depressive symptoms are associated with worsening postural instability, trunk rigidity and motor deficits in this population.

ANTECEDENTES: A depressão é um sintoma não motor importante da doença de Parkinson (DP) e tem sido associada aos sintomas motores nesses indivíduos. OBJETIVOS: Determinar se existem relações entre sintomas depressivos e anormalidades no alinhamento postural axial e déficits motores axiais, especialmente instabilidade postural e rigidez de tronco na DP. MéTODOS: Neste estudo transversal, 65 indivíduos foram avaliados pelo BDI-II para análise de sintomas depressivos e submetidos à avaliação postural do alinhamento sagital de cabeça, tronco e quadril por meio de fotogrametria computadorizada. A MDS-UPDRS avaliou os aspectos clínicos, TMS avaliou rigidez axial e o MiniBESTest equilíbrio. Para determinar a relação entre sintomas depressivos e alinhamento postural, realizou-se uma análise de regressão linear múltipla. RESULTADOS: Os participantes com sintomas depressivos apresentaram déficits motores mais graves, bem como maior rigidez de tronco e pior instabilidade postural (p < 0,05). Quando comparados os ângulos posturais entre homens e mulheres pelo teste t de Student, verificou-se que os homens apresentaram maiores graus de flexão da cabeça (p = 0,003) e do tronco (p = 0,017). Por meio da análise de regressão linear múltipla corrigida para a idade e sexo dos participantes, verificamos que a inclinação anterior do tronco foi significativamente maior nos indivíduos com DP com sintomas depressivos do que sem sintomas depressivos (R2 = 0,453, ß = 0,116 e p = 0,045) CONCLUSãO: Indivíduos com DP com sintomas depressivos apresentam postura de tronco flexionado mais severa, principalmente em homens mais idosos. Além disso, os sintomas depressivos mais graves pioram significativamente a instabilidade postural, a rigidez do tronco e os déficits motores nessa população.

Characterization of the nigroestriatal system in a sample of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The coexistence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with clinical forms of Parkinson disease (PD), although uncommon, is found to a greater degree than one would expect by chance. The pathological mechanisms of ALS and PD are still not fully understood, and the coexistence of these two diseases suggests that they could share mechanisms in common. OBJECTIVE: Here we present a sample of patients with clinically definitive or probable ALS who were evaluated with single-photon emission computed tomography SPECT/TRODAT and compared with non-ALS controls. METHODS: Patients with clinically definite or probable ALS were assessed with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale (ALSFRS) to define severity and had their demographic data collected. The TRODAT results of patients with ALS were compared with those of patients with a diagnosis of PD with less than 10 years of duration, and with patients with a diagnosis of others movement disorders not associated with neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS: A total of 75% of patients with ALS had TRODAT results below the levels considered normal; that was also true for 25% of the patients in the control group without neurodegenerative disease, and for 100% of the patients in the PD group. A statistically significant difference was found between patients with ALS and the control group without neurodegenerative disease in the TRODAT values < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Our study fits with the neuropathological and functional evidence that demonstrates the existence of nigrostriatal dysfunction in patients with ALS. Further research to better understand the role of these changes in the pathophysiological process of ALS needs to be performed.

ANTECEDENTES: A coexistência da esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) com formas clínicas da doença de Parkinson (DP), embora incomum, é encontrada em um grau maior do que seria esperado ao acaso. Os mecanismos patológicos da ELA e da DP ainda não são totalmente compreendidos e a coexistência dessas duas doenças sugere que elas podem compartilhar mecanismos em comum. OBJETIVO: Apresentamos uma amostra de pacientes com ELA clinicamente definida ou provável que foram avaliados com tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (SPECT)/TRODAT e comparados com controles sem ELA. MéTODOS: Pacientes com ELA clinicamente definida ou provável foram avaliados com a escala funcional de esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ALSFRS) para definir a gravidade e foram coletados os seus dados demográficos. Os resultados do TRODAT de pacientes com ELA foram comparados com aqueles de pacientes com diagnóstico de DP com menos de 10 anos de duração e com pacientes com diagnóstico de outros distúrbios do movimento não associados a doenças neurodegenerativas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 75% dos pacientes com ELA apresentou resultados de TRODAT abaixo dos níveis considerados normais; 25% no grupo controle sem doença neurodegenerativa e 100% no grupo DP. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre os pacientes com ELA e o grupo controle sem doença neurodegenerativa nos valores de TRODAT p < 0,05. CONCLUSõES: Nosso estudo está de acordo com as evidências neuropatológicas e funcionais que demonstram a existência de disfunção nigroestriatal em pacientes com ELA. Mais pesquisas para entender melhor o papel dessas mudanças no processo fisiopatológico da ELA precisam ser realizadas.

Guidelines for Parkinson's disease treatment: consensus from the Movement Disorders Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology - motor symptoms.

The treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenging, especially since it is considered highly individualized. The Brazilian Academy of Neurology has recognized the need to disseminate knowledge about the management of PD treatment, adapting the best evidence to the Brazilian reality. Thus, the main published treatment guidelines were reviewed based on the recommendations of group from the Movement Disorders Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

A Case-Control Study of the Effects of Chimarrão (Ilex paraguariensis) and Coffee on Parkinson's Disease.

Introduction: Coffee has been inversely associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in many studies, and caffeine is the leading candidate to mediate this effect. Mate (Ilex paraguariensis, IP), a caffeinated beverage rich in antioxidants consumed in South America, was also inversely associated with PD in one study from Argentina. Other varieties of IP infusion, such as chimarrão, were never studied in PD. Chimarrão is a common caffeinated beverage consumed in Brazil made with the leaves and stems of IP. Methods: A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between chimarrão ingestion and PD in southern Brazil. All subjects answered a questionnaire about the frequency of chimarrão and coffee intake. A multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and sex was performed to assess the association between PD and chimarrão consumption. Results: We included 200 PD patients and 200 healthy controls. High consumption of chimarrão was inversely associated with PD (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.24-0.81, P = 0.008). High consumption of coffee was also inversely associated with PD, as expected. Chimarrão remained associated when adjusted for coffee consumption, smoking history, and age (OR 0.46, 95% CI = 0.25-0.86, P = 0.014). These two exposures showed an additive effect. Conclusion: Chimarrão consumption was inversely associated with PD, even after adjusting for coffee intake, suggesting a possible protective role. IP's effect can be mediated by caffeine and through its antioxidant components. Chimarrão has a lower concentration of caffeine compared with coffee and has numerous substances with antioxidative effects that may be important to PD protection. Further studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

Deglutition Impairment during Dual Task in Parkinson Disease Is Associated with Cognitive Status.

Introduction Dysphagia is a relevant symptom in Parkinson disease (PD), and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. To date, researchers have not investigated the effects of combined motor tasks on swallowing. Such an assessment is of particular interest in PD, in which patients have specific difficulties while performing two movements simultaneously. Objective The present study tested the hypothesis that performing concurrent tasks could decrease the safety of swallowing in PD patients as visualized using fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Methods A total of 19 patients and 19 controls matched by age, gender, and level of schooling were compared by FEES under two conditions: isolated swallowing and dual task (swallowing during non-sequential opposition of the thumb against the other fingers). The two tasks involved volumes of food of 3 mL and 5 mL. The PD subjects were classified according to the Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) Scale, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The FEES assessment was performed according to the Boston Residue and Clearance Scale (BRACS). Results The data showed a significant worsening of swallowing in the dual task assessment for both volumes (3 mL: p ≤ 0.001; 5 mL: p ≤ 0.001) in the PD group. A correlation between the MoCA and dual-task swallowing of 3 mL was also found. Conclusion These findings suggest that additional tasks involving manual motor movements result in swallowing impairment in patients with PD. Moreover, these data highlight the need to further evaluate such conditions during treatment and assessment of PD patients.

Striatal dopamine correlates to memory and attention in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically characterized by motor symptoms, however, specific cognitive impairments are common and poorly understood. This study was designed to assess whether cognitive performances are related to dopamine active transporter (DAT) availability in non-demented PD subjects. Fifty-four non-demented PD patients were enrolled. They underwent [99mTc] TRODAT-1 SPECT/CT and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery including attention/executive and memory tests. Multiple linear regression controlling the effect of age, disease duration and education was applied. The significance level was set at P values of < 0.02. After controlling the effect of age, disease duration and education, lower scores in Rey's Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)/immediate recall were significantly related with lower uptake values in the less affected striatum and more affected caudate. Lower scores in RAVLT/short-term recall were also significantly associated with lower uptake values in the more affected caudate and reduced performance in Trail Making Test part B was related with reduced DAT values in the less affected anterior putamen. Our findings suggest that reduced DAT availability in both caudate and putamen is related to reduced performances in some memory and attention/executive tasks. Nigrocaudate dysfunction is related to lower memory performance while dopamine depletion in the anterior putamen is related to poorer attention performance. If the dopaminergic defects can mostly explain all the cognitive symptoms or this phenomenon just co-occur with other anatomical and biochemical changes remains unknown. Further studies in larger patient samples are required to clarify this issue.

Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease and other forms of parkinsonism in a cohort of elderly individuals in Southern Brazil: protocol for a population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinsonism is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting the elderly. Several population-based studies have determined the epidemiology of parkinsonism, mainly Parkinson's disease (PD), but there is still little evidence in the Brazilian population. This protocol study aims to assess the prevalence and incidence of cases of PD and other parkinsonian syndromes in a 5-year cohort in a population-based study in the southern region of Brazil. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A prospective population-based longitudinal study, with a cohort of development of cases of parkinsonism, divided into two phases: in phase I, two questionnaires to screen for parkinsonism (Tanner's questionnaire), Rapid Eyes Movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Single-Question Screen) and a short interview will be conducted with all elderly residents of Veranópolis (the first longevity Brazilian county located in the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) aged 60 or over. The positive screened cases will be examined independently by at least two movement disorder-trained physicians and prevalence will be determined. A comprehensive evaluation of prodromic symptoms, risk factors and clinical characteristics will be carried out. Subjects with subtle parkinsonism and a sample of healthy subjects will be followed for 5 years in a developmental cohort of parkinsonism cases. For crude incidence, all individuals admitted at the beginning of the study will be re-evaluated. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (protocol n° 4.095.609). All participants provide their informed consent before evaluations. Findings from this survey will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and will be presented at conferences.

Validation of Content and Reliability of the Protocol for the Evaluation of Acquired Speech Disorders in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PADAF). / Validação de conteúdo e confiabilidade do Protocolo de Avaliação dos Distúrbios Adquiridos de Fala em Indivíduos com Doença de Parkinson (PADAF).

PURPOSE: To develop a protocol for the evaluation of acquired speech disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PADAF) and to validate its content and determine its inter-judge reliability. METHODS: The study was carried out in three stages: in the first one, the protocol was prepared and its content validated through the analysis of seven specialists; in the second, the instrument was applied to 25 individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD); in the third and last stage, the inter-judge reliability was determined. RESULTS: The final version of PADAF consisted of 32 items that evaluated breathing, phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody. It was shown to be valid, with a content validity index (CVI) much higher than that established in the literature, and with perfect agreement in the determination of inter-judge reliability. CONCLUSION: PADAF for PD individuals was developed and its content was validated, showing perfect instrument reliability.

OBJETIVO: Elaborar e realizar a validação de conteúdo, assim como verificar a confiabilidade entre examinador do Protocolo de Avaliação dos Distúrbios Adquiridos de Fala em Indivíduos com Doença de Parkinson (PADAF). MÉTODO: O estudo foi realizado em três etapas. Na primeira, foi elaborado o protocolo e validado seu conteúdo mediante análise de sete especialistas. Na segunda, aplicou-se o instrumento em 25 indivíduos com doença de Parkinson (DP) idiopática. Na terceira e última etapa, verificou-se a confiabilidade entre-examinador. RESULTADOS: A versão final do PADAF foi composta de 32 itens que avaliam a respiração, a fonação, a ressonância, a articulação e a prosódia. Mostrou-se válido, com índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC) bem acima daquele estabelecido na literatura e com perfeita concordância na verificação da confiabilidade entre examinador. CONCLUSÃO: O PADAF para indivíduos com DP foi desenvolvido e teve seu conteúdo validado com perfeita confiabilidade do instrumento.

Acoustic Voice Modifications in Individuals with Parkinson Disease Submitted to Deep Brain Stimulation.

Introduction Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) improves motor function in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). The evidence about the effects of STN-DBS on the voice is still inconclusive. Objective To verify the effect of STN-DBS on the voice of Brazilian individuals with PD. Methods Sixteen participants were evaluated on the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-Part III, and by the measurement of the acoustic modifications in on and off conditions of stimulation. Results The motor symptoms showed significant improvement with STN-DBS on. Regarding the acoustic measures of the voice, only the maximum fundamental frequency (fhi) showed a statistical difference between on- and off-conditions, with reduction in off-condition. Conclusion Changes in computerized acoustic measures are more valuable when interpreted in conjunction with changes in other measures. The single finding in fhi suggests that DBS-STN increases vocal instability. The interpretation of this result should be done carefully, since it may not be of great value if other measures that also indicate instability are not significantly different.

The Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation on the Quality of Life and Swallowing in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease.

Introduction Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is little evidence regarding the effect of DBS on dysphagia. Objective To assess the swallowing and quality of life of individuals with PD before and after DBS surgery. Methods Our sample consisted of people who had undergone DBS surgery in a referral hospital in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of PD and having undergone DBS surgery. A cognitive screening, through a questionnaire about depression and quality of life, was conducted. Evaluations of each patient's swallowing were performed before and after surgery. The assessment consisted of anamnesis, clinical assessment, the Functional Oral Intake Scale, clinical evaluation of swallowing, and the Hoehn and Yahr scale. Results The sample included 10 individuals, all male, with a mean age of 57.3 years (±4.7), a mean disease duration of 13.0 years (±2.4), and mean level education of 8.1 years (±4.0). In the clinical evaluation of the swallowing, a significant improvement after DBS was not observed. However, little changes in the signs and symptoms of dysphagia that had a positive impact on the quality of life were observed. Furthermore, there was no relation between the patients' motor subtype and swallowing pre- and post-DBS. Conclusion There was an improvement in the quality of life of the patients after DBS. However, the improvement in the clinical signs and symptoms of dysphagia did not cause an overall improvement in the swallowing function.

Low serum uric acid levels and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease / Níveis séricos baixos de ácido úrico e discinesia induzida por levodopa na doença de Parkinson

Abstract Background Levodopa is the most used and effective medication for motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), its long-term use is associated with the appearance of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Uric acid (UA) is believed to play an important neuroprotective role in PD. Objective To investigate if serum UA levels are related with the presence of LIDs in PD patients. Also, we investigated the associations among UA levels and clinical features of PD. Methods We enrolled 81 PD patients (dyskinesia = 48; no dyskinesia = 33) in the present study. A blood sample was collected to evaluate serum UA levels, clinical evaluation included the following instruments: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (HY), and the sub-item 4.1 of MDS-UPDRS IV (score ≥ 1). Additional relevant clinical information was obtained by a clinical questionnaire. Results Serum UA levels were lower in the dyskinesia group when compared with the no dyskinesia group. The same result was found in the UA levels of both men and women. The multivariate analysis showed lower uric acid levels were significantly associated with having dyskinesia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.424; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.221-0.746; p= 0.005). Additional analysis verified that serum UA levels are inversely correlated with depressive symptoms, disease duration, MDS-UPDRS IV and time spent with dyskinesia. A positive correlation was found with age at onset of PD symptoms. Conclusions The present study provides a possible role of serum UA levels in LID present in PD patients.

Resumo Antecedentes A levodopa é a medicação mais utilizada e eficaz para os sintomas motores da doença de Parkinson (DP); seu uso a longo prazo está associado ao aparecimento de discinesia induzida por levodopa (LID). Acredita-se que o ácido úrico desempenhe um importante papel neuroprotetor na DP. Objetivo Investigar se os níveis séricos de AU estão relacionados com a presença de LID em pacientes com DP. Além disso, investigamos as associações entre os níveis de AU e as características clínicas da DP. Métodos Foram incluídos 81 pacientes com DP (discinesia = 48; sem discinesia = 33) no presente estudo. Uma amostra de sangue foi coletada para avaliar os níveis séricos de AU, a avaliação clínica incluiu os seguintes instrumentos: Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA), Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI-II), MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (HY) e o subitem 4.1 da MDS-UPDRS IV (escore ≥ 1). Informações clínicas relevantes adicionais foram obtidas por meio de um questionário clínico. Resultados Os níveis séricos de AU foram menores no grupo com discinesia quando comparados ao grupo sem discinesia. O mesmo resultado foi encontrado nos níveis de AU de homens e mulheres. A análise multivariada mostrou que níveis mais baixos de ácido úrico foram significativamente associados a ter discinesia (odds ratio [OR] = 0,424; intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 0,221-0,746; p= 0,005). Análises adicionais verificaram que os níveis séricos de AU estão inversamente correlacionados com sintomas depressivos, duração da doença, MDS-UPDRS IV e tempo gasto com discinesia. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada com a idade de início dos sintomas da DP. Conclusões O presente estudo fornece um possível papel dos níveis séricos de AU na LID presente em pacientes com DP.