[Anemia in chronic lymphatic leukemia: is erythropoietin the solution?]. / La anemia en la leucemia linfática crónica: Es la eritropoyetina la solución del problema?

Anemia is a common complication in the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Low hemoglobin levels both correlate with an adverse prognosis and adversely affect the quality of life of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Different physiopathological phenomena may lead to anemia: marrow infiltration, hypersplenism, immune hemolysis or toxicity of chemotherapy. Treatment with human recombinant erythropoietic agents has been shown to be effective for anemia associated with different lymphoproliferative syndromes. This paper analyses the available evidence on erythropoietic agent treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated anemia. The comparative effect of different dosage schemes, the role of possible response-prediction factors such as the endogenous erythropoietin level and the results achieved using darbopoietin alpha are reviewed.

[Transplant of hemopoietic progenitors]. / Trasplante de progenitores hemopoyéticos.

In the second half of the XX century, the transplant of hemopoietic progenitors ceased to be a desperate treatment with a high incidence of complications implying a high mortality, and became a curative treatment for thousands of patients with hematological neoplasias and other diseases. Since then understanding of the hemopoietic stem cells has increased, peripheral blood has replaced bone marrow as a source of progenitors, cord blood has been established as a viable source of progenitors and the realisation of unrelated transplants is a reality for many patients. The improvement of conditioning regimes and the introduction of new non-myeloablative treatments have reduced relapses. The new diagnostic techniques and the new anti-microbial treatments have reduced infectious complications and their mortality. There has been an advance in knowledge in determining minimal residual disease and the anti-tumour effect of the lymphocytes of the donor, which has made it possible to widen the indications. Besides, new understanding of the immunobiology of the transplant has, on the one hand, improved the options for controlling one of the principal complications, the graft-versus-host disease, and, on the other, a better use is made of the immunotherapeutic effect of the transplant.

[Cardiac and vascular homograft valves transplant]. / Trasplante de homoinjertos valvulares cardiacos y vasculares.

The advances in the manipulation of human tissues, the development of cryobiology, paediatric cardiac surgery, the impossibility of obtaining an ideal prosthetic cardiac valve and the surgical treatment of cardiovascular infections have revived interest in the use of homografts. The donors of these homografts can be: a) Live donors: aortic and pulmonary valve of the recipient of a heart transplant; b) Multiorgan donors with a diagnosis of death according to neurological criteria, whose heart is rejected for heart transplant; c) Cadaver donors with asystolia of less than 8 hours. Homograft cardiac valves are the substitute of choice in aortic valve endocarditis, patients with counter-indications for anticoagulation, reconstruction of the outflow tract of the right ventricle, aortic valve replacement in children and young adults through the Ross operation, and an optional indication is the aortic valve and/or rising aorta replacement in patients over 60 years of age. Although there are not sufficiently broad series of homogratfs with arterial substitutes, with respect to the number of patients and time of evolution, the results suggest that this can benefit patients with vascular infection, immunodepressed patients or complex patients whose technique during the operation might require a homograft.

Autologous stem-cell transplantation for Hodgkin's disease: results and prognostic factors in 494 patients from the Grupo Español de Linfomas/Transplante Autólogo de Médula Osea Spanish Cooperative Group.

PURPOSE: To analyze clinical outcome and significant prognostic factors for overall (OS) and time to treatment failure (TTF) in a group of 494 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) undergoing autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Detailed records from the Grupo Español de Linfomas/Transplante Autólogo de Médula Osea Spanish Cooperative Group Database on 494 HD patients who received an ASCT between January 1984 and May 1998 were reviewed. Two hundred ninety-eight males and 196 females with a median age of 27 years (range, 1 to 63 years) received autografts while in complete remission (n = 203) or when they had sensitive disease (n = 206) or resistant disease (n = 75) at a median time of 26 months (range, 4 to 259 months) after diagnosis. Most patients received high-dose chemotherapy without radiation for conditioning (n = 443). The graft consisted of bone marrow (n = 244) or peripheral blood (n = 250). RESULTS: The 100-day mortality rate was 9%. The 5-year actuarial TTF and OS rates were 45.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.5% to 50.5%) and 54.5% (95% CI, 48.4% to 60.6%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, the presence of active disease at transplantation, transplantation before 1992, and two or more lines of therapy before transplantation were adverse prognostic factors for outcome. Sixteen patients developed a secondary malignancy (5-year cumulative incidence of 4.3%) after transplantation. Adjuvant radiotherapy before transplantation, the use of total-body irradiation (TBI) in the conditioning regimen, and age > or = 40 years were found to be predictive factors for the development of second cancers after ASCT. CONCLUSION: ASCT achieves long-term disease-free survival in HD patients. Disease status before ASCT is the most important prognostic factor for final outcome; thus, transplantation should be considered in early stages of the disease. TBI must be avoided in the conditioning regimen because of a significantly higher rate of late complications, including secondary malignancies.

Thrombopenic purpura induced by a monoclonal antibody directed to a 35-kilodalton surface protein (p35) expressed on murine platelets and endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVE: With the aim of obtaining monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against mouse endothelial surface antigens, immunization of rats with a mouse-derived endothelial cell line (PY4.1) and subsequent hybridoma production were performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One of the mAbs produced by hybridoma EOL5F5 was selected for its surface binding to endothelial cell lines, and identification of the mAb-recognized antigen was performed by immunoprecipitation. Experiments were performed to analyze the effects of EOL5F5 on systemic administration to mice. RESULTS: EOL5F5-recognized antigen was a single band of 35 kDa under reducing and nonreducing conditions, features that do not match other known differentiation antigens with comparable tissue distribution. In vivo administration of purified EOL5F5 mAb to mice (n = 20) induced intense cutaneous purpura as well as severe but transient thrombocytopenia. Expression of EOL5F5-recognized antigen was detected on platelets from which it immunoprecipitated a moiety of identical electrophoretic pattern in SDS-PAGE, as the one recognized on endothelial cells. Immunohistochemically, EOL5F5-recognized antigen (p35) also was expressed on dermal capillaries, suggesting that, in addition to thrombocytopenia, damaging effects of the antibody on endothelial cells also might cause the observed purpura. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show induction of thrombocytopenic purpura in mice with an mAb against a single antigenic determinant expressed on both platelets and endothelium. EOL5F5 mAb injection sets the stage for useful experimental models that resemble immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

A single prior course of BCNU-cisplatin chemotherapy has a significant deleterious effect on mobilization kinetics of otherwise untreated patients.

Extensive prior treatment with cytotoxic agents is associated with impaired mobilization of hematopoietic cells. To assess the effect of a single course of standard-dose chemotherapy (CT), we compared the results of filgrastim-induced mobilization among two sequential groups of grade III-IV malignant glioma patients included in a hematopoietic transplantation program. The first group (21 patients) had never been treated with CT until 2 days after surgery, when they received a course of 100 mg/m2 BCNU (i.v.) and 100 mg intracarotid cisplatin for cytoreduction (not for mobilization). At 1 month after this CT, they were mobilized with 12 microg/kg filgrastim. The second group (22 patients) was mobilized with the same dose of filgrastim directly after the surgery, without having ever received any prior CT. The blood level of CD34+ cells was significantly lower in the CT-treated patients, both on the fourth day of filgrastim (15 vs 36 cells x 10(6)/l; P=0.01) and on the fifth (25 vs 58 cells x 10(6)/l; P=0.003), as it was the number of CD34+ cells collected per apheresis (1.3 vs 3.5 x 10(6)/l; P<0.0005). The toxic effect of a single course of BCNU-cisplatin CT led to significant impairment of the filgrastim-induced mobilization response.

BEAM chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell support in lymphoma patients: analysis of efficacy, toxicity and prognostic factors.

In the present paper, we evaluate tolerability, outcome and prognostic factors in patients with poor prognosis non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's disease (HD) when uniformly treated with BCNU, etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan (BEAM) and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). On hundred and forty-eight patients with NHL (n = 112) or HD (n = 36) received BEAM followed by infusion of bone marrow (n = 55), peripheral blood stem cells (n = 79) or both (n = 14). Twenty-eight patients had low-grade lymphoma (LGL), 68 intermediate- and 16 high-grade lymphoma (IGL). Within the NHL group, 21 patients were in 2nd or subsequent complete remission (CR) at transplant, 34 had sensitive disease and 11 resistant disease; 46 patients were transplanted in 1st CR due to the presence of > or = 2 adverse prognostic features at diagnosis or to a slow CR. Of the HD patients at transplant 17 had active disease, 16 were in > or = 2 CR and three in 1st CR. The overall percentage of toxic deaths was 5.4%, while in the group of patients transplanted with PBSC it was only 1.3%. NHL patients: 78% were in CR following ASCT, including 25 out of 45 patients (56%) who were transplanted with active disease. Only two of the 11 patients transplanted with resistant disease achieved CR. Incidence of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at 3 years was 65 and 75%, respectively. As far as histology was concerned, OS was significantly better for patients with LGL in comparison with IGL (88 vs 56%) (P = 0.002). DFS was significantly higher for patients transplanted in first CR or first partial remission (PR) than it was for those transplanted in a later CR or PR (86 vs 53%) (P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis for OS showed that histology, bulky disease, poor performance status at transplant and achievement of CR were independent prognostic factors. In addition, a high number of infused MNC was associated with poor DFS. HD patients: 30 (83%) were in CR after transplantation, with 25 maintaining CR at the end of the study. Only one of the four patients transplanted with resistant disease reached CR. Incidence of OS and DFS at 3 years was 78 and 81%. DFS was similar for patients transplanted with early or late relapse (95 and 93%). With multivariate analysis, the only independent variable for OS was CR after transplant. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate the efficacy and low toxicity of the BEAM regimen in high-risk lymphoma patients with sensitive disease. Other strategies should be investigated for patients with refractory lymphoma.

Autologous stem cell transplantation for poor prognosis Hodgkin's disease in first complete remission: a retrospective study from the Spanish GEL-TAMO cooperative group.

Although more than 50% of Hodgkin's disease patients are cured with conventional chemotherapy, many will relapse and eventually die from their disease. Many efforts have been made to identify poor prognostic factors that could be useful in selecting high-risk patients in 1st CR who may benefit from high-dose chemo/radiotherapy. However, the role of early transplantation in 1st CR remains unclear. We have retrospectively analyzed the results obtained with this procedure in 22 hospitals belonging to the Spanish GEL/TAMO cooperative group. Twenty-seven patients, of whom 19 were males, underwent autologous transplantation for Hodgkin's disease in 1st CR between January 1987 and January 1996. Remission had been achieved after one (n = 22) or two (n = 5) lines of treatment. Twenty-four patients had advanced stage disease, 12 patients bulky mediastinal disease, nine bone marrow involvement and 18 had extranodal disease. Peripheral blood was used as the source of hematopoietic stem cells in 15 patients, BM in nine, and both in three. All but three patients received chemotherapy-based conditioning regimens (16 CBV, four BEAM and four BEAC), while three were conditioned with CY and TBI. There were no transplant-related deaths. Median (range) times to recover >0.5 x 10(9)/l neutrophils and >50 x 10(9)/l platelets were 14 (8-56) days and 16 (8-240) days, respectively. With a median follow-up of 30 (8-66) months, 21 patients are alive and in continuous CR. Four patients who relapsed after transplant at 8, 17.5, 22 and 26 months achieved a second CR with conventional chemotherapy; one patient relapsed 92 months post-transplant and died 5 months afterwards. Another patient died 30.5 months post-transplant from a secondary malignancy. In conclusion, high-dose therapy in poor prognosis Hodgkin's disease in 1st CR was well tolerated with no transplant-related mortalities. Although the follow-up of this series is relatively short, our results seem promising. Nevertheless, late relapses can occur, and the role of this procedure vs conventional treatment in very high-risk patients should be assessed in prospective randomized studies.

Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a report of 259 cases from the Spanish Registry. Spanish Registry for Transplant in MM (Grupo Español de Trasplante Hematopoyético-GETH) and PETHEMA.

Between January 1989 and November 1995, 259 patients with multiple myeloma (MM), 22 stage I, 57 stage II and 180 stage III at diagnosis were treated with myeloablative high-dose therapy followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation. The median time from diagnosis to transplantation was 17 months (6-112). At the time of transplant, 56 patients were in CR, 153 in PR, 25 were nonresponders and 25 had progressive disease. Mobilization of stem cells was performed with G-CSF alone in 141 cases, chemotherapy plus G-CSF in 65, chemotherapy plus GM-CSF in 36 and chemotherapy alone in 17 patients. The conditioning regimen consisted of high-dose melphalan alone in 96 patients, melphalan plus TBI in 73, busulfan plus melphalan in 56, busulfan plus cyclophosphamide in 27 and cyclophosphamide plus TBI in seven. The median durations of neutropenia (>0.5 x 10(9)/l) and thrombocytopenia (>20 x 10(9)/l) were 12 (5-118) and 13 days (5-360), respectively. Transplant-related mortality occurred in 11 patients (4%). Once a stable graft was achieved, 114 patients (44%) received maintenance treatment with recombinant alpha interferon (IFN-alpha). Among the 248 patients evaluable for response 125 (51%) had a CR and 100 had a PR (40%). The median duration of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after transplantation was 23 and 35 months, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that response status pretransplant, only one line of primary induction treatment and IFN-alpha maintenance treatment post-transplant significantly influenced OS. Female sex, pretransplant responsive disease, and treatment with IFN-alpha post-transplant were the factors significantly influencing PFS. The conditioning regimen and method of stem cell mobilization had no significant impact on OS and PFS. On multivariate analysis the only independent factors associated with a longer survival were the number of chemotherapy courses prior to autologous PBSC transplantation and the pretransplant response status. The present analysis from the Spanish Registry confirms the feasibility of autologous PBSC transplantation in myeloma patients with a very low toxicity (4% toxic deaths). The high complete response rate after transplantation is encouraging. The best results are obtained when the procedure is performed early after the first line of induction therapy and in patients with chemosensitive disease. Whether early high-dose therapy followed by autotransplantation in responding patients is superior to conventional chemotherapy is currently being investigated in prospective randomized studies.

Are myeloma patients with renal failure candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation?

INTRODUCTION: Renal function is one of the most important prognostic factors in multiple myeloma (MM). Patients with renal failure are generally excluded from high dose therapy even though they display a poor prognosis with conventional chemotherapy schemes. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of MM patients with renal insufficiency undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), including the evaluation of the quality of PB stem cell collections, kinetics of engraftment, transplant-related mortality, response to high dose chemotherapy and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a total of 566 valuable patients included in the MM Spanish ASCT registry, three groups of patients were defined: group BA, patients with abnormal renal function at diagnosis but normal at transplant (73 cases); group BB, patients with abnormal function both at diagnosis and at transplant (14 cases); and group AA (control group, 479 cases), patients who constantly had normal renal function. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Patients from groups BA and BB presented with a significantly higher number of adverse prognostic factors, reflecting that we were dealing with high tumor MM cases, as compared with patients from group AA. The number of mononuclear cells, CD34+ cells and CFU-GM cells collected in patients with non-reversible renal insufficiency was similar to those harvested in MM patients with normal renal function. Moreover, neutrophil and platelet engraftments were identical in patients with and without renal failure (days +11 and +12, respectively). By contrast, transplant-related mortality (TRM) was significantly higher in group BB patients (29%) than in groups BA (4.1%) and AA (3.3%). In multivariate analysis only three variables showed independent influence on TRM: poor performance status (ECOG 3), hemoglobin <9.5 g/dl and serum creatinine > or =5 mg/dl. The response to high dose therapy was independent of renal function. Interestingly, 43% of patients from group BB showed an improvement in renal function (creatinine < 2 mg/dl) after transplant. The three-year overall survival from transplantation was 56, 49 and 61% for the BB, BA and AA groups, respectively, with a statistically significant difference favoring group AA (P<0.01). PFS did not differ significantly between the three groups of patients. In multivariate analysis the only unfavorable independent prognostic factors for overall survival were poor performance status either at diagnosis or at transplant, high beta(2)-microglobulin levels, and no response to transplant. According to these results, ASCT is an attractive alternative for MM patients with renal insufficiency, and it should not constitute a criterion for exclusion from transplant unless patients display poor performance status and very high creatinine levels (>5 mg/dl).

Complex karyotype including 14q+ marker in a case of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

We describe a case of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia with a complex karyotype including a 14q+ marker. Secondary changes affected chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 17. The cytogenetic significance of the changes and their prognostic value, as compared with those described in previous reports, are discussed.

Cytogenetic data in 41 patients with multiple myeloma. Karyotype and other clinical parameters.

Cytogenetic data of 41 patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) are reported. In all samples, cytogenetic studies were made of short-term and B-cell-stimulated culture: 20 cases (48.8%) showed chromosome abnormalities; 14 karyotypes were hypo- or pseudodiploid, and six were hyperdiploid. The most frequent numerical changes affected chromosomes 7, 11, 5 (gains), 14, 20, and Y (losses). Chromosome structural rearrangements of 22q were noted in six patients. Other and recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities were changes involving chromosomes 1, 14, and 17. A significant relation was observed between presence of chromosome abnormalities and the following hematologic parameters: clinical stage III (p = 0.0212), bone marrow (BM) plasma cell infiltration greater than 30% (p = 0.0379), presence of bone lesions (p = 0.0051), and beta 2-microglobulin levels greater than 4,000 md/dl (p = 0.0194).

Incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) as a second tumor in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease (HD), as well as to establish the role of different variables in its appearance. Between January 1973 and June 1988, 101 patients with HD were treated according to the stage, with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Complete remission was obtained in 87 patients. Five patients developed secondary NHL between the 77th and 124th month of complete remission. The median follow up was 73 months (range 3-227 months). The incidence of second NHL in our series was, 0%, 4.6% (CI 0-11%) and 17% (CI 4-32%) at 5, 10 and 15 years respectively. Cox's stepwise regression analysis performed with all initial and treatment covariates (sex, age, splenectomy, histology, stage and treatment modality) showed that the only statistically significant variable was the treatment received (p < 0.01). Cumulative incidence of NHL at 15 years, ranged from 0% for patients treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone to 39.6% for those who received combined therapy (p = 0.002). We can conclude that the use of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for treatment of HD increases the risk for the development of second NHL.

Measurement of prethrombotic markers in the assessment of acquired hypercoagulable states.

Hypercoagulable states can be detected by measuring activation peptides, enzyme-inhibitor complexes, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products, which are markers of hemostatic activation. A series of these prethrombotic markers has been evaluated in the elderly, pregnancy, diabetes and acute myocardial infarction patients (n=30 in each group) as well as in hematologic malignancies (n=42). The parameters assayed were: prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (TAT), fibrinopeptide A (FPA), plasmin-alpha2 antiplasmin complexes (PAP) and D-Dimer. Results were compared with those obtained in a group of 30 healthy subjects. We found a significant increase of F1+2, TAT and FPA in elderly (p<0.05), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (p<0.01), hematologic malignancies (p<0.01), and pregnancy (p<0.0001), indicating a marked clotting activation. Diabetic patients under strict metabolic control only presented a moderate increase of TAT (p<0.05), suggesting a slight activation. We also observed a highly significant elevation of PAP and D-Dimer in elderly (p<0.001), AMI (p<0.0001), and malignancy (p<0.0001), indicating an activation of the fibrinolytic system. The combination of selected fibrinolytic and coagulation measurements is useful for the detection of a hypercoagulable state in conditions characterized by a risk of thrombosis.

Clotting activation and impairment of fibrinolysis in malignancy.

Different coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters were investigated in 149 patients with metastatic and non-metastatic tumours and results were compared with those obtained in a healthy population. Results showed a significant increase of thrombin-antithrombin complexes, fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and fibrin monomers in the group of patients (p less than 0.001). There was also a significant prolongation of euglobulin lysis time (p less than 0.005) and an increase of plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (p less than 0.0001), fibrinogen degradation products (p less than 0.001), and D-dimer (p less than 0.05) in the group of patients as compared to controls; FPA levels were also increased in patients with metastases (p less than 0.005). This study demonstrates clotting activation, at the level of fibrinogen to fibrin conversion, and impairment of fibrinolysis in patients with malignancy.

Fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

We have determined fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FgDP and FbDP respectively) by an ELISA method using specific monoclonal antibodies in 100 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for valvular heart disease and in 60 patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Blood samples were taken pre-operatively and on post-operative days 1 and 5. Post-operative evolution was similar in both patient groups, with a significant increase in FgDP on post-operative days 1 and 5 with respect to baseline value (P less than 0.01). FbDP were also significantly higher on post-operative days 1 and 5 (P less than 0.001), especially the day after surgery in patients with valvular disease as compared with coronary patients (P less than 0.01). Our results indicate that fibrinolysis is more important than fibrinogenolysis after open-heart surgery, which may have pathophysiological implications.

Thrombin activation and increased fibrinolysis in patients with chronic liver disease.

The respective roles of intravascular coagulation (DIC) and fibrinolysis were assessed in severe chronic liver disease by measuring thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (tPA Ag) and fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FgDP and FbDP respectively) in 66 patients with liver disease caused by cirrhosis (n = 34) or chronic hepatitis (n = 32) as compared to findings in a control group (n = 30). There was a significant increase of TAT complexes (P less than 0.01), tPA Ag (P less than 0.002), FDP and FbDP (P less than 0.001) in patients as compared to controls. FbDP increase was more evident in patients with cirrhosis than in those with hepatitis (P less than 0.01). Significant correlations between these parameters with some liver function tests were also demonstrated. Thus, in patients with severe liver disease, an increased thrombin activity, as demonstrated by high TAT levels; followed by hyperfibrinolysis suggest that a low grade DIC may occur.

[Coagulation inhibitors in patients with neoplasms]. / Inhibidores de la coagulación en pacientes neoplásicos.

Mean plasma concentrations of the main inhibitors of blood coagulation antithrombin III (AT III), protein C and protein S were determined in 149 patients with different local and disseminated malignancies. Results were compared with findings in 44 healthy subjects. No statistical significant differences for AT III, protein C and free protein S were found between patients and controls. However, total protein S showed a significant increase in the patient group (p less than 0.0003). None of the parameters analyzed showed differences according to the degree of tumoral activity nor to the tumour localization. We conclude that the main inhibitors of the blood coagulation seem not to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the hypercoagulable state in malignancy. The increased levels in total protein S would indicate endothelial synthesis in response to thrombogenic stimuli.

[Death in exercise test: immediate angiographic findings in 2 cases]. / Obito em prova de esforço: achados angiográficos imediatos em dois casos.

We present two cases of mortality during a stress test after which coronary arteriography was performed after the acute event. In both patients, left coronary arteries presented eccentric lesions with irregular bordes and intraluminal lucencies. We have discussed the probable pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in view of the angiographic findings. We concluded that the cracking of the plaque was an essential event in the pathogenesis of this picture.