First Colombian consensus on congenital Chagas and clinical approach for women of child-bearing age diagnosed with Chagas / Primer consenso colombiano sobre Chagas congénito y orientación clínica a mujeres en edad fértil con diagnóstico de Chagas

Congenital transmission of Chagas disease has not been extensively studied in Colombia, and there are no standardized processes in the health system regarding the specific diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this disease. To generate recommendations on congenital Chagas disease and Chagas in women of childbearing age in Colombia, a consensus of experts was developed. An extensive literature search through the Medline database was carried out using the MeSH terms: «Chagas disease/congenital¼, «prevention and control¼, «diagnosis¼, «therapeutics¼ and «pregnancy¼. Appropriate abstracts were selected and the full texts were analyzed. The relevant information was synthesized, classified, and organized into tables and figures and was presented to a panel of experts, which was composed of 30 professionals from various fields. Based on the Delphi methodology, three rounds of consultation were conducted. The first and second rounds were based on electronic questionnaires that measured the level of consensus of each question among the participants. The third round was based on a face-to-face discussion focusing on those questions without consensus in the previous consultations. The evidence was adapted to national circumstances on a case-by-case basis, and the content the final document was approved. These recommendations are proposed for use in routine medical practice by health professionals in Colombia.

La transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas ha sido poco estudiada en Colombia y existen pocos procedimientos rutinarios en el sistema de salud para el manejo de esta enfermedad. Por ello se desarrolló un consenso de expertos dirigido a generar recomendaciones de diagnóstico y tratamiento de Chagas con- génito y orientación a mujeres en edad fértil. Con ese propósito se realizó una búsqueda extensiva de la literatura, empleando una combinación de términos Mes (Chagas, Chagas congénito, prevención, control, diagnóstico, tratamiento y embarazo) para reflejar el estado del arte en cada tema de interés. Después de ello, se leyeron los resúmenes y aquellos seleccionados para análisis del texto completo. La literatura relevante se sintetizo, clasifico y organizo en tablas y se presentó al panel de expertos, el cual estaba constituido por 30 profesionales en diferentes áreas. Mediante la metodología Delphi se realizaron 2 rondas de cuestionarios virtuales y una reunión presencial en los cuales se evaluaron los niveles de acuerdo entre los participantes. Los puntos con falta de consenso durante las 2 rondas virtuales se expusieron durante las mesas de discusión en la ronda presencial. La evidencia utilizada se adaptó a las particularidades nacionales según el caso y se aprobó el contenido del documento final. Se propone que estas recomendaciones sean usadas por profesionales de la salud en Colombia.

[Using S35-S36 and TcH2AF-R primer-based PCR tests to follow-up a Chagas´ disease patient who had undergone a heart transplant]. / Seguimiento de paciente con enfermedad de Chagas y trasplante de corazón mediante las PCR S35-S36 y TcH2AF-R.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiomyopathy is the most common clinical form of Chagas' disease in Colombia, and one treatment option is a heart transplant. Tracking the behavior of the Chagas' parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a priority due to the risk of post-transplant reactivation of the infection. OBJECTIVE: A case is presented of a patient who had suffered from dilated chagasic cardiopathy and cardiac failure, and had subsequently undergone heart transplant. The case was monitored by PCR, histopathological and echocardiographic examinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were drawn before and after the transplant, and post-transplant endomyocardial biopsies were taken. The extracted DNA was amplified with the TcH2AF-R and S35-S36 primers. Parasitemia was examined by the microhematocrit test. In addition, histopathological studies determined the parasite presence and transplant rejection status. Echocardiograms were administered to evaluate cardiac function. RESULTS: Of the blood samples taken 83 and 48 days pre-transplant, the latter was positive by the S35-S36 PCR test. PCR tests in blood with both primers were negative up to the second month post-transplant. However, both PCR tests were positive by the third month post-transplant. Thereupon, the patient was treated with nifurtimox. Both tests presented negative results in blood 35 days after treatment was started and remained negative thereafter at 0, 3, 10 and 12 months post-treatment. The pathology, microhematocrit, and PCR test results from biopsies were negative on all the specified dates. CONCLUSIONS: PCR tests were used as indicators of a reactivation of trypanosomid infection in the patient. After treatment administration, PCR tests became negative. The patient's clinical evolution was favorable.

Primer consenso colombiano sobre Chagas congénito y orientación clínica a mujeres en edad fértil con diagnóstico de Chagas / First Colombian consensus on congenital Chagas and clinical approach to women of fertile age diagnosed with Chagas

La transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas ha sido poco estudiada en Colombia y existen pocos procedimientos rutinarios en el sistema de salud para el manejo de esta enfermedad. Por ello se desarrolló un consenso de expertos dirigido a generar recomendaciones de diagnóstico y tratamiento de Chagas congénito y orientación a mujeres en edad fértil. Con ese propósito se realizó una búsqueda extensiva de la literatura, empleando una combinación de términos MeSH (Chagas, Chagas congénito, prevención, control, diagnóstico, tratamiento y embarazo) para reflejar el estado del arte en cada tema de interés. Después de ello, se leyeron los resúmenes y aquellos seleccionados para análisis del texto completo. La literatura relevante se sintetizó, clasificó y organizó en tablas y se presentó al panel de expertos, el cual estaba constituido por 30 profesionales en diferentes áreas. Mediante la metodología Delphi se realizaron 2 rondas de cuestionarios virtuales y una reunión presencial en los cuales se evaluaron los niveles de acuerdo entre los participantes. Los puntos con falta de consenso durante las 2 rondas virtuales se expusieron durante las mesas de discusión en la ronda presencial. La evidencia utilizada se adaptó a las particularidades nacionales según el caso y se aprobó el contenido del documento final. Se propone que estas recomendaciones sean usadas por profesionales de la salud en Colombia.

Congenital transmission of Chagas disease has not been extensively studied in Colombia, and there are no standardized processes in the health system regarding the specific diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this disease. In order to generate recommendations on congenital Chagas disease and Chagas in women of childbearing age in Colombia, a consensus of experts was developed. An extensive literature search through the Medline database was carried out using the MeSH terms: " Chagas disease/congenital " , " prevention and control " , " diagnosis " , " therapeutics " and " pregnancy " . Appropriate abstracts were selected and the full texts were analyzed. The relevant information was synthesized, classified, and organized into tables and figures and was presented to a panel of experts, which was composed of 30 professionals from various fields. Based on the Delphi methodology, three rounds of consultation were conducted. The first and second rounds were based on electronic questionnaires that measured the level of consensus of each question among the participants. The third round was based on a face-toface discussion focusing on those questions without consensus in the previous consultations. The evidence was adapted to national circumstances on a case-by-case basis, and the content the final document was approved. These recommendations are proposed for use in routine medical practice by health professionals in Colombia.

Seguimiento de pacientes con enfermedad de chagas y trasplante de corazón mediante las PCR S35-S36 y TcH2AF-R / Using S35-S36 and TcH2AF-R primer-based PCR tests to follow-up a Chagas’ disease patient who had undergone a heart transplant

Introducción. La cardiomiopatía es la forma clínica más común de la enfermedad de Chagas en Colombia, siendo el trasplante una opción para su tratamiento. Debido al riesgo de reactivación de la infección posterior al trasplante, es prioritario vigilar el comportamiento del parásito. Objetivo. Presentar el caso de un paciente con cardiopatía chagásica dilatada y falla cardiaca, a quien se le practicó trasplante de corazón y se le hizo seguimiento mediante PCR, análisis histopatológicos y ecocardiográficos. Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron muestras de sangre antes de la intervención y después de ella y de biopsias endomiocárdicas posteriores al trasplante. El ADN extraído fue amplificado con los iniciadores TcH2AF-R y S35-S36. La parasitemia se examinó mediante la técnica de microhematocrito. Se practicaron estudios histopatológicos para determinar la presencia del parásito o el rechazo del trasplante y, ecocardiográficos, para evaluar la función cardiaca. Resultados. De las muestras de sangre tomadas a los 83 y 48 días previos al trasplante, la última fue positiva por la PCR S35-S36. Hasta el segundo mes después del trasplante, ambas PCR fueron negativas. Al tercer mes después del trasplante, ambas PCR fueron positivas, por lo cual se inició tratamiento con nifurtimox. Tras 35 días de haberse iniciado el tratamiento, ambas pruebas presentaron resultados negativos, al igual que las tomadas a los 0, 3, 10 y 12 meses posteriores. Los resultados de la histopatología, del microhematocrito y de las PCR de las biopsias, fueron negativos en todas las fechas. Conclusiones. Las PCR permitieron sospechar la reactivación de la infección en el paciente, se le administró el tratamiento y posterioremente las pruebas se tornaron negativas. La evolución clínica del paciente ha sido favorable.

Introduction. Cardiomyopathy is the most common clinical form of Chagas’ disease in Colombia, and one treatment option is a heart transplant. Tracking the behavior of the Chagas’ parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a priority due to the risk of post-transplant reactivation of the infection. Objective. A case is presented of a patient who had suffered from dilated chagasic cardiopathy and cardiac failure, and had subsequently undergone heart transplant. The case was monitored by PCR, histopathological and echocardiographic examinations. Materials and methods. Blood samples were drawn before and after the transplant, and post-transplant endomyocardial biopsies were taken. The extracted DNA was amplified with the TcH2AF-R and S35-S36 primers. Parasitemia was examined by the microhematocrit test. In addition, histopathological studies determined the parasite presence and transplant rejection status. Echocardiograms were administered to evaluate cardiac function. Results. Of the blood samples taken 83 and 48 days pre-transplant, the latter was positive by the S35-S36 PCR test. PCR tests in blood with both primers were negative up to the second month post-transplant. However, both PCR tests were positive by the third month post-transplant. Thereupon, the patient was treated with nifurtimox. Both tests presented negative results in blood 35 days after treatment was started and remained negative thereafter at 0, 3, 10 and 12 months post-treatment. The pathology, microhematocrit, and PCR test results from biopsies were negative on all the specified dates. Conclusions. PCR tests were used as indicators of a reactivation of trypanosomid infection in the patient. After treatment administration, PCR tests became negative. The patient’s clinical evolution was favorable.

Enfermedad aneurismática coronaria: Presentación de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Aneurysmatic coronary artery disease: Presentation of a case and review the literature

La enfermedad aneurismática coronaria o ectasias y dilataciones de segmentos coronarios, son hallazgos típicamente incidentales en los estudios angiográficos. Aunque no está claramente establecida la etiología, muchas series describen como factor más común la aterosclerosis coronaria, pero también un desorden congénito, secundario a inflamación o enfermedad del tejido conectivo. Es bien estudiada su asociación con enfermedad de Kawasaki. Se revisa el caso de un paciente con síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) y dilataciones aneurismáticas en arterias coronarias, su enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico.