RESUMO
Dairy cows can be reservoirs of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella that pose serious public health risks to humans. The study was designed to examine the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates from dairy heifer calves and adult lactating cows in the pasture-based system of Australia. A total of 838 animals (328 heifer calves and 510 lactating cows) from 22 farms were sampled. Overall, 54 Salmonella isolates were recovered (calves 28/328 and cows 26/510). A herd-level Salmonella prevalence of 50% (95% confidence interval: 31%-69%) was recorded. Within-herd prevalence for Salmonella ranged between 4%-29% and 4%-45% among the heifer calves and adult lactating cows, respectively. Three different serovars were identified with Salmonella Infantis being the most common serovar (n = 33, 61%) followed by Salmonella Kiambu (n = 20, 37.0%) and one isolate of Salmonella Cerro (2%). The highest antimicrobial resistance prevalence of Salmonella isolates was found against streptomycin (n = 31, 57%), followed by cefoxitin (n = 12, 22%), ceftriaxone (n = 2, 4%), and chloramphenicol (n = 1, 2%). Multiple class resistance was observed on 4 isolates against cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. Multilocus sequence types ST32 (61%), ST309 (37%), and ST367 (2%) were strongly linked to the serovars Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Kiambu, and Salmonella Cerro, respectively. Whole genome sequencing of Salmonella isolates detected only 2 resistance genes: aac(6') gene that confers resistance against aminoglycosides among 40.7% of the isolates, and a single isolate positive for the blaDHA-16 gene. Two distinct clusters among the serovars were observed suggesting 2 independent sources of spread. Despite the low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella from the dairy farms, our findings contribute to the regional and national understanding of antimicrobial resistance in dairy herds in Australia. There is need for continued antimicrobial resistance stewardship and surveillance programs to ensure the production of high-quality food products and the long-term protection of both animal and human health.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Lactação , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Austrália/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Feminino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Epidemiologia Molecular , Salmonella/genéticaRESUMO
AIMS: To gather data on the calf management and rearing practices of a subset of dairy farmers in the south-west region of Western Australia. METHODS: A 30-minute face-to-face survey was conducted with dairy cattle producers in the south-west region of Western Australia from April-June 2019 to determine pre-weaning calf rearing practices. Participation was voluntary, using a self-selected subset of dairy farmers registered with a regional extension group. The questionnaire assessed three broad categories: farm demographics, colostrum harvesting and management and calf rearing practices. RESULTS: The study response rate was 34/140 (24%). The following key areas were identified where there were deviations from recognised best practice: Precalving: no transition diet was fed pre-calving on 4/34 (12%) of farms, and on a further 5/34 (15%) it was fed for less than 3 weeks; mixing of heifers and adult cows in the calving paddocks occurred in 24/34 (70%) of the farms, with 15% (5/34) of the farms using calving induction. During calving 14/34 (41%) of the farms did not disinfect navels of new-born calves; although 23/34 farmers stated that they collected calves within 6â
hours of birth, data on frequency of calf pick-up (2/34 did not separate calves and dams and 19/34 picked up only once per day) indicated that on 21/34 farms (62%) the reality was that calves were picked up >12â
hours after birth. Colostrum quality was not assessed appropriately on 18/34 (53%) farms and farmers overestimated how soon after birth it was administered: 23/34 (68%) reported feeding it within 6â
hours of calving, despite 62% picking up calves >12â
hours after calving. Regarding calf rearing practices, no pain relief before or after dehorning was used on 20/34 (59%) farms, calf bedding was removed infrequently (Assuntos
Colostro
, Indústria de Laticínios
, Animais
, Bovinos
, Fazendas
, Feminino
, Gravidez
, Inquéritos e Questionários
, Austrália Ocidental
RESUMO
1. The following study provides the first data on the detection and types of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from broiler chickens during processing and from six Taiwanese abattoir environments.2. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any cloacal (n = 120) or environmental (n = 256) samples collected before and during processing, indicating that faecal material and the environment of abattoirs were not important sources of L. monocytogenes for poultry carcases. However, 28 of 246 (11.4%; 95% CI: 7.7-16.0) rinse samples collected from carcases post-evisceration from three abattoirs were positive for L. monocytogenes.3. The only serotypes detected were 1/2a (82.1%; 95% CI: 63.1-93.9) and 1/2b (14.3%; 95% CI: 4.0-32.7), with 3.6% (95% CI: 0.1-18.3) non-typable isolates.4. Characterisation by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) identified five PFGE types, confirming cross-contamination with L. monocytogenes during evisceration, chilling and post-chilling.5. These findings highlight the potential for cross-contamination to occur through direct contact between carcases, especially whilst in chilling tanks.
Assuntos
Listeria monocytogenes , Matadouros , Animais , Galinhas , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/veterinária , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , TaiwanRESUMO
The prevalence and distribution of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) infection on camels in Somaliland were studied using the card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi). A total of 2575 camels were surveyed. The overall animal-level apparent (test) prevalence in Somaliland was 26.4%. The prevalence was highest in the Sahil Region (37.3%) followed by Togdheer (28.4%), Sanaag (27.4%), and Sool (26.2%). There was a significant difference in the seroprevalence between the regions (χ2 = 35.2, df = 1, P < 0.001) with the prevalence being significantly higher in Sahil than in Woqooyi Galbeed and Awdal, respectively. Camels from the eastern districts were two times more likely to be infected than camels from the western districts (P < 0.001). Herds in the coastal area were also more likely to be infected (37.0%) than herds from the inland areas (26.9%).The seroprevalence varied significantly between body condition score groups (P < 0.001) with the highest seroprevalence in camels of poor body condition (39.5%) and the lowest in camels of good body condition (18.4%) score. Animals in poor body condition were almost three times more likely to be positive than animals in good body condition (OR = 2.9; 95% CI 2.2, 3.8).
Assuntos
Camelus/parasitologia , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificação , Tripanossomíase/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Testes de Aglutinação/veterinária , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Somália/epidemiologia , Tripanossomíase/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is endemic to tropical regions of the world and is re-emerging as a new danger to public health in Malaysia. the purpose of this particular study was to determine the common leptospiral serovars present in human communities living around wildlife reserves/disturbed forest habitats. the objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis and finding infecting serovars in villages surrounded habitats where wildlife lives in Sarawak, Malaysia. METHODS: A cross-sectional serological survey of 198 humans was conducted in four villages around Kuching, Sarawak between January 2011 and March 2012. RESULTS: A seroprevalence of 35.9% (95%cI 29.2-43.0) to the MAt was detected in the tested humans. Antibodies to serovar Lepto 175 Sarawak were most commonly detected (31.3%; 95%cI 24.9-38.3) and were detected in individuals at all four locations. the presence of skin wounds (Or 3.1), farm animals (Or 2.5) and rats (Or 11.2) were all significantly associated with seropositivity in a multivariable logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS: the results of the current study are important as wildlife may act as reservoirs of leptospires for humans. Health authorities should expand disease control measures to minimise the spill-over from wildlife to humans visiting, living or working in the sampled locations. the pathogenic status of serovar Lepto 175 Sarawak also requires further investigation.
RESUMO
Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Malaysia and recently has received increasing attention mainly due to several recent incidents that have resulted in human mortality which have alarmed health professionals in Malaysia. The increasing incidence of leptospirosis in forested regions is associated with the bacteria infecting small wild mammals other than rats. Infection in wildlife could result in the introduction of new serovars to humans and domesticated animals. More research on leptospirosis and the screening of wildlife and humans near wildlife habitats is required to have a better understanding of the involvement of wildlife in the disease.
Assuntos
Leptospirose , Animais , Animais Selvagens/microbiologia , Vetores de Doenças , Humanos , Leptospirose/diagnóstico , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/microbiologia , Malásia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes among post-weaned calves aged between 4 and 12 months old within a pasture-based system of south west Australia and quantify the level of anthelmintic resistance. Pre-treatment FECs were monitored on 14 dairy farms. Anthelmintic resistance was assessed on 11 of the farms. Control FECs were compared with anthelmintic FECs at 14 days post-treatment with doramectin (injectable), levamisole (oral), fenbendazole (oral) and a levamisole/abamectin combination (pour-on). Results demonstrate a strong level of anthelmintic resistance, with at least one class of anthelmintic failing to achieve a 95% reduction in FEC in one or more gastrointestinal nematode species. Doramectin was fully effective against Ostertagia, but C. oncophora displayed resistance in 91% of the farms. Conversely, levamisole was fully effective against C. oncophora, but Ostertagia displayed resistance in 80% of the farms. Fenbendazole resistance was present in both C. onocphora and Ostertagia in 64% and 70% of the farms, respectively. Trichostrongylus showed low resistance, occurring in doramectin (14%) and levamisole/abamectin combination (14%). This study confirms that anthelmintic resistance is common. Regular FEC reduction testing is recommended to monitor and guide decision-making for appropriate anthelmintic usage.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos , Anti-Infecciosos , Nematoides , Infecções por Nematoides , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Bovinos , Resistência a Medicamentos , Fezes , Fenbendazol/uso terapêutico , Ivermectina/farmacologia , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Levamisol/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Austrália Ocidental/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the bacterial isolates associated with postpartum endometritis among dairy cows in Western Australia and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. A cross-sectional study was conducted between June-October 2020. Endometritis was defined as evidence of mucopurulent to purulent vaginal discharge 60-100 days postpartum. Vaginal discharge samples were obtained, cultured, identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 118 bacterial isolates were grown from 46 animals, representing 36 species. The bacteria isolated from both aerobic and anaerobic cultures included Bacillus (60.2%), Streptococcus (12.7%), Trueperella (10.1%), Escherichia (6.7%) and Staphylococcus (5.9%). The remaining genera <5% were Histophilus, Aeroccocus, Enterococcus and Moraxella. Resistance was variable between isolates, but the highest resistance levels were observed in Streptococcal and Bacillus isolates to enrofloxacin, clindamycin and erythromycin, respectively. All Streptococcal isolates exhibited 100% resistance to enrofloxacin, and the greatest resistance levels were found in Streptococcus luteinises to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 83%, clindamycin 66% and 33% quinupristin-dalfopristin. There was 84.5% resistance to clindamycin and 35.2% to erythromycin in the Bacillus isolates, with the highest resistance found in Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis. Escherichia coli exhibited 12.5% resistance to gentamycin, ceftiofur, whereas amoxicillin-clavulanic acid exhibited 37.5%. Within the Staphylococcal isolates, 28.5%, 28.5%, 42.8% and 14.2% resistance to ceftiofur, erythromycin, cefoxitin, penicillin and tetracycline were observed, respectively. The presence of resistance to important antimicrobials for human use, such as cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones, highlights the need for judicious use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle.
Assuntos
Endometrite , Descarga Vaginal , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bovinos , Clindamicina , Estudos Transversais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Endometrite/tratamento farmacológico , Endometrite/microbiologia , Endometrite/veterinária , Enrofloxacina , Eritromicina , Escherichia coli , Feminino , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Projetos Piloto , Staphylococcus , Streptococcus , Descarga Vaginal/tratamento farmacológico , Descarga Vaginal/veterinária , Austrália Ocidental/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Mastitis is an economically important production disease in the dairy industry worldwide. There is limited information on the aetiology of clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) in Australia's Mediterranean pasture-based production system. A prospective study was conducted in the south-west region of Western Australia to characterise the bacterial pathogens associated with CM and SCM cases and their associated antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. A total of 102 CM and 132 SCM milk samples were collected in twelve dairy farms between April 2020 and September 2020 recovering a total of 310 bacterial isolates. The isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial susceptibility to twelve antibiotics using the agar disk diffusion (ADD) method. The most common pathogens associated with CM was Bacillus spp. (35.29%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (22.55%), Pseudomonas spp. (19.61%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.78%), Escherichia coli (5.88%) and Streptococcus uberis (2.94%). The most common pathogens associated with SCM was CNS (44.70%), followed by Bacillus spp. (30.30%), S. aureus (20.45%), Strep. uberis (15.91%), coliforms (Citrobacter spp., Cronobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Kosakonia spp., Morganella spp., Serratia spp.) (9.86%), environmental Streptococci (6.06%) and E. coli (6.06%). Beta-lactams resistance was the most common resistance observed in the Staphylococcal isolates and a high proportion of Streptococcal isolates exhibited resistance to enrofloxacin. Overall, the proportion of bacterial pathogens isolated in this study was comparable to the figures reported in other studies in Australia. Future research should focus on risk factors and the determination of resistant genetic components among the common isolates.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Mastite Bovina , Mastite , Animais , Bovinos , Escherichia coli , Feminino , Mastite/veterinária , Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
Identifying and quantifying the relative frequency of involuntary losses is an essential first step in developing fit-for-purpose herd health programmes. The objective of this study was to provide an estimate of the relative frequency of reasons for mortality among south-west Western Australian beef and dairy cattle, based on necropsy findings from a university-based veterinary pathology referral centre over 38 years. A total of 904 cattle were submitted for postmortem examination throughout the study period. Gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary and reproductive conditions were the most common causes of mortality in cattle submitted for necropsy at Murdoch University for the period 1981-2018. In dairy cattle, the common problems were gastrointestinal (bloat, abomasal displacements) 18% (59/320), cardiovascular (traumatic reticulo-pericarditis) 9% (30/320) and respiratory conditions (pneumonia) 8% (27/320). In beef cattle, the most common conditions were gastrointestinal (bloat, rumen acidosis) 11% (39/358), reproductive (metritis) 11% (38/358), cardiovascular (traumatic reticulo-pericarditis) 7% (25/358), respiratory (pneumonia) 7% (24/358), lameness (fractures) 6%, (21/358) and hepatobiliary conditions (blue-green algae poisoning, hepatotoxicity) 6% (21/358). Selection bias and missing data were potential confounders in this study. Although necropsy investigations provide useful information on animal mortalities and avenues for future herd health programmes, there is a need to standardise data capture methods and disease definition criteria, and conduct more detailed recording of data both at the farm level and at necropsy diagnostic centres.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios , Animais , Austrália/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Austrália Ocidental/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPTI) in dairy calves in the south-west region of Western Australia herds. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 26/140 dairy farms and serum samples were collected from 495 healthy 2-7 day-old calves. A radial immunodiffusion (RID) test was used to determine the concentration of serum IgG and calves were classified as having FPTI if the IgG concentration was less than 10 mg/mL. Estimation of FPTI was also assessed using two indirect methods using serum total protein (STP) and a brix refractometer. The estimated prevalence of FPTI was found to be 8.7% (43 calves out of 495) by RID with the concentration of IgG ranging between 0 and 6.2 mg/ml. The STP was found to vary from 46 to 96 mg/mL and using a cut-off point of 55 mg/mL the calf level prevalence was estimated as 7.1% (33 calves). Using the brix refractometer, the prevalence was found to be 13.1% (65 calves) with the refractometer reading ranging 6-14% of IgG. In the present study there was no association between calf-level factors (age, sex and breed) and FPTI. There was a higher correlation of the RID test results and the STP results compared to the RID and brix refractometer results. It is concluded that the prevalence of FPTI in dairy calves in the south-west region of Western Australia is low (8.7%) and the brix refractometer is not a reliable indirect method for determining passive transfer of immunity to calves.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Colostro , Imunização Passiva , Imunoglobulina G , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Bovinos/imunologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Imunização Passiva/veterinária , Gravidez , Prevalência , Austrália Ocidental/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Gastrointestinal (GIT) parasite infections result in significant economic losses to ruminant livestock production. To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with GIT parasite infections in livestock from Ghana, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in cattle and small ruminants kept under different management systems in the Coastal Savannah zone from October 2014 to February 2015. Faecal samples were collected from 328 cattle and 502 small ruminants (sheep and goats) and examined by formal ether concentration microscopy. The management systems and environmental conditions of the farm or household were observed, and a questionnaire administered to the livestock owners. Overall, 90.8% (754/830) of livestock were infected with at least one of ten different parasites (Eimeria, Strongylid nematodes, Toxocara, Trichuris, Schistosoma, Dicrocoelium, Paramphistomum, Fasciola, Moniezia and Thysaniezia), with Eimeria the most prevalent (78.4%). Most (64.5%) livestock had coinfections with two to five parasites with parasite intensity mostly light and at least one parasite was found in 98.6% (140/142) of the herds. Binary logistic regression models were generated to assess the risk factors associated with infection. Earthen floor was positively associated with strongylid infection, multiple ruminant species with Paramphistomum infection and flock size (>25 animal) with Thysaniezia, Dicrocoelium and Fasciola infections. Separating young animals from older animals was negatively associated with Strongylid infection, feed supplementation with Thysaniezia infection and small ruminant species with Paramphistomum and Toxocara infections. The findings from this study suggests that good sanitation, proper husbandry practices and improved nutrition can improve livestock health and production in Ghana.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Ruminantes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Estudos Transversais , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Gana/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Cabras , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Gado , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
A cross-sectional study was undertaken to better understand the husbandry, management and biosecurity practices of pig farms in Guangdong Province (GD), China to identify risk factors for farmer reported swine influenza (SI) on their farms. Questionnaires were administered to 153 owners/managers of piggeries (average of 7 from each of the 21 prefectures in GD). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for farmer reported SI in piggeries during the six months preceding the questionnaire administration. The ability of wild birds to enter piggeries (OR 2.50, 95% CI: 1.01-6.16), the presence of poultry on a pig-farm (OR 3.24, 95% CI: 1.52-6.94) and no biosecurity measures applied to workers before entry to the piggery (OR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.04-6.78) were found to increase the likelihood of SI being reported by farmers in a multivariable logistic regression model. The findings of this study highlight the importance of understanding the local pig industry and the practices adopted when developing control measures to reduce the risk of SI to pig farms.
Assuntos
Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Comércio , Fazendeiros , Humanos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Meios de TransporteRESUMO
This paper reports on a retrospective study of the antibody responses to structural and non-structural proteins of FMD virus O Taiwan 97 in six pig herds in Taiwan in the year after the 1997 Taiwanese FMD outbreak. All herds were vaccinated against FMD after the outbreak as part of the countrywide control program. Three of the herds had confirmed FMD infections (herds N, O and P) and three herds remained non-infected (herds K, L and M). The serum neutralizing antibody titers and the non-structural protein ELISA (NSP) antibody responses in sows and 1-month-old pigs in the infected herds were higher than in the non-infected herds, but over time a number of positive NSP reactors were detected. From the serological studies and the herd monitoring and investigations it was considered that the FMD NSP positive reactors may not have constituted a true reservoir of FMD virus infection especially in herds where susceptible pigs were no longer present post-exposure or post-vaccination. Pigs vaccinated with an unpurified FMD type O vaccines being used at that time also showed false positive responses for NSP antibodies.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais , Antígenos Virais , Febre Aftosa/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Taiwan/epidemiologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the current status of rural veterinary services in Western Australia. PROCEDURE: A questionnaire was sent to all eligible rural practitioners registered in 2006 and the replies were transferred to Microsoft Excel for analysis. RESULTS: Of the rural practitioners invited to participate in the survey replies were received from 67%. There were equal numbers of females and males. Their mean age was 44 years. Ninety per cent of respondents considered knowledge gained as an undergraduate was sufficient to equip them for practice, but only 60% considered their practical skills adequate. Thirteen per cent of those in rural practices in 2005 had left by 2006. Eighty-nine per cent of respondents were in mixed practice, the balance in specific species practice, such as equine, large animal and production animal consultancy. The majority of rural practitioners relied on servicing companion animals for their viability; 7% earned their income from servicing production animals only. Seventy per cent utilised merchandising and the sale of pet foods to supplement the income received from the traditional veterinary services and 34% found it necessary to earn an independent income. A quarter considered that rural practice did not have a future. CONCLUSION: The majority of rural practitioners in Western Australia depend on companion animals, not production animals, to remain viable, with very few operating production animal services. Poor remuneration is a major reason why veterinarians leave rural practice, and many find it necessary to supplement their income or develop an independent income.
Assuntos
Escolha da Profissão , Educação em Veterinária/normas , Satisfação no Emprego , Serviços de Saúde Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Médicos Veterinários/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicina Veterinária , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Consultores , Feminino , Humanos , Renda , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prática Profissional , Serviços de Saúde Rural/normas , Serviços de Saúde Rural/tendências , População Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Médicos Veterinários/economia , Médicos Veterinários/psicologia , Medicina Veterinária/economia , Medicina Veterinária/métodos , Medicina Veterinária/tendências , Austrália OcidentalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the status of rural veterinary services in Western Australia. PROCEDURE: Two questionnaires were mailed to eligible, registered veterinary surgeons in Western Australia in 2006. The first was mailed to government veterinarians and the second to private practitioners in rural practice. Part A presents the replies from government veterinary officers and Part B the replies from rural practitioners. Replies were transferred to Microsoft Excel for analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-seven per cent of government veterinary officers responded to the questionnaire. Eighty per cent of these had been in the service for 20 years or more and their average age was 54. Work with sheep and beef cattle occupied 75% of their time, with dairy cattle receiving 10% and pigs and poultry less than 10%. The majority of respondents reported changes in the attitude of farmers to the service as a result of rural recessions and the decision to make a direct charge for government veterinary services. Although most respondents thought that the government veterinary service would continue in the future there were differences of opinion as to what form that would take. CONCLUSION: Government veterinary services in Western Australia are undergoing major changes, with the service decreasing in size and scope. Recently the Department of Agriculture has been renamed the Department of Agriculture and Food and it is likely that the role of its veterinary officers will change accordingly.
Assuntos
Papel Profissional , Médicos Veterinários/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicina Veterinária/organização & administração , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Atenção à Saúde/economia , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Feminino , Financiamento Governamental , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Serviços de Saúde Rural/economia , Serviços de Saúde Rural/organização & administração , Inquéritos e Questionários , Medicina Veterinária/economia , Austrália Ocidental , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
Accumulation of a pure transudate abdominal effusion in the absence of significant hypoalbuminaemia is uncommon in dogs and is due to pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension. Reported causes of pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension vary, but suggest a reasonable prognosis. A retrospective analysis of 17 dogs that presented to our institution with ascites due to pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension identified idiopathic hepatic fibrosis or canine chronic hepatitis as the underlying cause in the majority of cases. Twelve (70.5%) dogs were 4 years of age or younger at time of presentation. Total serum protein was higher in dogs with chronic hepatitis than it was in dogs without inflammatory disease. The prognosis was generally poor and no histological, imaging or biochemical parameters were useful as prognostic indicators. Dogs died or were euthanased due to severe clinical signs associated with the portal hypertension and/or perceived poor prognosis.
Assuntos
Ascite/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Portal/veterinária , Hepatopatias/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Animais , Ascite/etiologia , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Feminino , Hipertensão Portal/complicações , Hipertensão Portal/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Portal/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Fígado/patologia , Hepatopatias/complicações , Hepatopatias/diagnóstico , Hepatopatias/patologia , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterise the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and pulmonary function testing with histamine bronchoprovocation (HBP) methods in a population of clinically normal horses. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study METHODS: Clinically normal adult horses (n = 33) underwent pulmonary function testing and HBP with a commercial flowmetric plethysmography system. BAL was performed 1-5 days later. Statistical analysis was used to assess associations between BALF cell concentration, relative inflammatory cell percentages and categorisation, and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR). RESULTS: AHR (PC35 ≤ 8 mg/mL) was demonstrated in 17 (52%) of the horses. Using current definitions, BALF cytology was consistent with inflammatory airway disease in 14 (42%) of the horses and 7 of those demonstrated either mastocytic and/or eosinophilic responses. There was no correlation between total inflammatory cell counts or relative percentage and AHR. No statistical association was found between BALF inflammatory cell categories and AHR. CONCLUSION: A direct association between cytological evidence of airway inflammation and AHR was not identified in this population of clinically normal horses. Determining the presence and measuring inflammatory cell mediators in BALF may more accurately reflect AHR. In addition, normal values for cell proportions in BALF may vary between different populations of horses and more appropriate regional reference ranges should be established.
Assuntos
Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Inflamação/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Respiratória/veterinária , Animais , Asma/diagnóstico , Lavagem Broncoalveolar/veterinária , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Histamina , Cavalos , Inflamação/diagnóstico , Masculino , Mastócitos , Testes de Função Respiratória/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Respiratória/diagnóstico , Sistema RespiratórioRESUMO
Three commercialized ELISA kits for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus were compared, using sera from uninfected, vaccinated, challenged and naturally infected pigs. The kinetics of the antibody response to NSPs was compared on sequential serum samples in swine from challenge studies and outbreaks. The results showed that ELISA A (UBI) and ELISA B (CEDI) had better sensitivity than that of the 3ABC recombinant protein-based ELISA C (Chekit). The peak for detection of antibodies to NSPs in ELISA C was significantly delayed in sera from natural infection and challenged swine as compared to the ELISA A and B. The sensitivity of the three ELISAs gradually declined during the 6-month post-infection as antibodies to NSP decline. ELISA kits A and B detected NSP antibody in 50% of challenged pigs by the 9-10th-day and 7-8th-day post-challenge, respectively. ELISA B and C had better specificity than ELISA A on sequential serum samples obtained from swine immunized with a type O FMD vaccine commercially available in Taiwan. Antibody to NSPs before vaccination was not detected in swine not exposed to FMD virus, however, antibody to NSPs was found in sera of some pigs after vaccination. All assays had significantly lower specificity when testing sera from repeatedly vaccinated sows and finishers in 1997 that were tested after the 1997 FMD outbreak. However, when testing sera from repeatedly vaccinated sows or finishers in 2003-2004, the specificity for ELISAs A, B and C were significantly better than those in 1997. This effect was less marked for ELISA A. The ELISA B was the best test in terms of the highest sensitivity and specificity and the lowest reactivity with residual NSP in vaccinates.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Febre Aftosa/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/normas , Febre Aftosa/sangue , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico/veterinária , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Taiwan , Vacinas ViraisRESUMO
This study reports on the epidemiology of Babesia gibsoni in American Pit Bull Terriers living in a region of western Victoria in southern Australia. Both American Pit Bull Terriers (n = 100) and other dog breeds (n = 51) were screened for B gibsoni using immunofluorescent antibody testing (IFAT) and/or polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). A questionnaire was also completed by each dog owner, ascertaining the husbandry and habits of the dogs sampled. Fourteen dogs were positive for B gibsoni using IFAT and/or PCR-RFLP and all were American Pit Bull Terriers. Dogs that were male and/or had been bitten by or were biters of other American Pit Bull Terriers were more likely to be B gibsoni positive, thus suggesting that blood-to-blood transmission contributes to the spread of this disease between dogs.