Proximity to Cannabis Retailers and Recent Cannabis Use among a Diverse Sample of California Adolescents.

Background: As of May 2023, 23 states and Washington, DC have legalized the sale of cannabis for adults aged 21+, and 38 states, three territories, and D.C. have legalized medical cannabis. Exposure to cannabis retailers could increase adolescent cannabis use. Few studies have examined the impact of residential proximity to cannabis retailers on adolescent cannabis use, and previous findings are inconsistent. Methods: This study examined associations between proximity to cannabis retailers and past 30-day cannabis use. Data were from Project Cal Teens, a statewide survey of California adolescents regarding cannabis-related opinions/behaviors (N = 1406, mean age = 15.5 years, 48% female, 38% Hispanic/Latinx, 33% White, 15% Asian/Pacific Islander, 10% Black/African American, 5% Other/Multiracial). Participants were recruited via schools/social media in 2018-2020. Results: For every additional 5 driving miles to the nearest cannabis retailer, the risk of past 30-day cannabis use was reduced by 3.6% [IRR: 0.964; 95% CI: 0.935-0.994]. For every additional 5 miles from a licensed retailer, the risk of past 30-day cannabis use was reduced by 4.3% [IRR: 0.957; 95% CI: 0.926-0.989]. Interaction analyses revealed that among Hispanic/Latinx students, every 5 miles from a licensed retailer was associated with an 11.9% reduction in the risk of past 30-day cannabis use [IRR: 0.881; 95% CI: 0.820-0.945]. Conclusions: As the number of cannabis retailers in the U.S. increases with the continued legalization of adult cannabis use, research examining the effects of these policies on underage use is crucial. Interventions could include enforcement of zoning laws in/near residential areas to reduce accessibility of adolescents to cannabis retailers.

Surveying Adolescents During a Pandemic: Comparison of Adolescents Recruited via Social Media vs. Schools.

School-based surveys of adolescents can be logistically difficult and exclude students who do not attend school. Social media recruitment could be a promising strategy to recruit representative samples of adolescents. However, few studies have compared adolescent survey data collected via different methodologies. Our team was conducting a school-based survey when the COVID-19 pandemic closed all schools, necessitating a shift to online adolescent recruitment. To achieve our goal of obtaining a sample of high school students throughout California, we placed ads on social media. We compared the adolescents recruited in schools with those recruited on social media on demographic characteristics, mental health, and substance use. The sample of students recruited in schools (N = 737) and adolescents recruited via social media (N = 953) did not differ significantly on gender or substance use. However, compared with school-based recruitment, social media recruitment yielded a higher proportion of boys, whites, and Asians and a lower proportion of girls, Hispanic/Latinx adolescents, and those who spoke other languages at home. The social media sample had significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms and perceived stress than the school-based sample. Results indicate that social media can be useful for recruiting adolescents for survey research, especially if strategies such as Spanish-language social media ads are used to recruit and consent Hispanic/Latinx adolescents and those with non-English-speaking parents. This method could potentially replace school-based surveys in cases where schools are unwilling to participate in research, or it could be used to supplement school-based samples. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed.

Adverse childhood experiences and sleep difficulties among young adult college students.

Although adverse childhood experiences (traumatic events such as maltreatment and household dysfunction) are associated with increased risk for sleep difficulties among adults, the association between adverse childhood experiences and poor sleep health among young adult college populations is understudied. This study examined the adverse childhood experience-sleep health (self-reported sleep difficulty and diagnosis of insomnia or "other" sleep disorder) association among college students. Data are from the 2018/2019 American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA-II) survey administered at public universities in California (n = 3606) and Texas (n = 407). Logistic regression models investigated the relative effect of adverse childhood experiences (maltreatment only, household dysfunction only, and maltreatment + household dysfunction) on three sleep health indicators. Approximately 40% of the sample reported adverse childhood experiences: 11% maltreatment only, 14% household dysfunction only, and 17% both. Compared with students with no adverse childhood experience history, students who reported only household dysfunction or only maltreatment had higher odds of experiencing sleep difficulty in the past year [adjusted odds ratios: 1.52-2.40; 95% confidence intervals: 1.26-2.97]. Additionally, students who reported maltreatment only had 2.47 times the odds of receiving an insomnia diagnosis [95% confidence interval: 1.52, 4.01]. However, students who reported both had higher odds of all three sleep health indicators: past-year sleep difficulty, insomnia diagnosis, and "other" sleep disorder diagnosis [adjusted odds ratios: 2.53-3.10; 95% confidence intervals: 1.51-4.66]. Sleep is an important facet of health among the college student population, and plays a crucial role in overall well-being, psychosocial processes, attention and academic success. Results point toward a need for sleep health programmes and interventions on college campuses focused on healthy sleep behaviours in order to mitigate further negative health effects.

Associations between Local Jurisdiction Ordinances and Current Use of Cannabis Products in California Adolescents.

PURPOSE: Cannabis use among adolescents may have detrimental effects and use among this age group is increasing. It is important to understand how expansion of laws permitting cannabis sales may impact adolescent use. Much of the current research has explored how state-level policy decisions may impact adolescents' use behaviors; however, there is a gap in the understanding of how differences in local jurisdictional policies may also influence underage cannabis use.Procedures: The present study cross-sectionally assesses local variation in cannabis policies to explore the potential effects of local policy on underage use behaviors. Data were collected from (N = 1,573) adolescents representing 120 different localities across California, collected as a part of Project Cal Teens. Linear regression models were used to assess associations between local jurisdiction's allowance of retail sale of cannabis for adult-use and past 30-day use of non-medical (adult use) cannabis and perceived access to cannabis products. FINDINGS: Local policy allowing cannabis retail was associated with adolescents' significantly higher past 30-day use of cannabis (ß = 0.25 95% CI = 0.08, 0.42) and perceived access (ß = 0.60 95% CI = 0.27, 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the impact of local cannabis policies on adolescent cannabis use and perception. Considering the effects of cannabis use on adolescent development, this is an important public health concern because 14 states have already legalized recreational retail sales and growing numbers of local jurisdictions are allowing the retail sale of recreational cannabis.

Associations between network-level acculturation, individual-level acculturation, and substance use among Hispanic adolescents.

Acculturation is associated with substance use behaviors in Hispanic adolescents. However, there is limited research determining whether the individual's friends' acculturation patterns also influence substance use. Tenth-grade students (N = 970) participated in Project RED, a study of substance use and social networks among Hispanic youth in Southern California. Acculturation and substance use data from both the respondent and their nominated friends were regressed on lifetime cigarette use, marijuana use, and alcohol use controlling for sibling substance use, sex, depressive symptoms, and network measures. Respondent's Hispanic orientation was significantly associated with lower odds of both cigarette and marijuana use, whereas respondent's friends' US orientation was associated with higher odds of cigarette use. When controlling for network-level acculturation, individual-level U.S. orientation was not associated with substance use. Participants who nominated more friends had lower odds of cigarette use. Among this sample of Hispanic adolescents, affiliating with U.S.-oriented friends was associated with a higher risk for smoking. Substance use prevention efforts should consider encouraging Hispanic youth to maintain their cultural heritage and foster friendship groups that support abstinence and promote Hispanic and bicultural identity.

Childhood Trauma and Prescription Drug Misuse in a College Population.

INTRODUCTION: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) predict health-compromising behaviors such as substance use. However, few studies have examined the association between ACE and prescription drug misuse among young adults-a growing public health concern. College students are especially vulnerable to prescription drug misuse due to social and academic stressors. This study investigated associations between ACE and prescription drug misuse (e.g., antidepressants, opiates, sedatives and stimulants) among a diverse college population, as well as gender and racial/ethnic variations in these associations. Methods: Data are from the 2018 American College Health Association's National College Health Assessment II (N = 3899) at a large, diverse university in California. Logistic regression models assessed the association between ACE and prescription drug misuse adjusting for gender and race/ethnicity and explored gender and racial/ethnic differences in the ACE/prescription drug misuse association. Results: ACE was associated with misuse of all prescription drugs. Due to significant effect modification by ethnicity in the relationship between ACE and stimulant misuse (p < 0.05), models were stratified by race/ethnicity. Every additional ACE was associated with an increase in adjusted odds of stimulant use among students identifying as Asian/Pacific Islander (API) and Hispanic, but not Whites. Conclusions: This study contributes to the mounting evidence regarding the importance of ACE screening and the use of campus-based prevention programs. This study also suggests programs should be tailored to address cultural variation.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Applications for Achilles Tendon Repair: A Bridge between Biology and Surgery.

Achilles tendon ruptures are very common tendon ruptures and their incidence is increasing in modern society, resulting in work incapacity and months off sport, which generate a need for accelerated and successful therapeutic repair strategy. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is emerging as adjuvant human blood-derived constructs to assist Achilles tendon rupture treatment. However, myriad PRP preparation methods in conjunction with poor standardization in the modalities of their applications impinge on the consistent effectiveness of clinical and structural outcomes regarding their therapeutic efficacy. The purpose of this review is to provide some light on the application of PRP for Achilles tendon ruptures. PRP has many characteristics that make it an attractive treatment. Elements such as the inclusion of leukocytes and erythrocytes within PRP, the absence of activation and activation ex vivo or in vivo, the modality of application, and the adjustment of PRP pH can influence the biology of the applied product and result in misleading therapeutic conclusions. The weakest points in demonstrating their consistent effectiveness are primarily the result of myriad PRP preparation methods and the poor standardization of modalities for their application. Selecting the right biological scaffold and applying it correctly to restitutio ad integrum of ruptured Achilles tendons remains a daunting and complex task.

Rationale for the clinical use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for COVID-19 patients.

In late 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, capital city of Hubei province in China. Cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection quickly grew by several thousand per day. Less than 100 days later, the World Health Organization declared that the rapidly spreading viral outbreak had become a global pandemic. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is typically associated with fever and respiratory symptoms. It often progresses to severe respiratory distress and multi-organ failure which carry a high mortality rate. Older patients or those with medical comorbidities are at greater risk for severe disease. Inflammation, pulmonary edema and an over-reactive immune response can lead to hypoxia, respiratory distress and lung damage. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) possess potent and broad-ranging immunomodulatory activities. Multiple in vivo studies in animal models and ex vivo human lung models have demonstrated the MSC's impressive capacity to inhibit lung damage, reduce inflammation, dampen immune responses and aid with alveolar fluid clearance. Additionally, MSCs produce molecules that are antimicrobial and reduce pain. Upon administration by the intravenous route, the cells travel directly to the lungs where the majority are sequestered, a great benefit for the treatment of pulmonary disease. The in vivo safety of local and intravenous administration of MSCs has been demonstrated in multiple human clinical trials, including studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recently, the application of MSCs in the context of ongoing COVID-19 disease and other viral respiratory illnesses has demonstrated reduced patient mortality and, in some cases, improved long-term pulmonary function. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), an abundant type of MSC, are proposed as a therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19 in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. Additionally, when proven to be safe and effective, ASC treatments may reduce the demand on critical hospital resources. The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in significant healthcare and socioeconomic burdens across the globe. There is a desperate need for safe and effective treatments. Cellular based therapies hold great promise for the treatment of COVID-19. This literature summary reviews the scientific rationale and need for clinical studies of adipose-derived stem cells and other types of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of patients who suffer with COVID-19.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health Indicators in a Young Adult, College Student Sample: Differences by Gender.

BACKGROUND: The original Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study demonstrated strong, graded relationships between child maltreatment and household dysfunction and adult health status. The present study re-examined these relationships in a sample of young adult, college students to better characterize the developmental timing of health problems related to ACE exposure and differences by biological sex. METHOD: A cross-sectional general health questionnaire that included items on ACE was administered to young adults (ages 18-29) at universities in California (n = 3880), Minnesota (n = 7708), and Texas (n = 451) between 2017 and 2018. Seven ACE were assessed: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence between parents; or living with household members who were substance misusers, mentally ill, or ever imprisoned. Binary health indicators were regressed on number of ACE as 0 (referent), 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more using logistic regression controlling for age, biological sex, race/ethnicity, and site. RESULTS: Approximately 51.7% of the sample reported at least one ACE with a significantly higher rate among Texas participants (p < 0.001). We observed graded relationships between levels of ACE exposure and physical, mental, and behavioral health indicators including cigarette use, e-cigarette use, drinking and driving, obesity, lifetime depression, suicide ideation and attempt, non-suicidal self-injury, and lack of restful sleep. ACE-exposed females reported worse mental health status than ACE-exposed males while males reported more substance use than females. Most outcomes did not vary significantly by sex. CONCLUSION: The strong, graded relationships observed between ACE exposure and health status among young adults reinforce the need for trauma-informed intervention programs on college campuses.

The Role of Familial Incarceration and Ethnic Identity in Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt: Findings from a Longitudinal Study of Latinx Young Adults in California.

Suicide is a leading cause of death among young adults; however, contextual risks and cultural factors are rarely studied in the context of ethnic minority suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal attempt (SA). This study assessed the association between familial incarceration and suicide behaviors and examined ethnic identity as a potential moderator. Data from a longitudinal study of health among Hispanics (n = 1,094) in California were used to test associations between familial incarceration, ethnic identity, and SA and SI, adjusting for demographic factors and covariates. Approximately 18% and 8% of respondents reported SI and SA, respectively. Compared to no incarceration, or the incarceration of a relative, parental incarceration was associated with higher odds (AOR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.23-3.34) of SI whereas higher affective ethnic identity reduced the odds (AOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31-0.89) of SA. Ethnic identity moderated the association between parental incarceration and SI (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13-0.79). Incarceration of a family member can set the stage for exclusion from critical institutions and can have long-term consequences for adult mental health. Promoting a positive ethnic identity may be a promising prevention strategy that could bolster resilience among at-risk, urban minority youth.

Attitudes and barriers associated with seasonal influenza vaccination uptake among public health students; a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although research has explored influenza vaccination uptake among medical and college students, there is a dearth of research in understanding influenza vaccination uptake and attitudes toward the vaccine among future public health practitioners. Undergraduate public health students represent future public health practitioners who may be a significant educational resource for health information, including the importance of vaccinations. METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized survey data from 158 undergraduate public health students attending a large public university in Southern California. The survey assessed public health students' attitudes and beliefs towards the seasonal influenza vaccine and seasonal vaccination rates among this population. RESULTS: Over 88% of respondents reported having been encouraged to receive the seasonal influenza vaccine, while only 43.0% reported receipt. Of the students who reported not receiving the vaccine, 49.4% believed it may give them the flu, 30.4% believed there may be dangerous side effects, and 28.9% believed they were not at risk for contracting the flu. Access to health care practitioners (OR: 3.947, 95% CI [1.308-11.906]) and social encouragement (OR: 3.139, 95% CI [1.447-6.811]) were significantly associated with receipt of the seasonal influenza vaccine. CONCLUSION: As public health program curriculum includes information about seasonal influenza vaccination and 68% of the sample were seniors soon to be exiting the program with an undergraduate degree in public health education, this low seasonal influenza vaccination rate is disturbing. This study may add to the body of data demonstrating how knowledge of the vaccine does not always guarantee vaccine uptake. Results of the current study suggest that it may be beneficial to provide additional information targeted to public health students, aimed at mediating safety concerns and increasing social pressure to assist in improving vaccine acceptance and rates in this population. Maximizing seasonal influenza vaccination uptake by addressing attitudes, barriers and misperceptions may not only improve vaccination rates among public health students, but also in communities served by these future public health practitioners.

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Acculturation, and Risky Sexual Behaviors in Hispanic Young Adults: Findings from Project RED.

While adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are well-documented predictors of maladaptive behaviors in adulthood, including risky sexual behaviors (RSB), the influence of acculturation in this association remains unknown. Although Hispanics are a rapidly growing population in the United States and are disproportionately affected by adverse sexual health outcomes, there is a paucity of research examining the interplay of ACE, acculturation, and RSB in this population. We observed the ACE-RSB association and how this relationship varies across U.S. and Hispanic acculturation levels, in a sample of Hispanic young adults (n = 715). Data for this study were from Project RED, a longitudinal study of Hispanic health. We ran regression models to test associations between ACE (0, 1-3, 4+) and several RSB (e.g., early sexual initiation (≤14 years), condomless sex, lifetime sexual partners, and alcohol/drug use before intercourse), and assessed moderation by U.S./Hispanic acculturation. Compared with those without ACE, individuals with 4 + ACE had higher odds of early sexual initiation (AOR: 2.23), alcohol/drug use before last intercourse (AOR: 2.31), and condomless sex (AOR: 1.66), as well as a higher number of lifetime sexual partners (ß: 0.60). For those reporting 4 + ACE, high U.S. acculturation was protective in the association between ACE and using alcohol/drugs before intercourse. Future research implications are discussed.

Clinical Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of a Central Current Good Manufacturing Practices Laboratory Produced Autologous Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cell Therapy Product for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent condition characterized by the progressive deterioration of the entire joint and has emerged as a prominent contributor to disability on a global scale. The nature of the disease and its impact on joint function significantly limit mobility and daily activities, highlighting its substantial influence on patients' overall well-being. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a heterogenous, autologous cell product, containing mesenchymal stem cells, derived from the patient's subcutaneous adipose tissue with demonstrated safety and efficacy in the treatment of KOA patients. We conducted a single-arm, open-label, multisite, FDA approved clinical study in Kellgren-Lawrence severity grade 2-4 KOA patients. The cellular product was manufactured from patient-specific lipoaspirate in a centrally located FDA-compliant manufacturing facility. Twenty-nine subjects were treated with a quality tested single intra-articular injection of GMP manufactured SVF. Adverse events, laboratory values, vital signs, and physical examination findings were monitored during the study period. Robust tolerability, without any substantial safety issues, was demonstrated. Knee pain and function, assessed through the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), demonstrated notable improvements. These positive benefits persisted for up to 12 months, and the majority of participants expressed satisfaction. SVF from each patient was stored in a liquid nitrogen freezer for future clinical treatments. Unique to this study of autologous cells is the shipment of lipoaspirate from the clinic to a central FDA-compliant manufacturing facility for cleanroom-controlled manufacturing. The cell product characterization data demonstrate that this method produces an equivalent product in terms of cell count and viability with the added benefit of further quality assurance testing, including sterility, endotoxin, and flow cytometry, before patient administration. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT04043819.

A Scoping Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Negative Cannabis Use Consequences.

Objective: Numerous reviews have examined risk and protective factors for alcohol-related negative consequences, but no equivalent review of risk and protective factors exists for cannabis-related negative consequences (CRNCs)-a gap filled by the present study. This scoping review examined survey-based research of risk and protective factors for CRNCs such as neglecting responsibilities, blacking out, or needing more cannabis. Methods: Three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) were searched for peer-reviewed manuscripts published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2021. A qualitative synthesis was performed using the matrix method and the results were organized using the socioecological model as a framework. Results: Eighty-three studies were included in the review. There was considerable variation in measures and operationalizations of CRNCs across studies. Risk factors were identified in the intrapersonal (depression, social anxiety, PTSD, impulsivity, sensation seeking, motives, expectancies), interpersonal/community (trauma, victimization, family and peer substance use, social norms), and social/policy (education, employment, community attachment, legalization, availability of substances) domains of influence. Protective behavioral strategies were a robust protective factor for CRNCs. Males consistently reported more CRNCs than females, but there were no differences observed across race. Conclusions: Future research should identify person- and product-specific patterns of CRNCs to refine theoretical models of cannabis misuse and addiction. Public health interventions to reduce the risk of negative consequences from cannabis should consider utilizing multilevel interventions to attenuate the cumulative risk from a combination of psychological, contextual, and social influences.

Preparing for the next outbreak: A review of indices measuring outbreak preparedness, vulnerability, and resilience.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for relevant metrics describing the resources and community attributes that affect the impact of communicable disease outbreaks. Such tools can help inform policy, assess change, and identify gaps to potentially reduce the negative outcomes of future outbreaks. The present review was designed to identify available indices to assess communicable disease outbreak preparedness, vulnerability, or resilience, including articles describing an index or scale developed to address disasters or emergencies which could be applied to addressing a future outbreak. This review assesses the landscape of indices available, with a particular focus on tools assessing local-level attributes. This systematic review yielded 59 unique indices applicable to assessing communicable disease outbreaks through the lens of preparedness, vulnerability, or resilience. However, despite the large number of tools identified, only 3 of these indices assessed factors at the local level and were generalizable to different types of outbreaks. Given the influence of local resources and community attributes on a wide range of communicable disease outcomes, there is a need for local-level tools that can be applied broadly to various types of outbreaks. Such tools should assess both current and long-term changes in outbreak preparedness with the intent to identify gaps, inform local-level decision makers, public policy, and future response to current and novel outbreaks.

E-Cigarette-Related Health Beliefs Expressed on Twitter Within the U.S.

Introduction: This mixed-methods study analyzed English-language U.S.-based Twitter posts related to E-cigarette use from February 2021. Methods: Posts were manually identified as health-related or not and, if health-related, whether they were posted by an E-cigarette user. A random selection of 1,000 health-related tweets from 986 unique E-cigarette users were qualitatively content analyzed for theory of planned behavior constructs as well as nature and tone of each tweet message. Using quantitative semantic network analysis, relationships among the identified topics and sentiment-specific conversation patterns were explored. Results: The most salient health-related conversation topics of E-cigarette users, health beliefs corresponding to each theory of planned behavior construct, and major motivational contexts of E-cigarette use were identified. Seven topics emerged in positive tweets: smoking cessation, social impact generation, controls over addiction, therapeutic effects on physical and mental health, social support, device attachment, and peer influence. Nine topics emerged in negative tweets: side effects on physical health, vaping addiction, lack of E-cigarette regulations, peer pressure, increased risk of COVID-19, side effects on mental health, no help in smoking cessation, social conflict, and polysubstance use. Most assertions for E-cigarette benefits were not substantiated. Jokes in tweets appeared to contribute to the view of vaping as an attractive, enjoyable, safe, and fun activity. Discussions about positive aspects of E-cigarette use were concentrated on a few related topics, whereas tweets discouraging E-cigarette use presented a diverse, less related set of topics. Conclusions: The results provide insights into the drivers of E-cigarette use behaviors. E-cigarette user perspectives gathered from social media may inform research to guide future prevention and cessation interventions.

The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use Trajectories and the Moderating Role of Social Support.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have a strong association with alcohol and drug use; however, more research is needed to identify protective factors for this association. The present study assesses the longitudinal impact of ACE on problematic alcohol and drug use and the potential moderating effect of perceived social support. Data (n = 1404) are from a sample of Hispanic youth surveyed in high school through young adulthood. Linear growth curve models assessed the effect of ACE and perceived social support over time on problematic alcohol and drug use. Results indicated youth with ACE (vs. those without ACE) report more problematic alcohol and drug use in adolescence and have increased rates into young adulthood. Additionally, findings suggest that social support in high school may moderate the effects of ACE on problematic use over time. Among youth with high levels of support, the association of ACE with problematic alcohol and drug use was diminished. Although ACE can have a persistent impact on problematic alcohol and drug use from adolescence into adulthood, high social support during adolescence may mitigate the negative effects of ACE, lowering early problematic alcohol and drug use, offering the potential for lasting benefits.

Changes in smoking prevalence and perception of smoking on campus before and after a smoke-free university campus policy.

ObjectiveTo examine whether policies prohibiting smoking on college campuses contribute to greater decreases in smoking. Participants: This study compares smoking prevalence and perceptions of prevalence pre/post a smoking ban enacted in 2015 by using repeated cross-sectional surveys administered at a university in 2011 (n = 1.548), 2013 (n = 3.657), 2015 (n = 3.456), 2016 (n = 2.575), and 2018 (n = 4.600). Methods: Regression models evaluated trends in prevalence with a spline term to evaluate differences after the smoking ban. Results: Before the ban, the prevalence of any past 30-day smoking decreased each survey period (AOR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.85, 0.97); after the ban, a significantly greater decrease was observed (AOR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.74, 0.83). Similar patterns were observed specifically for cigarette use as well as students' perceptions of the proportion of the student body who use tobacco and nicotine products. Stratified analysis identified that pre/post declines were largest in the youngest age category. Conclusions: Results support the effectiveness of campus-based antismoking policies.

Effects of multiple adverse childhood experiences on substance use in young adults: A review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), including maltreatment and household dysfunction, are consistent predictors of health compromising behaviors in adulthood. While most ACE studies have focused on adults, there is an emerging body of research focusing on young adulthood. METHODS: This review describes research focused on the relationship between ACE and substance use among young adults. Two databases were searched for studies published from 1998 to 2021 that assess the relationship between ACE and substance use among young adults. Of the 1474 articles identified in the search, 43 met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Consensus across reviewed studies is that the relationship between ACE and substance use demonstrated in the general adult population is evident in young adults, although effects varied by demographic variables such as gender and ethnic background. CONCLUSIONS: The need for standardized measures across studies, racial/ethnic considerations, and the importance of building trauma informed prevention programs targeting this age group are discussed.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence; Findings From a Community Sample of Hispanic Young Adults.

In the United States, a substantial proportion of the adult population (36% of women and 34% of men) from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds report experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) over the life course. Family risk factors have been linked to adolescent and young adult IPV involvement, yet few studies have examined the effect of multiple, co-occurring adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the stability and change of IPV behaviors over young adulthood-the period of highest risk for IPV. We investigated the relationship between the degree of ACE exposure and IPV victimization and perpetration at age 22 and two years later at age 24 among a sample of Hispanic young adults (N= 1,273) in Southern California. Negative binomial regression models compared the incident rate ratio (IRR) of past-year verbal and physical IPV victimization and perpetration of respondents with 1-3 ACE and with ≥4 ACE to their peers who reported no history of ACE cross-sectionally (age 22) and longitudinally (age 24). At age 22, participants with 1-3 and ≥4 ACE were overrepresented in all IPV behaviors and had higher IRRs of verbal and physical victimization and perpetration compared to their peers with no ACE. By age 24, respondents with a history of ≥4 ACE were at significantly greater risk for escalating IPV behaviors over this time period than their peers with 1-3 ACE and no ACE. These findings highlight the importance of investing in coordinated efforts to develop strategies that help young people cope with the downstream effects of early life adversity. Research should continue to identify what individual, community, and cultural assets that promote resilience and are promising foci of IPV prevention approaches among vulnerable populations.