Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Perioperative COVID-19 Infection: Prospective Cohort in General, Gastroesophagic, Hepatobiliary, and Colorectal Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome due to coronavirus 2 has rapidly spread worldwide in an unprecedented pandemic. Patients with an ongoing COVID-19 infection requiring surgery have higher risk of mortality and complications. This study describes the mortality and morbidity in patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection undergoing elective and emergency surgeries. METHODS: Prospective cohort of consecutive patients who required a general, gastroesophageal, hepatobiliary, colorectal, or emergency surgery during COVID-19 pandemic at an academic teaching hospital. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality and major complications. Secondary outcomes were specific respiratory mortality and complications. RESULTS: A total of 701 patients underwent surgery, 39 (5.6%) with a perioperative COVID-19 infection. 30-day mortality was 12.8% and 1.4% in patients with and without COVID-19 infection, respectively (p < 0.001). Major surgical complications occurred in 25.6% and 6.8% in patients with and without COVID-19 infection, respectively (p < 0.001). Respiratory complications occurred in 30.8% and 1.4% in patients with and without COVID-19 infection, respectively (p < 0.001). Mortality due to a respiratory complication was 100% and 11.1% in patients with and without COVID-19 infection, respectively (p < 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: 30-day mortality and surgical complications are higher in patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection. Indications for elective surgery need to be reserved for non-deferrable procedures in order to avoid unnecessary risks of non-urgent procedures.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infects CD4+ T Cells: Frequency of Circulating CD4+ RSV+ T Cells as a Marker of Disease Severity in Young Children.

BACKGROUND: Although human airway epithelial cells are the main target of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), it also infects immune cells, such as macrophages and B cells. Whether T cells are permissive to RSV infection is unknown. We sought to analyze the permissiveness of CD4+ T cells to RSV infection. METHODS: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from cord blood, healthy young children, and adults were challenged by RSV or cocultured with infected HEp-2 cells. Infection, phenotype, and cytokine production by T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of RSV antigens by circulating CD4+ T cells from infected children was analyzed by flow cytometry, and disease severity was defined by standard criteria. RESULTS: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were productively infected by RSV. Infection decreased interleukin 2 and interferon γ production as well as the expression of CD25 and Ki-67 by activated CD4+ T cells. Respiratory syncytial virus antigens were detected in circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during severe RSV infection of young children. Interestingly, the frequency of CD4+ RSV+ T cells positively correlated with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory syncytial virus infects CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and compromises T-cell function. The frequency of circulating CD4+ RSV+ T cells might represent a novel marker of severe infection.

[Rational use of antibiotics in the Department of Internal Medicine from a university hospital: results of a pilot experience]. / Uso racional de antimicrobianos en el departamento de medicina interna de un hospital universitario: resultados de una experiencia piloto.

INTRODUCTION: The programs of rational use of antibiotics are designed to optimize antimicrobial therapy and minimize the emergence of bacterial resistance. In order to optimize the use of antibiotics we implemented an educational program based on the application of a checklist criteria for the rational use of these drugs. METHOD: We performed a cohort study unpaired in the Department of Internal Medicine, during three months. We compared a prospective cohort (A) which used a checklist, with a retrospective cohort (B) in wich prescription was based on usual clinical practice. RESULTS: We included 227 prescriptions of antibiotics. In cohort A compared to B, there was a higher proportion of switch to oral antibiotics agents and adjustment of the antimicrobial therapy to the susceptibility in the antibiogram and reduced use of associated antibiotics. Total antibiotic consumption was 117.7 DDD/100 bed-days (Defined Daily Doses). Consumption in cohorts A and B was 46.1 DDD/100 bed-days and 71.6 DDD/100 bed-days (reduction, 35.6%). There was also a reduction in consumption of ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, quinolones, vancomycin and carbapenems. Costs were reduced by 55%. There was no difference in the average hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an educational strategy based on a checklist allowed the optimum use of antibiotics.

Safety of Bariatric Surgery During the Opening Phase After the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience at an Academic Center.

INTRODUCTION: Increased morbimortality in patients with COVID-19 infection who had undergone surgery has raised concerns about bariatric surgery safety during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, there is scarce literature on safety outcomes after bariatric surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 infection and associated complications during the first 30 days after bariatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study including all patients who consecutively underwent primary bariatric surgery between August and December 2020. RESULTS: A total of 189 patients were included. Median age and BMI were 36 (17-70) years and 38 (35-41) kg/m2, respectively. Forty percent of patients were women (n = 76), 59.3% (n = 112) underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and 40.7% (n = 77) underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). All surgeries were performed laparoscopically. The median length of postoperative stay was 2 (0-5) days. Postoperative COVID-19 infection was detected in two patients (1.1%): one patient was readmitted without the need of intermediate or ICU care, and the other was managed as an outpatient. Major complications occurred in three patients (1.6%); none of them was COVID-19 related. Two patients required an unplanned reoperation. No patient required intermediate or ICU care, no severe COVID-19 complications were observed, and no mortality was reported. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery can be safely performed during the ongoing pandemic, albeit a low risk of COVID-19 symptomatic infection. Rigorous perioperative COVID-19 institutional protocols are required to perform bariatric surgery safely during the current pandemic.

Increase in catheter insertion-site infections associated to the introduction of a substandard competitive antiseptic.

The introduction of low-cost competitive antiseptic products may offer savings, but, unfortunately, their quality control is poor in many developing countries. The use of a new brand of idopovidone solution, used routinely for catheter insertion-site cleaning, was associated with a 55% increase in catheter insertion-site infection per 100 active catheters, returning to usual after the product was recalled. The new brand of iodopovidone solution had less free iodine (.76%) and lower pH (2.7) than required by local standards (pH 3-6.5). Use of substandard antiseptics in developing countries, because of poor quality control, is a risk for patients and results in increased health services expenses and burden of work.

Self-directed learning: looking at outcomes with medical students.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Self-directed learning (SDL) skills are thought to be associated with lifelong learning. This study assessed the degree of readiness for SDL in third-year medical students who participated in a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum during thefirst 2 years of medical school. METHODS: A total of 182 third-year medical students at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston were given the Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS). RESULTS: The observed mean (235.81 [range 183-284]) for the combined group was significantly higher than the mean reported for general adult learners (214), though slightly lower than scores reported in studies of other medical students and professionals. Ratings of students by clinical preceptors correlated with SDLRS scores. CONCLUSIONS: Students in our integrated medical curriculum had scores on the SDLRS that correlated with clinical performance and probably represented a readiness for SDL.

Haemophilus influenzae no tipificable: mecanismo de destrucción del biofilm / Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae: mechanism of biofilm destruction

INTRODUCCIÓN: Haemophilus influenzae tiene como hábitat el aparato respiratorio humano. No existe vacuna contra la variante no tipificable (NTHi) de este, por lo que se ha mostrado una tendencia al incremento de casos en los últimos años. La patogenicidad de NTHi se debe a su habilidad para formar biofilms, por lo que se pretende analizar mecanismos de destrucción del biofilm formado por NTHi. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica mediante consultas en las bases de datos, Hinari, MEDLINE y el motor de búsqueda PubMed. Se tomaron en consideración artículos originales, ensayos clínicos y artículos de revisión bibliográfica dando prioridad a aquellos publicados en los últimos 5 años. DESARROLLO: NTHi tiene la capacidad de formar biofilms por medio de proteínas del pili y elementos estabilizadores del ADN extracelular, entre los más importantes están: DNA BII, pili tipo IV, Nucleasa extracelular 2019 y adhesinas de alto peso molecular. El uso de chalconas, EDTA y ADN como quelante de cationes, antisueros contra DNBII y maquinaria luxS más anticuerpos contra Pili IV han demostrado que pueden ser útiles para la erradicación del biofilm. CONCLUSIÓN: Se proponen dos tratamientos novedosos que podrían contribuir en la eliminación del biofilm formado por NTHi, uno es el uso de EDTA y otro los anticuerpos dirigidos a proteínas esenciales en la formación y adhesión del biofilm. Es necesario profundizar en otros estudios con estas propuestas terapéuticas para determinar su uso en el área clínica en un futuro.

INTRODUCTION: Haemophilus influenzae has the human respiratory system as habitat. There's no vaccine against the non-typeable group (NTHi), as a consequence there has been an increase in the number of cases in the past few years. The pathogenesis of NTHi is caused by its ability to form biofilms, for this reason we pretend to analyze the destruction mechanisms of biofilms formed by NTHi. METHODOLOGY: A review was made using the databases Hinari, MEDLINE and PubMed. Original articles, clinical trials and reviews that had been published in the last five years were taken in count. RESULTS: NTHi has the capacity to form biofilms through pilus proteins and extracellular DNA stabilizers; among the most important we have: DNA BII, type IV pilus, 2019 extracellular nuclease and adhesins of high molecular weight. The use of chalcone, EDTA, DNA as cation chelant, antiserum against DNA BII and luxS plus antibodies against Pili IV has shown potential to eradicate biofilms. DISCUSSION: Two new treatments, that could contribute to the removal of biofilms formed by NTHi, are proposed: one of them is the use of EDTA and the other one is the use of antibodies against essential proteins that the bacteria uses in the formation and adhesion of biofilms. Never the less, it is necessary to deepen more in studies about these therapeutic alternatives to determine their use in the clinical area in the future.

[Stewart-Treves syndrome: report of one case]. / Síndrome de Stewart-Treves: Caso clínico.

Angiosarcomas are malignant tumors derived from the endothelium of blood vessel (hemangiosarcomas) or lymph vessels (lymphangiosarcomas). Lymph edema of the limbs is considered secondary when extrinsic injuries are observed and primary when these injuries are not present. Stewart-Treves syndrome or a Lymphangiosarcoma, developed over a chronic lymph edema, is a rare complication described in mastectomized patients but it can be observed in lymph edemas located elsewhere. It appears as nodular skin lesions that grow, multiply quickly and frequently metastasize. We report a 40-year-old mole with an angiosarcoma associated with primary chronic lower limb lymph edema. The patient consulted for a history of weight loss and malaise and appearance of violaceous lesions over the zone of lymph edema and inguinal lymph node involvement. A CT scan showed bilateral lung lesions and enlargement of inguinal and iliac lymph nodes. A biopsy of one of the skin lesions disclosed an angiosarcoma, diagnosis that was confirmed with immuno-histochemistry Chemotherapy was started but the patient died five months after the diagnosis.

Estudio de la Dinamica en Familias con Hijos/as con Sindrome de Down / Study the Dynamics in Families With Children With Down Syndrome

El propósito de la investigación es describir las características de la dinámica en familias con hijo/as con Síndrome de Down, a partir de las etapas emocionales, funciones de la familia y expectativas. El estudio es de alcance cualitativo, descriptivo, con entrevistas en profundidad a 6 familias. Los resultados señalan que cada persona atraviesa por diferentes sentimientos ante la situación de discapacidad. El proceso de afrontamiento parece repercutir en las acciones de atención y cuidado, y todos los miembros de la familia participan en dichas acciones. Las expectativas de futuro, giran alrededor del bienestar y autonomía del hijo/a. Por tanto, las características de la dinámica familiar citadas se encuentran vinculadas.

The goal of the research is to describe the characteristics of the dynamics in families with children with Down syndrome, including the emotional stages, family roles and expectations. This is a qualitative, descriptive study, with in-depth interviews to six families. The research results indicate that each person goes through different feelings about the situation of disability. The process of coping seems to affect the actions of attention and care of the person with Down syndrome, and all family members are involved in these actions. The expectations of parents towards their children's future revolve around the welfare and their child"s autonomy. Therefore, the mentioned characteristics of the family dynamics are linked.

Radioguided localization of clinically occult breast lesions (ROLL): a pilot study.

Management of nonpalpable breast lesions requiring pathologic diagnosis has been with wire localization during the last few decades. Recently, radioguided localization (ROLL) became an alternative for this type of lesions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of this technique in a tertiary referral center in Mexico City. Consecutive patients requiring pathologic diagnosis from a nonpalpable breast lesion were included in the present study. On the same day of operation, all patients were injected with particles of human serum albumin. Localization of the lesion was performed in the operation theater with the aid of a hand-held gamma-probe. All lesions were identified in a control x-ray of the surgical specimen. Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathologic data were recorded. Forty patients with a mean age of 56.8 +/- 7.8 years were included. In 39 of the 40 patients (97.5%) the "hot spot" was identified easily. In all patients, the area of maximum radioactivity corresponded to the site of the lesion. Imaging confirmation of the lesion in the surgical specimen was done during the first excision in 37 patients (92.5%). In the remaining cases (7.5%), a wider excision was performed during the same procedure, finding the suspected lesion in all cases. Diagnosis of cancer was made in seven patients, (17.5%). There were no significant surgical complications. Our data suggest that ROLL offer a simple and reliable method to localize occult breast lesions, allowing complete removal of the lesion in 100% of the patients. Because of the small quantity of radioactivity, the procedure is safe for both patients and the medical staff, producing less discomfort in patients than wire localization.

Uso racional de antimicrobianos en el departamento de medicina interna de un hospital universitario: resultados de una experiencia piloto / Rational use of antibiotics in the department of internal medicine from a university hospital: results of a pilot experience

Introduction: The programs of rational use of antibiotics are designed to optimize antimicrobial therapy and minimize the emergence of bacterial resistance. In order to optimize the use of antibiotics we implemented an educational program based on the application of a checklist criteria for the rational use of these drugs. Method: We performed a cohort study unpaired in the Department of Internal Medicine, during three months. We compared a prospective cohort (A) which used a checklist, with a retrospective cohort (B) in wich prescription was based on usual clinical practice. Results: We included 227 prescriptions of antibiotics. In cohort A compared to B, there was a higher proportion of switch to oral antibiotics agents and adjustment of the antimicrobial therapy to the susceptibility in the antibiogram and reduced use of associated antibiotics. Total antibiotic consumption was 117.7 DDD/100 bed-days (Defined Daily Doses). Consumption in cohorts A and B was 46.1 DDD/100 bed-days and 71.6 DDD/100 bed-days (reduction, 35.6%). There was also a reduction in consumption of ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, quinolones, vancomycin and carbapenems. Costs were reduced by 55%. There was no difference in the average hospital stay. Conclusions: The implementation of an educational strategy based on a checklist allowed the optimum use of antibiotics.

Introducción: Los programas de uso racional de antimicrobianos tienen la finalidad de optimizar la terapia antimicrobiana y minimizar la aparición de resistencia bacteriana. Con el objetivo de optimizar el uso de antimicrobianos se implementó un programa educativo basado en la aplicación de una lista de verificación (check list) conteniendo criterios establecidos de uso racional de estos fármacos. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes no pareadas en el Departamento de Medicina Interna, durante tres meses. Se comparó una cohorte prospectiva (A) en que se aplicó la lista de verificación, con una cohorte retrospectiva (B) con prescripción de acuerdo a la práctica clínica habitual. Resultados: Se incluyeron 227 prescripciones de antimicrobianos. En la cohorte A, hubo mayor proporción de paso a vía oral y adecuación del antimicrobiano al antibiograma y menor uso de asociación de antimicrobianos, con respecto a la cohorte B. El consumo total de antimicrobianos fue de 117,7 DDD/100 días-cama (Dosis Diaria Definida). El consumo en las cohortes A y B fue de 46,1 DDD/100 días-cama y 71,6 DDD/100 días-cama respectivamente (reducción de un 35,6%). También hubo una reducción en el consumo de ceftriaxona, ceftazidima, quinolonas, vancomicina y carbapenem. Los costos se redujeron en 55%. No hubo diferencias en la estadía media hospitalaria. Conclusiones: La aplicación de una estrategia educativa basada en una lista de verificación permitió optimizar el uso de antimicrobianos.

Síndrome de Stewart-Treves: Caso clínico / Stewart-Treves syndrome: Report of one case

Angiosarcomas are malignant tumors derived from the endothelium of blood vessel (hemangiosarcomas) or lymph vessels (lymphangiosarcomas). Lymph edema of the limbs is considered secondary when extrinsic injuries are observed and primary when these injuries are not present. Stewart-Treves syndrome or a Lymphangiosarcoma, developed over a chronic lymph edema, is a rare complication described in mastectomized patients but it can be observed in lymph edemas located elsewhere. It appears as nodular skin lesions that grow, multiply quickly and frequently metastasize. We report a 40-year-old mole with an angiosarcoma associated with primary chronic lower limb lymph edema. The patient consulted for a history of weight loss and malaise and appearance of violaceous lesions over the zone of lymph edema and inguinal lymph node involvement. A CT scan showed bilateral lung lesions and enlargement of inguinal and iliac lymph nodes. A biopsy of one of the skin lesions disclosed an angiosarcoma, diagnosis that was confirmed with immuno-histochemistry Chemotherapy was started but the patient died five months after the diagnosis.

Clinical performance assessment and interactive video teleconferencing: an iterative exploration.

BACKGROUND: The direct observation of students in authentic settings by faculty provides valuable feedback on performance and helps ensure mastery of clinical skills. DESCRIPTION: We explored the use of interactive video technology (IVT) as a way of involving community preceptors as raters on a clinical performance exam for 3rd-year students after their family medicine clerkship. Family medicine preceptors, from locations in their communities, observed students on campus conduct interviews and physical exams of standardized patients and then interacted with them during their case presentations. EVALUATION: We chose an action research approach to this project and conducted four independent trials. Interviews and observations were structured around three areas of concern: human, technical, and institutional. CONCLUSIONS: We feel confident in recommending IVT as a viable option for involving community preceptors in high-stakes testing and with other campus-based activities. We also report on the value of IVT in faculty development activities.

Infecciones invasivas por Staphylococccus aureus meticilino resistente adquirido en la comunidad. Presentación clínica y evolutiva observada en dos centros universitarios. Uruguay 2003-2007 / Invasive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clinical and evolutionary presentation observed in two university centers. Uruguay 2003-2007

Introducción: en Uruguay, desde el año 2001 Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente no multirresistente (SAMR-AC) se estableció como un patógeno emergente en las infecciones comunitarias del niño. Entre el año 2003 y 2004, la rápida diseminación de las infecciones por este germen ocasionó la muerte de varias personas generando alarma sanitaria. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y evolutivas de los niños hospitalizados con infecciones invasivas por SAMR-AC en dos centros universitarios en el período 2003-2007. Material y método: se incluyeron los niños con infecciones invasivas por SAMR-AC hospitalizados entre el 1º de enero de 2003 y el 31 de diciembre de 2007 en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR) y en el Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú (HELP). Se definió infección invasiva cuando el germen fue aislado de sitios habitualmente estériles. Se analizó edad, sexo, topografía, complicaciones y mortalidad. Resultados: fueron hospitalizados 78 niños, edad promedio 5,4 años. Las presentaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron empiema (n=28), infección osteoarticular (n=27) y bacteriemia secundaria a infección de piel y partes blandas (n=9). En los niños con empiema, presentaron sepsis o shock séptico, o ambos, cinco; requirieron drenaje de tórax 27 niños, de los cuales 11 presentaron abscesos de pared, seis osteomielitis costal y uno requirió neumonectomía parcial. En el grupo con infecciones osteoarticulares, todos requirieron drenaje; presentaron pandiafisitis nueve; sepsis o shock séptico, o ambos, siete; trombosis venosa profunda cinco, y evolucionaron a la cronicidad cinco. Fallecieron cinco niños (6,4%); tres con empiema y dos con infecciones osteoarticulares. Conclusiones: una proporción importante de los niños con infecciones invasivas por SAMR-AC presentaron secuelas; la mortalidad en esta serie fue 6,4%. El conocimiento de sus formas de presentación clínica y posible evolución, resulta indispensable para el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento empírico adecuado. La caracterización genética de las cepas podría contribuir a mejorar el control y el tratamiento.

Summary Introduction: in Uruguay, since 2001, community acquired non-multiresistant methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus was defined as an emerging pathogen in child community acquired diseases. Between 2003 and 2004, the fast dissemination of infections caused by this germ resulted in several people dying and the uprising of a health alarm. Objective: to describe the main clinical features and evolution in children hospitalized due to community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in two university medical centers between 2003 and 2007. Method: the study was conducted in children with invasive community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infections, who were hospitalized in the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Health Care Center and in the Litoral de Paysandú Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2007. We defined an infection as invasive when the germ was isolated in usually sterile sites. We analyzed age, sex, topography, complications and mortality. Results: 78 children were hospitalized; average age was 5.4 years old. The most common clinical presentations were empyema (n=28), osteoarticular infection (n=27), bacteremia secondary to skin and soft tissue infections (n=9). Among children with empyemia, 5 evidenced sepsis or septic shock, or both; 27 required thorax drain, 11 of which evidenced abcess in the chest cavity, 6 of which evidenced costal osteomyelitis, one of which required partial neumonectomy. Among the osteoarticular infection group, they all required drainage; 9 evidenced pandiaphystis, sepsis or septic sic, or both; 5 evidenced deep vein thrombosis, and 5 evolved to chronicity. Five children (6.4%) died; three of them with empyemia and two with osteoarticular infections Conclusions: a large proportion of children with invasive community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infections presented sequelae; mortality in this series was 6.4%. Learning about the different forms of clinical presentation and possible evolution is essential for early diagnosis and the appropriate empirical treatment. Genetic characterization of strains could contribute to improving control and treatment.

Résumé Introduction: en Uruguay,depuis 2001, Staphylococcus aureus méticilline résistant non multi-résistant (SAMR-AC) s’est établi comme pathogène émergeant aux infections communautaires chez l’enfant. Entre 2003-2004, la rapide dissémination des infections par ce germe a provoqué la mort de plusieurs personnes, ce qui a motivé une alarme sanitaire. Objectif: décrire les caractéristiques cliniques et évolutives des enfants hospitalisés avec infections invasives par SAMR-AC dans deux centres universitaires pendant la période 2003-2007. Matériel et méthode: on inclut les enfants à infections invasives par SAMR-AC hospitalisés entre le 1er janvier 2003 et le 31 décembre 2007 à l’Hôpital Pédiatrique du Centre Hospitalier Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR) et à l’Hôpital École du Litoral de Paysandú (HELP). On détermine infection invasive lorsque le germe est isolé dans des sites habituellement stériles. On tient compte de l’âge, du sexe, de la topographie, des complications et de la mortalité. Résultats: 78 enfants sont hospitalisés, dont une moyenne d’âge 5,4 ans. Les manifestations cliniques les plus fréquentes ont été empyème (n=28), de peau et de parties molles (n=9). Chez les enfants à empyème, cinq ont présenté sepsis ou shock septique, ou les deux; 27 enfants ont requis drainage de thorax dont 11 abcès de paroi, six, ostéomyélite costale et un a subi une pneumonectomie partielle. Dans le groupe d’infections ostéo-articulaires, tous ont requis drainage; neuf ont présenté pandiaphysite; sept, sepsis ou shock septique, ou tous les deux; cinq, thrombose veineuse profonde et cinq ont évolué vers la chronicité. Cinq enfants ont décédé (6,4%); trois par empyème et deux à cause des infections ostéo-articulaires. Conclusions: un taux important des enfants avec infections invasives par SAMR-AC ont eu des séquelles; la mortalité fut de 6,4%. La connaissance de leurs manifestations cliniques et de leur possible évolution, s’avère indispensable pour le diagnostic précoce et un traitement empirique ajusté. La caractérisation génétique des cèpes pourrait contribuer à améliorer le contrôle et le traitement.

Resumo Introdução: no Uruguai, desde 2001, o Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina não multi-resistente (SAMR-AC) está instalado como um agente patológico nas infecções comunitárias infantis. Entre 2003 e 2004, a rápida disseminação das infecções causadas por esse microorganismo causou a morte de várias pessoas gerando um estado de alerta sanitário. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas e evolutivas das crianças internadas com infecções invasoras por SAMR-AC em dois centros universitários de atenção de saúde no período 2003-2007. Material e método: foram incluídas todas as crianças com infecções invasoras por SAMR-AC internados no período entre 1º de janeiro de 2003 e 31 de dezembro de 2007, no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR) e no Hospital Escola do Litoral de Paysandú (HELP). Infecção invasora foi definida como aquela em que o gérmen foi isolado de localizações normalmente estéreis. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, topografia, complicações e mortalidade. Resultados: foram internadas 78 crianças, com idade média de 5,4 anos. As apresentações clínicas mais freqüentes foram: empiema (n=28), infecção osteoarticular (n=27) e bacteriemia secundária a infecção de pele e de partes moles (n=9). Entre as crianças que apresentaram empiema, cinco apresentaram choque séptico, sepse ou ambos; foi necessário realizar drenagem de tórax em 27, onze dos quais apresentavam abscessos de parede, seis osteomilite costal e em um caso foi realizada uma pneumonectomía parcial. No grupo com infecções osteoarticulares, foi necessário fazer drenagem em todos os casos; nove apresentaram pandiafisite, sepse ou choque séptico ou ambos; cinco trombose venosa profunda e cinco evoluíram a caso crônico. Cinco crianças faleceram (6,4%); três com empiema e duas com infecções osteoarticulares. Conclusões: uma proporção importante das crianças com infecções invasoras por SAMR-AC apresentou seqüelas; a mortalidade neste grupo de pacientes foi de 6,4%. É indispensável conhecer as diferentes formas de apresentação destas infecções e suas possíveis formas de evolução para a realização de um diagnóstico precoce e tratamento empírico adequado. A caracterização genética das cepas poderia ajudar a melhorar o controle e o tratamento.

Sindrome confusional agudo (delirio) en los servicios de medicina del HNERM / Delirium in patients of the department of medicine of the HNERM

Para determinar la incidencia, etiología y epidemiología del delirio, se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo de 102 pacientes portadores del delirio, diagnosticados mediante la aplicación del Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), hospitalizados en los servicios de Medicina Interna del HNERM-IPSS durante los meses de Enero a Julio de 1993. Se encontró una incidencia de 25.9 por ciento, el 90 por ciento de pacientes fueron mayores de 60 años, el 17.6 por ciento presentó delirio puro, el 18.6 por ciento presentó delirio sobre cuadro de demencia. La mortalidad fue del 21.6 por ciento (las causas más frecuentes fueron: Infecciones pulmonares y del tracto urinario, seguido de los transtornos metabólicos). Se concluye que el delirio es un cuadro común en ancianos hospitalizados, que es pobremente diagnosticado y su reconocimiento se facilitaría con la aplicación del MMSE y el uso de un protocolo dirigido de diagnóstico.

Neumonia aguda: Estudio de 102 casos / Acute neumonia in Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital: Study of 102 cases

Se evaluaron prospectivamente 102 pacientes con diagnóstico de neumonia aguda, hospitalizados en los servicios de medicina interna del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins entre mayo y julio de 1993, siendo la incidencia de 11.4 por ciento correspondiendo 75.5 por ciento a neumonias extrahospitalarias (NE) con una incidencia del 9.7 por ciento y 24.5 a neumonias intrahospitalarias (NI), con una incidencia del 1.7 por ciento. 55 fueron varones y 47 mujeres, la edad oscilo entre 14 y 95 años, siendo el 75.5 por ciento mayor de 60 años (70 por ciento NE y 92 por ciento NI). El 88.2 por ciento tuvo algun tipo de enfermedad preexistente: Diabetes Mellitus (16.9 por ciento), Hipertensión Arterial (HTA) (16.9 por ciento), tabaquismo (12.9 por ciento) y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) (12.7 por ciento). La causa de ingreso en las NI fueron: Accidente Cerebro Vascular (ACV) (32 por ciento), Insuficiencia Cardiaca Congestiva (ICC) (12 por ciento), neoplasia, gastroenterocolitis aguda (GECA) EPOC (8 por ciento). Entre los factores predisponentes para las NI encontramos: intubación (24 por ciento), tratamiento inhalatorio (16 por ciento), infecciones previas del tracto respiratorio superior (12 por ciento). La presentación de NI fue de 60 por ciento en la primera semana de hospitalización. Los signos y sintomas mas frecuentes fueron: tos (76por ciento), estertores (67.5 por ciento), fiebre (66.2 por ciento), expectoracion mucopurulenta (59.7 por ciento), disnea (53.2 por ciento). En las NI, estertores (80 por ciento), fiebre (48 por ciento), confusión (44 por ciento), disnea (36 por ciento). Radiologicamente se observo foco neumónico en 98.7 por ciento. Se encontro leucocitosis en el 96.1 por ciento, desviación izquierda en el 90.7 por ciento en las NE 84 por ciento, 80 por ciento respectivamente en las NI. La mortalidad global fue del 14.7 por ciento (7.8 por ciento en NE y 36 por ciento en NI). El 86.7 por ciento de los fallecidos fueron mayores de 60 años. Las enfermedades mas frecuentes en los fallecidos con NI fueron ACV e ICC

Validación del inventario de autoreporte de conducta tipo A de Blumenthal et al / Validation of the type A self-rating inventory by J. A. Blumenthal et al

Se describe el proceso de adaptación y validación del Type A Self-Rating Inventory, de J.A. Blumenthal et al. en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. El instrumento comprende 21 items que evalúan el Patrón de Conducta Tipo A (PCTA), caracterizado por alta competitividad, impaciencia, intenso compromiso con el trabajo, hostilidad y un agudo sentido de urgencia; considerado por muchos investigadores como uno de los factores que originan transtornos coronarios; 7 iotems, que evalúan Conducta Tipo B (rasgos opuestos al PCTA)., 1145 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana (639 mujeres; 20.4 años de edad en promedio; y, 506 hombres, 21.3) respondieron una versión castellana preparada por los autores. Hombres y mujeres obtuvieron promedios muy parecidos (hombres 114.83, DS 15.31; mujeres, 116.48 DS 16.10) 14 de los 28 items arrojaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en relación al sexo. Las correlaciones item-total establecieron validez de 23 items (0.0001), mientras que 5 arrojaron correlaciones bajas pero estadísticamente significativas. La confiabilidad fue igualmente elevada (alpha = 0.76). Los autores presentan normas para la población con la cual trabajaron y formulan un conjunto de reflexiones acerca del PCTA y su significado para la psicología de la salud.