Exploring the Pathophysiologic Cascade Leading to Osteoclastogenic Activation in Gaucher Disease Monocytes Generated via CRISPR/Cas9 Technology.

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the acid ß-glucosidase gene (GBA1), leading to a deficiency in the ß-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) enzyme activity resulting in the intracellular accumulation of sphingolipids. Skeletal alterations are one of the most disabling features in GD patients. Although both defective bone formation and increased bone resorption due to osteoblast and osteoclast dysfunction contribute to GD bone pathology, the molecular bases are not fully understood, and bone disease is not completely resolved with currently available specific therapies. For this reason, using editing technology, our group has developed a reliable, isogenic, and easy-to-handle cellular model of GD monocytes (GBAKO-THP1) to facilitate GD pathophysiology studies and high-throughput drug screenings. In this work, we further characterized the model showing an increase in proinflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-1ß and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α) release and activation of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, our data suggest that GD monocytes would display an increased osteoclastogenic potential, independent of their interaction with the GD microenvironment or other GD cells. Both proinflammatory cytokine production and osteoclastogenesis were restored at least, in part, by treating cells with the recombinant human GCase, a substrate synthase inhibitor, a pharmacological chaperone, and an anti-inflammatory compound. Besides confirming that this model would be suitable to perform high-throughput screening of therapeutic molecules that act via different mechanisms and on different phenotypic features, our data provided insights into the pathogenic cascade, leading to osteoclastogenesis exacerbation and its contribution to bone pathology in GD.

Pathogenesis of Fabry nephropathy: The pathways leading to fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Kidney is one of the main target organs in Fabry disease, a lysosomal X-linked genetic disorder. Renal involvement is characterized by proteinuria and progressive chronic kidney disease leading to end-stage renal disease. Pathogenic mechanisms in the progression of renal damage in Fabry disease are not thoroughly known yet. The lysosomal Gb3 deposition is the first step of complex pathological pathways resulting in renal sclerosis/fibrosis. Our hypothesis is that Fabry disease associated cellular alterations in tubular cells induce the production of TGF-ß1, which mediate transdifferentiation of renal cells into myofibroblasts resulting in fibrosis of renal tissue. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to study the mechanisms leading to fibrosis in kidney from human Fabry patients. METHODS: Fifteen renal biopsies from naïve Fabry patients were included. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis was carried out. RESULTS: Positive staining for TGF-ß1 was found in tubular epithelial cells in biopsies from Fabry patients. Apoptosis was determined by active caspase 3 staining in tubular and mesangial glomerular cells. Due to TGF-ß1 is the main profibrotic cytokine and induces accumulation of myofibroblasts, we performed a study for its marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). This study revealed expression of α-SMA on pericytes surrounding peritubular capillaries, smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, mesangial cells and periglomerular zone. TGF-ß1 is produced mainly by tubular cells in Fabry kidney biopsies probably inducing cellular trans-differentiation of renal cells into myofibroblasts. A positive staining for a marker of myofibroblasts was present, affirming the presence of those profibrotic cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results show for the first time that TGF-ß1 is expressed in human renal tissue from Fabry patients, and that this profibrotic cytokine is mainly produced by proximal tubular cells. In addition both, peritubular interstitium and glomeruli, presented cells positive for myofibroblasts markers.

Osteocyte Alterations Induce Osteoclastogenesis in an In Vitro Model of Gaucher Disease.

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by mutations in the glucosylceramidase ß (GBA 1) gene that confer a deficient level of activity of glucocerebrosidase (GCase). This deficiency leads to the accumulation of the glycolipid glucocerebroside in the lysosomes of cells, mainly in the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Its mildest form is Type I GD, characterized by non-neuronopathic involvement. Bone compromise is the most disabling aspect of the Gaucher disease. However, the pathophysiological aspects of skeletal alterations are not yet fully understood. The bone tissue homeostasis is maintained by a balance between resorption of old bone by osteoclasts and new bone formation by osteoblasts. A central player in this balance is the osteocyte as it controls both processes. We studied the involvement of osteocytes in an in vitro chemical model of Gaucher disease. The osteocyte cell line MLO-Y4 was exposed to conduritol-ß-epoxide (CBE), an inhibitor of GCase, for a period of 7, 14 and 21 days. Conditioned media from CBE-treated osteocytes was found to induce osteoclast differentiation. GCase inhibition caused alterations in Cx43 expression and distribution pattern and an increase in osteocyte apoptosis. Osteoclast differentiation involved osteocyte apoptotic bodies, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) and soluble factors. Thus, our results indicate that osteocytes may have a role to play in the bone pathophysiology of GD.

Pathogenic pathways of renal damage in Fabry nephropathy: interplay between immune cell infiltration, apoptosis and fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Fabry nephropathy is a consequence of the deposition of globotriaosylceramide, caused by deficient GLA enzyme activity in all types of kidney cells. These deposits are perceived as damage signals leading to activation of inflammation resulting in renal fibrosis. There are few studies related to immunophenotype characterization of the renal infiltrate in kidneys in patients with Fabry disease and its relationship to mechanisms of fibrosis. This work aims to quantify TGF-ß1 and active caspase 3 expression and to analyze the profile of cells in inflammatory infiltration in kidney biopsies from Fabry naïve-patients, and to investigate correlations with clinical parameters. METHODS: Renal biopsies from 15 treatment-naïve Fabry patients were included in this study. Immunostaining was performed to analyze active caspase 3, TGF-ß1, TNF-α, CD3, CD20, CD68 and CD163. Clinical data were retrospectively gathered at time of kidney biopsy. RESULTS: Our results suggest the production of TNFα and TGFß1 by tubular cells, in Fabry patients. Active caspase 3 staining revealed that tubular cells are in apoptosis, and apoptotic levels correlated with clinical signs of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria, and inversely with glomerular filtration rate. The cell infiltrates consisted of macrophages, T and B cells. CD163 macrophages were found in biopsy specimens and their number correlates with TGFß1 and active caspase 3 tubular expression. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CD163+ cells could be relevant mediators of fibrosis in Fabry nephropathy, playing a role in the induction of TGFß1 and apoptotic cell death by tubular cells. These cells may represent a new player in the pathogenic mechanisms of Fabry nephropathy.

Enfermedad de Fabry en Argentina / Fabry disease in Argentina / Doença de Fabry na Argentina

La enfermedad de Fabry es una patología genética debida a la deficiencia de la enzima α-galactosidasa A. En la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata se implementaron estudios de diagnóstico de enfermedades lisosomales y se comenzó por la Enfermedad de Fabry. Se llevó a cabo un estudio dirigido a la detección de pacientes Fabry no diagnosticados mediante un enfoque biomédico multidisciplinario. Se realizó una evaluación nefrológica de los pacientes argentinos detectados y un análisis de sus manifestaciones clínicas durante el tratamiento de reemplazo enzimático. Los pacientes tratados con agalsidasa alfa recibieron sus primeras infusiones en centros médicos y luego la infusión fue domiciliaria. Los datos de los pacientes argentinos fueron registrados en la base de datos FOS, un registro internacional multicéntrico. Los estudios de investigación básica realizados mostraron la existencia de un estado proinflamatorio en células de pacientes Fabry, lo cual podría explicar parte de su fisiopatología. El abordaje de las enfermedades poco frecuentes no es sencillo, sobre todo ante la falta de políticas sanitarias de parte del Estado. Este trabajo permitió lograr múltiples objetivos: la difusión de la Enfermedad de Fabry en Argentina, mayor sospecha clínica en la comunidad médica y mejor accesibilidad al diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento para los pacientes.

A Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal disorder that results from a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A. The implementation of biochemical and genetic tests for lysosomal diseases was carried out in our institution, the School of Exact Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. A successful approach for the detection of Fabry patients in Argentina was developed by constitutingan interdisciplinary group of professionals. A nephrological assessment of the Argentine patients detected was made andthe clinical manifestations of Fabry patients were analysed and recorded in a FOS international registry. Patients received their enzyme replacement therapy, and the infusion was offered at home. Research studies carried out by our group showed the existence of a proinflammatory state in cells from Fabry patients, which could be related to the pathophysiology. Approaching rare diseases is not easy, especially when there is a lack of State health care policies. This work led us to achieve objectives such as disseminate knowledge about the disease in our country, enhance clinical suspicion and improve accessibility to diagnosis and treatment for patients.

Doença de Fabry é uma doença genética que resulta da deficiência da enzima α-galactosidase A. Na Faculdade de Ciências Exatas da Universidade Nacional de La Plata foram implementados estudos de diagnóstico de doenças lisossomais e a primeira foi a Doença de Fabry. Realizou-se um estudo orientado à detecção de pacientes Fabry não diagnosticados mediante uma abordagem biomédica multidisciplinar. Foi feita uma avaliação nefrológica dos pacientes argentinos detectados e uma análise de suas manifestações clínicas durante o tratamento de reposição enzimática. Os pacientes tratados com agalsidase alfa receberam suas primeiras infusões em centros médicos, e depois a infusão foi domiciliar. Os dados dos pacientes argentinos se registraram na base de dados FOS, um registro internacional multicêntrico. Estudos de pesquisa básica realizados mostraram a existência de um estado pró-inflamatório em células de pacientes Fabry, o que poderia explicar parte de sua fisiopatologia. A abordagem das doenças pouco frequentes não é simples, principalmente diante da falta de políticas sanitárias de parte do Estado. Este trabalho permitiu alcançar objetivos múltiplos: a difusão da Doença de Fabry na Argentina, maior suspeita clínica na comunidade médica, e melhor acessibilidade ao diagnóstico, seguimento e tratamento para os pacientes.