Design of a Facile Antifouling Sensor Based on the Synergy between an Antibody and Phase-Transited BSA.

Nonspecific adsorption has always been a critical challenge for sensor detection; thus, an efficient and facile approach for fabricating antifouling sensors is highly desirable. Here, we developed an antifouling coating on sensor surfaces, conveniently made with a simple drip of phase-transited BSA (PTB) followed by a modification with a peanut allergen antibody, which unexpectedly provides synergistic antifouling properties in sensors. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the surface evenness. Optimizations in terms of PTB modification time and concentrations were performed using surface plasmon resonance by measuring protein resistance capabilities. Compared to bare Au surfaces, the PTB-modified surfaces exhibited low adsorption against BSA (<10 ng/cm2) and good resistance against lysozyme (Lyz). After immobilizing antibodies, the antifouling performance of the sensor coatings had an obvious enhancement, with almost no BSA adsorption and low lysozyme adsorption. The target recognition was also analyzed to verify the good sensing performance of the antifouling sensor. This understanding of antibody synergy provides suggestions for the development of antifouling sensors.

Prognostic impact of malnutrition in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Conflicting predictions of malnutrition for the long-term prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) exist. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between malnutrition and long-term prognosis of patients with CAD. DATA SOURCES: Four databases were searched for articles from February 11, 1936, to September 10, 2022. DATA EXTRACTION: Cohort studies adjusting for multiple cardiovascular risk factors with data on CAD and malnutrition were included. Malnutrition was measured and defined by different nutritional evaluation tools. The hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were synthesized. Subgroup analyses were performed based on study design, assessment tools, ethnicity/race, follow-up, sample size, and types of CAD. Meta-regression was used to compare whether the effect sizes of the 2 subgroups were statistically significant. DATA ANALYSIS: A total of 30 cohort studies were included, totaling 81 361 participants with CAD. Nutritional evaluation tools, including the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT), Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, Mini-Nutritional Assessment, and Prognostic Nutritional Index, were used. Malnutrition increased all-cause mortality (HR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.53, 1.93) and MACEs (HR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.35, 1.60) in patients with CAD. Subgroup analysis revealed the results were consistent across study design, ethnicity/race, follow-up, sample size, and types of CAD. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression revealed that malnutrition was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.91, 2.68) and MACEs (HR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.69, 3.08) in patients with stable CAD than those with other types of CAD. Meta-regression revealed that the GNRI (HR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.65, 2.93) was more effective than CONUT (HR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.78) in predicting all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition independently increased all-cause mortality by 72% and MACEs by 47% in patients with CAD, especially with stable CAD. The GNRI is a more effective nutritional evaluation tool than CONUT in predicting all-cause mortality.