Sex Difference in Meningococcal Disease Mortality, New York City, 2008-2016.

Background: The case fatality rate (CFR) from invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in New York City (NYC) is greater than national figures, with higher rates among females than males across all age groups. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 151 persons aged ≥15 years diagnosed with IMD in NYC during 2008-2016 identified through communicable disease surveillance. We examined demographic, clinical, and community-level associations with death to confirm the elevated risk of mortality among female IMD patients after adjusting for confounders and to determine factors associated with female IMD mortality. Relative risks of death were estimated using multivariable log-linear Poisson regression with a robust error variance. Results: Females had a higher CFR (n = 23/62; 37%) following IMD than males (n = 17/89; 19%) (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3.8). Controlling for demographic and clinical factors, there was a significant interaction between sex and fatal outcomes related to meningitis: the relative risk of death for females with meningitis was 13.7 (95% CI, 3.2-58.1) compared with males. In the model restricted to females, altered mental status (aRR, 7.5; 95% CI, 2.9-19.6) was significantly associated with an increased risk of death. Conclusions: Female mortality from IMD was significantly increased compared with males, controlling for other predictors of mortality. Sex-based differences in recognition and treatment need to be evaluated in cases of meningococcal disease. Our study highlights the importance of analyzing routine surveillance data to identify and address disparities in disease incidence and outcomes.

Increasing Antibiotic Resistance in Shigella spp. from Infected New York City Residents, New York, USA.

Approximately 20% of Shigella isolates tested in New York City, New York, USA, during 2013-2015 displayed decreased azithromycin susceptibility. Case-patients were older and more frequently male and HIV infected than those with azithromycin-susceptible Shigella infection; 90% identified as men who have sex with men. Clinical interpretation guidelines for azithromycin resistance and outcome studies are needed.

Legionnaires' Disease Outbreaks and Cooling Towers, New York City, New York, USA.

The incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States has been increasing since 2000. Outbreaks and clusters are associated with decorative, recreational, domestic, and industrial water systems, with the largest outbreaks being caused by cooling towers. Since 2006, 6 community-associated Legionnaires' disease outbreaks have occurred in New York City, resulting in 213 cases and 18 deaths. Three outbreaks occurred in 2015, including the largest on record (138 cases). Three outbreaks were linked to cooling towers by molecular comparison of human and environmental Legionella isolates, and the sources for the other 3 outbreaks were undetermined. The evolution of investigation methods and lessons learned from these outbreaks prompted enactment of a new comprehensive law governing the operation and maintenance of New York City cooling towers. Ongoing surveillance and program evaluation will determine if enforcement of the new cooling tower law reduces Legionnaires' disease incidence in New York City.