Butter naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 CLA prevents hyperinsulinemia and increases both serum HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in rats.

BACKGROUND: Evidence from in vitro and animal studies indicates that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) possesses anti-diabetic properties, which appear to be attributed to cis-9, trans-11 CLA, the major CLA isomer in ruminant fat. However, there is a shortage of studies addressing CLA from natural source. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of butter naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 CLA on parameters related to glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia in rats. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments (n=10/group), for 60 days: 1) Normal fat-Soybean oil (NF-So): diet containing 4.0% soybean oil (SO); 2) High Fat-Control Butter (HF-Cb): diet containing 21.7% control butter and 2.3% SO; 3) High Fat-CLA enriched Butter (HF-CLAb): diet containing 21.7% cis-9, trans-11 CLA-enriched butter and 2.3% SO; and 4) High fat-Soybean oil (HF-So): diet containing 24.0% SO. HF-Cb and HF-CLAb diets contained 0.075% and 0.235% of cis-9, trans-11 CLA, respectively. RESULTS: HF-CLAb-fed rats had lower serum insulin levels at fasting than those fed with the HF-Cb diet, while the PPARγ protein levels in adipose tissue was increased in HF-CLAb-fed rats compared to HF-Cb-fed rats. Furthermore, R-QUICK was lower in HF-Cb than in NF-So group, while no differences in R-QUICK were observed among NF-So, HF-CLAb and HF-So groups. Serum HDL cholesterol levels were higher in HF-CLAb-fed rats than in those fed NF-So, HF-Cb and HF-So diets, as well as higher in NF-So-fed rats than in HF-Cb and HF-So-fed rats. HF-CLAb, HF-Cb and HF-So diets reduced serum LDL cholesterol levels when compared to NF-So, whereas serum triacylglycerol levels were increased in HF-CLAb. CONCLUSION: Feeding rats on a high-fat diet containing butter naturally enriched in cis-9, trans-11 CLA prevented hyperinsulinemia and increased HDL cholesterol, which could be associated with higher levels of cis-9, trans-11 CLA, vaccenic acid, oleic acid and lower levels of short and medium-chain saturated fatty acids from butter naturally modified compared to control butter. On the other hand CLA-enriched butter also increased serum triacylglycerol levels, which could be associated with concomitant increases in the content of trans-9 and trans-10 C18:1 isomers in the CLA-enriched butter.

A new computational method for hepatic fat microvesicles counting in histological study in rats.

Liver steatosis was once believed to be a benign condition, with rare progression to chronic liver disease. Thus, in both clinical and experimental practice, it is fundamental to have a reliable and objective method for its precise quantification. An image analysis algorithm was developed and validated for automatically and rapidly quantifying hepatic fat microvesicles. The image processing algorithms automatically segmented interstitial steatosis areas and analyzed the threshold region. Automatic quantifications did not significantly differ from manual evaluations of means of the same areas. Comparison of our image analysis quantifications with staging of histologic evaluations of liver steatosis presented significant correlations that are based on the distribution patterns and on the area quantity of steatosis, respectively. The use of algorithms for analysis and image processing is a sensitive, precise, objective and reproducible method of quantifying hepatic fat microvesicles, which complements semi-quantitative histologic evaluation systems.

Antiobesity, hepatoprotective and anti-hyperglycemic effects of a pharmaceutical formulation containing Cecropia pachystachya Trécul in mice fed with a hypercaloric diet.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (Urticaceae), known as embaúba, are used as hypoglycemic and for weight reduction in Brazilian traditional medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigated the effects of a pharmaceutical formulation (ECP20) containing C. pachystachya extract on some metabolic alterations caused by a hypercaloric diet in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mice were randomly fed with a standard or hypercaloric diet and orally treated with ECP20 or vehicle for 13 weeks. Subsequently, adiposity, glucose intolerance, and the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were assessed. Adipose tissue and liver were collected after euthanasia and frozen at -80 °C for histological and antioxidant analyzes. The effect of ECP20 on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes was also investigated. RESULTS: Animals treated with ECP20 showed less weight gain, reduced glycemia, glucose tolerance restored, and hepatoprotective effect. Also, ECP20 presented significant in vivo antioxidant activity. Treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with ECP20 did not inhibit cellular differencing. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, ECP20 presented promising effects in the control of obesity and related disorders. Considering that glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia are strong evidence for the development of type 2 diabetes, the findings corroborated the traditional use of C. pachystachya to treat this disease. The chlorogenic acid and the flavonoids orientin and iso-orientin, present in the extract, might be involved in the activities found.

Maternal soybean diet during lactation alters breast milk composition and programs the lipid profile in adult male rat offspring.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of maternal dietary soybean during lactation on the milk composition, body composition, lipid profile and glucose homeostasis of dams and offspring at weaning (21 days) and adulthood (150 days). METHODS: Lactating rats were divided into: casein control (C): casein diet; soy (S): soybean diet; soy oil control (SOC): casein diet, but with fat content similar to the S group. RESULTS: At 21 days, S mothers showed lower estradiol, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) in serum; and lower TC and TG in milk. The S offspring had lower body weight, body fat mass, TC, LDL, hyperleptinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. At 150 days, S offspring presented higher total mineral content and lower TC (v. SOC) and LDL (v. C and SOC), and hyperinsulinemia with lower glycemia v. SOC group, which had lower insulinemia with higher glycemia, TC and LDL. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal intake of soybeans in lactation changes the lipid content of breast milk and programmed offspring for phenotype of the lower metabolic risk, with lower serum TC and LDL, and seems to protect the progeny of alterations in glucose metabolism despite the higher lipid content. The difference in fat content of breast milk and the higher isoflavones content of soy diet are possible imprinting factors that could program the offspring.

[Trans fatty acids: foods and effects on health]. / Acidos graxos trans: alimentos e efeitos na saúde.

Trans fatty acids can be found in foods derived from ruminant animals and foods that contain partially hydrogenated fat such as fast foods. The consumption of trans fatty acids is larger in the United States, Canada, and some European countries than in Japan and Mediterranean countries. The incidence of coronary heart diseases is higher in countries where the consumption of trans fatty is high. Studies show that trans fatty acids can contribute to increase LDL and lipoprotein [a], and to reduce the levels of HDL. In addition, trans isomeric seems to inhibit the action of desaturase enzymes of essential fatty acids (A5- and A6-desaturase) by holding back the biosynthesis of important fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). With respect to pregnant women's and infant's health, concentrations of trans fatty acids ingested by the mother are associated to concentrations found in the maternal milk. Besides the milk, the trans fatty acids can be transferred to the newly born through the placenta. Studies suggest that trans fatty acids can affect intrauterine growth due to the inhibition of the conversion of essential fatty acids by desaturase enzymes. The inhibition of DHA can also cause early atherosclerosis lesion. However, studies on the effects of trans fatty acids on health are still inconclusive and there are no current recommendations on their consumption. Additionally, in Brazil, studies to determine the composition of trans isomeric in foods are still incipient, which indicates a great need of research in this area.

[Prevalence and factors associated to anemia and iron deficiency in 18-to 24-month old infants]. / Prevalência e fatores associados â anemia e deficiência de ferro em crianças de 18 a 24 meses.

A transversal study was carried out with 101 18-to 24-month old infants, attended at public health services in Viçosa, MG, Brazil, The objective of this study was to verify the prevalence and factors associated to anemia and iron deficiency among infants. Data were obtained by interviews of the infants' parents or guardians at their households. Hemoglobin and ferritin analyses were peformed using an automatic counter and the immunometric dosage method, respectively. Feces samples were analyzed by the Hoffman, Faust and Ritchie methods. Anemia was characterized by hemoglobin concentration and iron deficiency by ferritin. For dietary practice, the 24-hour recall was used. Linear regression and logistics analyses were conducted to evaluate the variables associated to hemoglobin and iron deficiency, respectively. Anemia, iron deficiency and intestinal parasite prevalences were 30.1; 38.4, and 21%, respectively. The number of household members, age infants were introduced to juices/or fruit, mother's level of instruction, and total breastfeeding period were associated to the levels of hemoglobin plasma. The associated variables for iron deficiency were milk consumption near meals and number of household members.

Selenium Content in the Liver of Wistar Rats Fed Diets of Different Fatty Acid Quality.

The purpose of this work was to measure the amounts of selected mineral elements (sodium, calcium, iron, selenium, magnesium, zinc, copper, and manganese) in the liver of Wistar rats and evaluate possible correlations between the levels of these minerals and the lipid metabolism in the studied animals. Three experimental groups each containing six Wistar rats were designed. Each group was fed a different diet. The control group was fed a diet prepared with fresh soybean oil and named control group--CG. The second group (named experimental group B--EGB) and third group (named experimental group C--EGC) were fed a diet containing soybean oil that had been used to fry different foods for four or ten cycles, respectively. The mineral elements in Wistar rat livers were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Only the elements calcium and selenium differed significantly between the control and experimental groups. There was a significant reduction of 33% for Ca and 41% for Se in the EGB in comparison to the control group. The reduction in mineral concentration, especially Se, is the result of interactions with fatty acid metabolism. The animals in the EGC exhibited more intracytoplasmic accumulation of fat and more intense vasodilatation, in relation to the other groups. Collectively, evidence hereby collected suggests that impaired dietary lipid quality in otherwise balanced diets can reduce hepatic Se levels and potentially harm liver function.

Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA mixture does not change body composition, induces insulin resistance and increases serum HDL cholesterol level in rats.

Synthetic supplements of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) containing 50:50 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers have been commercialized in some places for reducing body fat. However the safety of this CLA mixture is controversial and in some countries the CLA usage as food supplement is not authorized. Changes in insulinemic control and serum lipids profile are potential negative effects related to consumption of CLA mixture. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a diet containing mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA on prevention of obesity risk as well as on potential side effects such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments (n=10/group), for 60 days: Normolipidic Control (NC), diet containing 4.0% soybean oil (SO); High Fat-Control (HF-C), diet containing 24.0% SO; High Fat-synthetic CLA (HF-CLA), diet containing 1.5% of an isomeric CLA mixture (Luta-CLA 60) and 22.5% SO. Luta-CLA 60 (BASF) contained nearly 60% of CLA (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA at 50:50 ratio). The HF-CLA diet contained 0.3% of each CLA isomer. HF-CLA diet had no effect on dietary intake and body composition. HF-CLA-fed rats had lower levels of PPARγ protein in retroperitoneal adipose tissue, hyperinsulinemia compared to HF-C-fed rats, hyperglycemia compared to NC-fed rats while no differences in glycemia were observed between NC and HF-C groups, increased HOMA index and higher levels of serum HDL cholesterol. Thus, feeding rats with a high fat diet containing equal parts of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers had no effect on body composition and induced insulin resistance. Despite HF-CLA-fed rats had increased serum HDL cholesterol levels, caution should be taken before synthetic supplements containing cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA are recommended as a nutritional strategy for weight management.

Lead biomonitoring in different organs of lead intoxicated rats employing GF AAS and different sample preparations.

An analytical procedure was developed for the determination of lead in different tissues from Wistar Hanover rats, previously intoxicated with lead acetate during a toxicological study. About 25 mg of dried sample (bone, liver, kidney, heart, lung and spleen) were mixed with 8.0 mL of 7.00 mol L(-1) nitric acid and digested using microwave radiation in closed vessel. Except for the bone samples, the other tissues could also be analyzed after alkaline solubilization with TMAH. All the digested or solubilized samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Good accuracy and precision were attained when analyzing reference standard materials (for bone, liver and kidney) and also from addition to recovery experiments (for heart, lung and spleen tissues). The method was applied to samples from nine animals and the results suggested that there is a profile for lead bioaccumulation in these animals, which seemed to adapt themselves to continuous lead exposure.

Multivariate approach to assess in vitro Fe bioaccessibility in chicken meat

Abstract A 32 factorial design was employed to develop an in vitro digestion method for estimation of Fe bioaccessible fractions in cooked chicken meat. The effects of sample size and the in vitro bioaccessible fractions of this essential element were evaluated. A sample preparation method employing a microwave assisted digestion with dilute nitric acid was used prior to total Fe determination. For the bioacessibility studies, the optimized procedure employed 7.5 g of sample and 6% w/v of an acid pepsin solution. This procedure was applied to two kinds of chicken meat samples: breast and liver. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was used to determine total and bioaccessible (chyme or soluble portion) levels of iron in the samples. With respect to total Fe content, the bioaccessible fractions of Fe found in these samples were around 23% and 56 %, for breast and chicken liver, respectively. The chicken liver sample showed the highest total (400 ± 10 mg kg-1) and bioaccessible Fe contents (223 ± 18 mg kg-1) and stands out as a good source of this micronutrient.

Grape extract and α-Tocopherol effect in cardiovascular disease model of Apo E -/- Mice.

PURPOSE: To verify the effect of consumption of grape extract isolated or combined with α-tocopherol supplementation on atherosclerosis model with Apo E -/- mice. METHODS: After six weeks of atherogenic diet, Apo E -/- mice were divided into the following groups: Control, Grape, Tocopherol and Grape plus Tocopherol. The treatment progressed for 11 weeks when animals were submitted to euthanasia. RESULTS: All the treatments presented hypocholesterolemic effect with reduction of serum and liver cholesterol levels. This effect was parallel to an increase in the fecal excretion of cholesterol. There was also a higher fecal excretion of saturated fatty acids in groups receiving grape extract or α-tocopherol. All the groups treated presented a tendency to show higher levels of vitamin E. The fatty acid profile showed a tendency for monounsaturated fatty acid preservation after grape extract and α-tocopherol consumption. Morphological analysis revealed a lower degree of evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque of the animals that were fed α-tocopherol combined with grape extract, even when no difference was found in the size of the largest lesion. CONCLUSION: A synergistic effect between the polyphenols and α-tocopherol was observed, resulting in diminished evolution of atherosclerosis and a greater beneficial effect on atherosclerosis than the isolated consumption of antioxidants.

Flaxseed, olive and fish oil influence plasmatic lipids, lymphocyte migration and morphometry of the intestinal of Wistar rats.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the effect of flaxseed, olive and fish oil on the lipid profile, preservation of villosities and lymphocyte migration in the intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats. METHODS: Thirty Wistar male rats were divided into four groups, which received the AIN-93M diet, with changes only to their lipid source: flaxseed, olive, fish, and soy oil (control group). The serum was separated for the biochemical parameter analysis. A histological evaluation was performed in the ileal portion. RESULTS: The group which was fed fish oil presented lower values when compared to the other treatments for Total Cholesterol, High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol (p<0.05). The animals treated with fish and olive oils presented better intestinal villosities preservation. Less deposition of lymphocytes was observed in the flaxseed group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that flaxseed, olive and fish oils present different responses than soy oil for the intestinal mucosa preservation and lymphocyte proliferation in Wistar rats.

Estado nutricional de ferro e sua associação com a concentração de retinol sérico em crianças / Nutritional status of iron and its association to the concentration of retinol serum in children

A deficiência de ferro e de vitamina A são distúrbios nutricionais importantes e amplamente distribuídos no mundo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional de ferro e sua associação com a concentração de retinol em crianças. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 101 crianças de 18 a 24 meses atendidas em serviços públicos de saúde da área urbana da cidade de Viçosa, MG, Brasil. Foram feitas análises das concentrações de hemoglobina, hematócrito, número de eritrócitos, VCM, HCM, CHCM, RDW, ferritina, proteína C reativa e retinol. Caracterizou-se anemia através da concentração de hemoglobina, a deficiência de ferro através da ferritina e a anemia ferropriva quando ambos, hemoglobina e ferritina, estivessem alterados. As prevalências de deficiência de vitamina A, anemia ferropriva e anemia foram de 39,6; 18,2; 30,7%, respectivamente. De maneira geral, não foi encontrada correlação entre o estado nutricional de vitamina A e ferro nos lactentes estudados. A anemia e a deficiência de vitamina A apresentaram-se como um problema de saúde pública entre os lactentes estudados. Não foi possível confirmar a correlação entre os parâmetros do estado nutricional de ferro e vitamina A.

Fatores associados à concentração de retinol sérico em lactentes / Factors associated with the concentration of serum retinol in infants / Factores asociados a la concentración de retinol sérico en lactantes

Verificar os fatores associados à concentração de retinol em lactentes atendidos em serviço público de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal realizado com 101 crianças de 18 a 24 meses, atendidas no serviço público de saúde da área urbana da cidade de Viçosa. A análise da concentração de retinol no sangue venoso foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Para avaliação da prática alimentar, utilizou-se o recordatório de 24 horas. As entrevistas foram realizadas com os pais ou responsáveis pelas crianças em seus domicílios. Para avaliar as variáveis associadas ao retinol sérico, foi utilizada análise de regressão linear múltipla. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se 39,6 por cento de prevalência da deficiência de vitamina A. Os fatores associados positivamente ao nível sérico de retinol foram tempo de escolaridade paterna e ingestão de proteína. Por outro lado, o número de moradores no domicílio e a idade da criança estiveram negativamente associados. CONCLUSÕES: A hipovitaminose A se apresenta como um problema de Saúde Pública entre os lactentes do município de Viçosa. Fatores socioeconômicos, dietéticos e biológicos se associam à deficiência da vitamina A na população infantil.

To verify the factors associated with the concentration of retinol in infants assisted in a health public system. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with 101 infants aged 18-24 months assisted at the health public system in the urban area of Viçosa city, Southeastern Brazil. The retinol concentration was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. In order to identify the dietary practices the 24 hours recall information was obtained. The interviews were accomplished with infant's parents or with their caretakers at home. Evaluation of the variables associated to serum retinol levels was done by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 39.6 percent. The factors positively associated with serum retinol levels were paternal years of education and the diet protein content. On the other hand, the number of household inhabitants and the infant's age were negatively associated with the levels of retinol. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem among infants in Viçosa city. Socioeconomic, dietetic and biological variables are associated to serum concentration of retinol in infants.

Verificar los factores asociados a la concentración de retinol en lactantes atendidos en el servicio público de salud del área urbana de la ciudad de Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brasil). MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal realizado con 101 niños, de 18 a 24 meses, atendidos en el servicio de salud del área urbana de la ciudad de Viçosa. El análisis de la concentración de retinol en la sangre venosa fue realizado por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia. Para evaluación de la práctica alimentar, se utilizó el recordatorio de 24 horas. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas con los padres o responsables de los niños en sus domicilios. Para evaluar las variables asociadas al retinol sérico, se utilizó análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. RESULTADOS: Se identificó 39,6 por ciento de prevalencia de la deficiencia de vitamina A. Los factores asociados positivamente al nivel sérico de retinol fueron tiempo de escolaridad paterna e ingestión de proteína. Por otra parte, el número de moradores en el domicilio y la edad del niño estuvieron negativamente asociados. CONCLUSIONES: La hipovitaminosis A se presenta como un problema de Salud Pública entre los lactantes del municipio de Viçosa. Factores socioeconómicos, dietéticos y biológicos se asocian a la deficiencia de la vitamina A en la población infantil.

Grape extract and α-Tocopherol effect in cardiovascular disease model of Apo E -/- Mice / Efeito do extrato de uva e α-Tocoferol em camundongos Apo E -/-, modelo de doença cardiovascular

PURPOSE: To verify the effect of consumption of grape extract isolated or combined with α-tocopherol supplementation on atherosclerosis model with Apo E -/- mice. METHODS: After six weeks of atherogenic diet, Apo E -/- mice were divided into the following groups: Control, Grape, Tocopherol and Grape plus Tocopherol. The treatment progressed for 11 weeks when animals were submitted to euthanasia. RESULTS: All the treatments presented hypocholesterolemic effect with reduction of serum and liver cholesterol levels. This effect was parallel to an increase in the fecal excretion of cholesterol. There was also a higher fecal excretion of saturated fatty acids in groups receiving grape extract or α-tocopherol. All the groups treated presented a tendency to show higher levels of vitamin E. The fatty acid profile showed a tendency for monounsaturated fatty acid preservation after grape extract and α-tocopherol consumption. Morphological analysis revealed a lower degree of evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque of the animals that were fed α-tocopherol combined with grape extract, even when no difference was found in the size of the largest lesion. CONCLUSION: A synergistic effect between the polyphenols and α-tocopherol was observed, resulting in diminished evolution of atherosclerosis and a greater beneficial effect on atherosclerosis than the isolated consumption of antioxidants.

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito do consumo de extrato de uva isolada ou combinada com a suplementação de α-tocoferol em modelo de aterosclerose, utilizando camundongos Apo E -/-. MÉTODOS: Os camundongos Apo E -/- foram tratados com dieta aterogênica por seis semanas e foram divididos em quatro grupos: Controle, Uva, Tocoferol e Uva e Tocoferol. Após 11 semanas de tratamento os animais foram submetidos à eutanasia. RESULTADOS: Todos os tratamentos apresentaram efeito hipocolesterolêmico, com redução de colesterol plasmático e hepático. Este efeito foi acompanhado de um aumento na excreção fecal de colesterol. Houve também uma maior excreção fecal de ácidos graxos saturados nos grupos que receberam extrato de uva ou de α-tocoferol. Todos os grupos apresentaram uma tendência a apresentar níveis mais elevados de vitamina E. O perfil de ácidos graxos mostrou uma tendência para a preservação de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados, após consumo de extrato de uva e α-tocoferol. A análise morfológica revelou um menor grau de evolução da placa aterosclerótica dos animais que foram alimentados com α-tocoferol combinado com extrato de uva, mesmo quando não houve diferença no tamanho da lesão. CONCLUSÃO: Foi observado um efeito sinergístico entre os polifenóis e α-tocoferol, resultando na redução na evolução da aterosclerose e um maior de efeito benéfico na aterosclerose do que o consumo isolado de antioxidantes sobre a aterosclerose do que o consumo isolado de antioxidantes.

Modulação e composição de ácidos graxos do leite humano / Modulation and composition of fatty acids in human milk

O leite humano é um fluido complexo, considerado um alimento completo e suficiente para suprir as necessidades nutricionais de recém-nascidos durante os seis primeiros meses de vida. A fração lipídica do leite materno é a principal fonte de energia para o neonato e possui ácidos graxos essenciais; seus produtos poliinsaturados, como o ácido araquidônico e o ácido docosa-hexaenoico, são indispensáveis ao crescimento. Tanto o conteúdo lipídico quanto o tipo de ácido graxo do leite humano podem ser modulados por fatores inerentes ou não à mãe. Dentre esses fatores, destacam-se a adiposidade, o estilo de vida, o estado nutricional e a ingestão alimentar materna, que agem de forma concomitante e interdependente, dificultando as análises dos estudos que se propõem investigar tal modulação. Não se observam grandes diferenças entre as composições de ácidos graxos do leite materno de estudos realizados na América Latina e em países desenvolvidos. O leite das nutrizes de algumas regiões brasileiras apresenta os ácidos graxos essenciais, o ácido araquidônico, o ácido docosa-hexaenoico e um baixo percentual de ácidos graxos saturados e ácidos graxos trans. O presente trabalho avaliou, portanto, os principais fatores que modulam a composição do leite humano, em particular as diferenças na composição de ácidos graxos do leite de mulheres de diferentes nacionalidades e os efeitos desses componentes sobre a saúde do recém-nascido.

Human milk is a complex fluid, considered a complete food and enough to meet the nutritional needs of an infant during the first six months of life. The lipid fraction of breastmilk is the newborn's main source of energy. It contains essential fatty acids and its polyunsaturated fats, such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are essential for growth. Both the lipid content and the kind of fatty acids in human breastmilk can be modulated by factors inherent or not to the mother. Among these factors, adiposity, lifestyle, nutritional status and maternal food intake act in a concomitant and independent manner, making this modulation more difficult to analyze. Few differences have been observed between the fatty acid composition of human milk from studies carried out in Latin America and developed countries. Milk from some women from certain Brazilian regions has the essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and a low percentage of saturated and trans fatty acids. Thus, the present study assessed the main factors that modulate the composition of human milk, in particular the differences in fatty acid composition among mothers of different nationalities, and the effects of these components on the newborn's health.

Práticas de redução de massa corporal em judocas nos períodos pré-competitivos / Practices for reducing body mass of judokas in the pre-competitive season

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, em judocas, os procedimentos adotados para a redução da massa corporal em períodos próximos às competições e discuti-los frente à literatura. Participaram deste estudo 105 do sexo masculino pertencentes às classes júnior e sênior (idade média de 21,5 ± 8,0 anos). De acordo com os resultados, 73,6 por cento dos atletas desenvolveram estratégias de redução de massa corporal em períodos pré-competitivos, e os métodos mais utilizados por eles foram: aumento do número de atividades físicas além das habituais (76,1 por cento), restrição calórica (59,8 por cento), redução de carboidratos (32,6 por cento) e restrição de líquidos (20,7 por cento). Em valores absolutos, os judocas masculinos reduzem significativamente mais (p < 0,05) a massa corporal em relação às mulheres (4,5 ± 3,5 e 1,7 ± 0,8 kg, respectivamente). As mulheres iniciam com maior antecedência à competição (p < 0,05) a redução da massa corporal (14 ± 6 e 19 ± 7 dias, respectivamente). Pode-se inferir que a maioria dos judocas adota estratégias de redução aguda de massa corporal em períodos que antecedem as competições, o que pode resultar na queda do rendimento.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the procedures adopted for weight loss in periods close to competitions, and emphasize their physiologic effects. One hundred and twenty-five athletes (20 female and 105 male) belonging to the Juvenil, Junior and Senior categories (21.5 ± 8.0 years old) participated in this study. According to the results, 73.6 percent of the athletes used strategies of weight reduction methods during the pre-competitive periods. The methods used by the athletes were: increasing physical activity level (76.1 percent), caloric restriction (59.8 percent), restriction of carbohydrates (32.6 percent), and restriction of liquids (20.7 percent). In absolute values, male Judokas presented greater reductions in (p < 0.05) body mass compared to women (4.5 ± 3.5 and 1.7 ± 0.8 kg, respectively). Women started using pre-competition strategies (p < 0.05) to reduc body weight sooner than men (14 ± 6 and 19 ± 7 days, respectively). In conclusion, the most of judokas develop strategies for acute body mass reduction in pre-competitive periods, which may decrease their performance.

Flaxseed, olive and fish oil influence plasmatic lipids, lymphocyte migration and morphometry of the intestinal of Wistar rats / Óleo de linhaça, oliva e peixe influenciam os lipídios plasmáticos, migração de linfócitos e morfometria intestinal de ratos Wistar

PURPOSE: Evaluate the effect of flaxseed, olive and fish oil on the lipid profile, preservation of villosities and lymphocyte migration in the intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats. METHODS: Thirty Wistar male rats were divided into four groups, which received the AIN-93M diet, with changes only to their lipid source: flaxseed, olive, fish, and soy oil (control group). The serum was separated for the biochemical parameter analysis. A histological evaluation was performed in the ileal portion. RESULTS: The group which was fed fish oil presented lower values when compared to the other treatments for Total Cholesterol, High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol (p<0.05). The animals treated with fish and olive oils presented better intestinal villosities preservation. Less deposition of lymphocytes was observed in the flaxseed group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that flaxseed, olive and fish oils present different responses than soy oil for the intestinal mucosa preservation and lymphocyte proliferation in Wistar rats.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito dos óleos de linhaça, oliva e peixe no perfil lipídico, preservação das vilosidades e migração de linfócitos na mucosa intestinal de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos Wistar foram divididos em quarto grupos e receberam dieta AIN-93M, modificando para cada grupo apenas a fonte lipídica: óleo de linhaça, oliva, peixe e soja ( grupo controle). O soro foi separado para análise dos parâmetros bioquímicos. A análise histológica foi realizada na porção ileal. RESULTADOS: O grupo que recebeu óleo de peixe apresentou menores valores de colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade e triacilglicerol (p<0.05). Os animais tratados com óleo de peixe e oliva apresentaram melhor preservação das vilosidades intestinais. Menor deposição de linfócitos foi observado no grupo tratado com óleo de linhaça (p<0.001). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstrou que os óleos de linhaça, oliva e peixe apresentam diferentes respostas em relação ao óleo de soja na preservação da mucosa intestinal e proliferação de linfócitos em ratos Wistar.

Hábito alimentar, níveis de lipídios sangüíneos e o status antioxidante de adultos jovens fumantes e não fumantes / Food habits, blood lipid levels and antioxidant status of young adults smokers and non-smokers

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o hábito alimentar, os níveis dos lipídios sangüíneos e o status antioxidante de jovens fumantes e não fumantes. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal em que 68 indivíduos, de 18 a 26 anos, emparelhados por sexo e idade, foram divididos em dois grupos: fumantes (n=34) e não fumantes (n=34). Os voluntários selecionados em instituições de ensino, em Viçosa (MG) foram questionados quanto a: hábito de fumar, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e atividade física; também foi estimada a dependência nicotínica. O hábito alimentar foi avaliado por questionário de freqüência de consumo. Quantificaram-se níveis séricos de lipídios, nível plasmático de malondialdeído, vitamina E e vitamina C. RESULTADOS: Os jovens começaram a fumar precocemente, independentemente do sexo. O hábito de fumar foi estratificado e encontrou-se 58,8 por cento de fumantes leves e 41,2 por cento de fumantes pesados. Os fumantes apresentaram hábitos alimentares inadequados e consumo freqüente de bebida alcoólica. De acordo com a recomendação do International Physical Activity Questionnaire 69 por cento dos fumantes eram ativos e 27,6 por cento eram muito ativos. Não se observou diferença significante na concentração sérica de lipídios entre fumantes e não fumantes. No grupo de fumantes mulheres, verificou-se correlação positiva entre o número de cigarros fumados por dia e os triglicerídeos séricos (r=0,824 e p=0,0001) e também entre o tempo que fumavam em anos e o nível de colesterol total (r=0,523 e p=0,031). Os fumantes apresentaram concentração inferior de vitaminas E e C (p=0,002 e p=<0,001, respectivamente) e a concentração de malondialdeído plasmático correlacionou-se ao tempo de tabagismo em anos (r=0,352 e p=0,041). CONCLUSÃO: O grupo de fumantes apresentou hábito alimentar inadequado, principalmente para alimentos gordurosos, e consumo freqüente de bebida alcoólica. Os valores para malondialdeído plasmático apresentaram correlação positiva com o...

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the food habits, blood lipid levels and antioxidant status of young adult smokers and non smokers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study divided 68 individuals aged 18 to 26 years, matched for age and sex, into two groups: smokers (n=34) and non-smokers (n=34). The individuals, selected from schools in Viçosa (MG), were asked about smoking status, consumption of alcoholic beverages and physical activity levels. Nicotine dependence was also estimated. The Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess food habits. Serum levels of lipids, malondialdehyde, vitamin E and vitamin C were measured. RESULTS: The smokers started smoking early, regardless of sex. The smokers were further stratified into two groups: light smokers (58.8 percent) and heavy smokers (41.2 percent). Smokers had inadequate food habits and consumed alcoholic beverages frequently. According to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, 69 percent of the smokers were active and 27.6 percent were very active. There was no significant difference between the serum lipid levels of smokers and non-smokers. In women, there was a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and serum triglyceride levels (r=0.824, p=0.0001) and number of years smoking and total cholesterol levels (r=0.523, p=0.031). Smokers had lower vitamin E and C serum concentrations (p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively) and the concentration of plasma malondialdehyde correlated with the number of years smoking (r=0.352 and p=0.041). CONCLUSION: The group of smokers presented inadequate food habits, consuming alcoholic beverages frequently and high-fat foods. Plasma malondialdehyde levels were positively correlated with the number of years smoking but not with the number of cigarettes smoked per day.

Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the development of preneoplasic lesions

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer potential of dietary omega-3 supplementation toreduce induced intestinal preneoplastic lesions in Wistar rats. Methods: A total of 58 11-week-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvergicus, albinus variety, Rodentia) were distributed into two groups: a control group (n=25) and an omega-3-treated group (n=28). Aberrant crypt foci were induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Tissue incorporation of the supplemented omega-3 fatty acids was evaluated by determining the fatty acid profiles of intra-abdominal fat and the liver with gas chromatography.Results: The omega-3 group presented lower weight and lower food intake (p<0.05) than the control group. Thenumber of aberrant crypt foci decreased 55.34% in response to omega-3 supplementation. Foci with more than three crypts decreased 57.14% between weeks 13 and 28. There was no statistical difference for the docosahexaenoic acid content in the liver of the omega-3 group between week 6 and weeks 13 and 28. Conclusion: These results suggest that omega-3 may slow the progress of colorectal carcinogenesis.

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial anticarcinogênico da suplementação com ômega-3 em reduzirlesões pré-neoplásicas induzidas em intestino de ratos Wistar. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos, com 11 semanas de idade (Rattus norvergicus), foram subdivididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n=25) e grupo ômega-3 (n=28). Os focus de criptas aberrantes foram induzidos pela 1,2 dimetilhidrazina. A incorporação dos ácidos graxos ômega-3 suplementados foi avaliada pela identificação do perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura intra-abdominal e do fígado por cromatografia gasosa. Resultados: O grupo ômega-3 apresentou menor consumo da dieta e menor ganho de peso (p<0,05) do que o grupo controle. O número de focus de criptas aberrantes foi reduzido em 55,34% como conseqüência da suplementação dietética com ômega-3. Os focus com três ou mais do que três criptas diminuíram 57,14% entre a 13ª a 28ª semanas. Não foi verificada diferença estatística para o conteúdo de ácido docosahexaenóico. Conclusão: O resultado sugere que o ômega-3 pode reduzir a evolução da carcinogênese colorretal.