Genome-wide association studies and transcriptomics reveal mechanisms explaining the diversity of wheat root responses to nutrient availability.

Nutrient availability profoundly influences plant root system architecture, which critically determines crop productivity. While Arabidopsis has provided important insights into the genetic responses to nutrient deficiency, translating this knowledge to crops, particularly wheat, remains a subject of inquiry. Here, examining a diverse wheat population under varying nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) levels, we uncover a spectrum of root responses, spanning from growth inhibition to stimulation, highlighting genotype-specific strategies. Furthermore, we reveal a nuanced interplay between macronutrient deficiency (N, P, and K) and Fe availability, emphasizing the central role of Fe in modulating root architecture. Through genome-wide association mapping, we identify 11 quantitative trait loci underlying root traits under varying nutrient availabilities, including homologous genes previously validated in Arabidopsis, supporting our findings. In addition, utilizing transcriptomics, ROS imaging, and antioxidant treatment, we uncover that wheat root growth inhibition by nutrient deficiency is attributed to ROS accumulation, akin to the role of ROS in governing Arabidopsis root responses to nutrient deficiency. Therefore, our study reveals the conservation of molecular and physiological mechanisms between Arabidopsis and wheat to adjust root growth to nutrient availability, paving the way for targeted crop improvement strategies aimed at increasing nutrient use efficiency.

Risk Factors For Heat Related Deaths During The June 2015 Heat Wave In Karachi, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Mortality as a consequence of heat related illness is a public health concern. Emergency department (ED) experiences increased patients' flow and decreased survival as a consequence of heat stroke during the episodes of heat wave. The present study was conducted to identify the risk factors for mortality among victims of heat wave (17th - 23rd June), 2015 evaluated in the Emergency Department of The Indus Hospital (TIH), Karachi. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study data was retrospectively collected. Out of 2278 patients, 150 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria (core body temperature >38 °C, dehydrated and CNS dysfunction without infection) were included. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21 (IBM). RESULTS: Among 150 patients included for analysis, the mortality was observed in twenty-four patients (16%). Majority (64.7%) of the patients included in this retrospective study were males and older with median age of 51.5 years. It was identified that non-survivors had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation compared to survivors along with higher median reparatory rate, pulse rate, temperature, and length of stay in emergency, shock index, and proportion of unconscious level. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that heat stroke patients with decreased diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation as well as patients with increased shock index, low conscious level and higher core temperature, respiratory and pulse rate should be considered for more intensive management in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to decrease mortality rate during future heat stroke episodes.