Inequalities in infant mortality among municipalities in Brazil according to the Family Development Index, 2006-2008.

OBJECTIVE: To describe inequalities in the infant mortality rate (IMR) according to socioeconomic indicators among geographic areas and municipalities in Brazil. METHODS: This was an exploratory ecological study of space aggregates that described IMR in 2006-2008 according to municipalities, states, and the Family Development Index (FDI), a socioeconomic indicator that ranges from 0 to 1. All the municipalities in Brazil were categorized according to four strata as defined by FDI quartiles, where stratum 4 included those with better FDI conditions, and stratum 1, worse conditions. The selected inequality measures were: Concentration Index, Attributable Risk Percent, Population Attributable Risk Percent, Rate Ratio, and number of avoidable events (number of infant deaths). RESULTS: The average IMR (per 1 000 live births) according to the FDI strata were: stratum 1 (FDI = 0.41-0.52) = 18.8; stratum 2 (FDI = 0.53-0.55) = 17.9; stratum 3 (FDI = 0.56-0.58) = 15.0; and stratum 4 (FDI = 0.59-0.73) = 13.4. Overall, the Concentration Index was 0.02. Moreover, stratum 1, with a proportion of 17% of all live births in the population, had a concentration of 20% of infant deaths. Additionally, the profile of causes and ages of infant mortality also differed qualitatively when stratum 1 was compared to stratum 4. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest an association between the socioeconomic indicators, specifically the FDI, and the risk of infant death. These results call attention to the specific population groups in Brazil that are most vulnerable to infant mortality and demonstrate that the FDI can be used to identify these populations.

Treatments used by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Brazil: National Survey of Health, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of treatments used for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the Brazilian adult population. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study with data from the 2013 Brazilian National Survey of Health, including individuals aged 40 years or older, with a self-reported medical diagnosis of COPD, chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema, who were asked about treatments used for disease management. RESULTS: A total of 60,202 adults were interviewed, of which 636 were 40 years of age or older and had reported a medical diagnosis of COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis. Less than half (49.4%) of the diagnosed population reported using some type of treatment, with differences regarding the macro-region of the country (South 53.8% - Northeast 41.2%, p = 0.007). Pharmacological treatment was the most reported, and emphysema patients had the highest proportion of those undergoing more than one type of treatment. Among the individuals who reported having only chronic bronchitis, 55.1% (95%CI: 48.7-61.4) used medication, 4.7% (95%CI: 2.6-8.3) underwent physical therapy, and 6.0% (95%CI: 3.6-9.9) oxygen therapy. On the other hand, among the emphysema patients, 44.1% (95%CI: 36.8-51.7) underwent drug treatment, 8.8% (95%CI: 5.4-14.2) physical therapy, and 10.0% (95%CI: 6.3-15.6) oxygen therapy. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of treatments for COPD management was below ideal in 2013. The pharmacological treatment was the main type of treatment, followed by oxygen therapy and physical therapy.

[Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel): methodological aspects]. / Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel): aspectos metodológicos.

This study describes the methodology of the Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel), conducted in Brazil in 2022. Covitel is a population-based survey representing Brazil and its five macroregions (Central-West, Northeast, North, Southeast, and South) and providing information on the impact of the main risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) on the adult population aged 18 years or above who live in households served by fixed and mobile telephone lines. This study aims to contribute to the development and monitoring of public policies to promote the population's health and obtain results to contribute to the knowledge of the influence of COVID-19 on risk factors for NCDs in the country. We evaluated 9,000 individuals and collected information on their diet, physical activity, mental health, health status, hypertension, diabetes, depression, and alcohol and tobacco consumption, comparing the pre-pandemic moments and the first quarter of 2022. We also collected information about the population's vaccination schedule and COVID-19 infection history.

Este artigo descreve a metodologia utilizada na realização do Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel), desenvolvido no Brasil em 2022. O Covitel é um inquérito de base populacional, com representatividade para o Brasil e suas cinco macrorregiões: Centro-oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste e Sul. O inquérito apresenta informações sobre o impacto dos principais fatores de risco para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) na população adulta, com 18 anos ou mais, residente em domicílios servidos por linhas telefônicas fixas e móveis. O estudo tem por objetivo colaborar para o desenvolvimento e acompanhamento de políticas públicas voltadas para a promoção da saúde para a população, bem como obter resultados que visem contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a influência da COVID-19 nos fatores de risco para as DCNT no país. Foram avaliados 9 mil indivíduos e coletadas informações sobre alimentação, atividade física, saúde mental, estado de saúde, hipertensão arterial, diabetes e depressão, além do consumo de álcool e tabaco, comparando os momentos pré-pandemia e o primeiro trimestre de 2022. Além disso, o estudo coletou informações acerca do esquema vacinal da população e da infecção por COVID-19.

Este artículo describe la metodología empleada para realizar la Encuesta Telefónica de Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en Tiempos de Pandemia (Covitel), realizada en Brasil en el 2022. Covitel es una encuesta de base poblacional, representativa de Brasil y sus cinco macrorregiones: Centro-Oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste y Sur, y brinda información sobre el impacto de los principales factores de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en la población adulta, de 18 años o más, que vive en hogares con servicio de telefonía fija y móvil. El estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo y seguimiento de políticas públicas dirigidas a la promoción de la salud de la población, así como obtener resultados que tengan como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento sobre la influencia de la COVID-19 en los factores de riesgo para las ECNT en el país. Se evaluó a 9.000 individuos y se recopiló información sobre alimentación, actividad física, salud mental, estado de salud, hipertensión arterial, diabetes y depresión, además del consumo de alcohol y tabaco, comparando los momentos previos a la pandemia con el primer trimestre de 2022. Además, el estudio recopiló información sobre el calendario de vacunación de la población y la infección por COVID-19.

Use of electronic cigarettes and hookah in Brazil: a new and emerging landscape. The Covitel study, 2022.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking, as well as those of e-cigarette and hookah experimentation and current use among adults (≥ 18 years of age) in Brazil. METHODS: This study was based on a countrywide cross-sectional telephone-based survey conducted in 2022. The sample was designed to be representative of the five macroregions in Brazil and included 1,800 individuals from each of the regions. Telephone numbers, using a random digit dialing procedure, were proportionally selected for each direct distance dialing code in each region and then electronically validated (i.e., 900 cell and 900 landline phone numbers per region). Information on current commercial cigarette smoking (regardless of frequency/amount), as well as lifetime history of or current e-cigarette and hookah use (regardless of amount), were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of lifetime history of e-cigarette and hookah use was identical (7.3%; 95% CI: 6.0-8.9), whereas the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking was 12.2% (95% CI: 10.4-14.1). Young adults (18-24 years) had the highest prevalence of e-cigarette experimentation (19.7%; 95% CI: 15.1-17.0) and hookah experimentation (17%; 95% CI: 12.2-23.2). E-cigarette and hookah use was more common in the Central-West region and among those with a high level of education, whereas current commercial cigarette smoking was more common among those with a lower level of education. Individuals who used the three forms of nicotine delivery corresponded to 1.5% of the sample (nearly 2 million individuals based on the estimated size of the Brazilian adult population). CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance is essential for the monitoring and prevention of these new forms of nicotine consumption.

Prevalence of self-reported depression in Brazil: National Health Survey 2019 and 2013. / Prevalência de depressão autorreferida no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019 e 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of self-reported depression among Brazilian adults in the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) and compare to the 2013 PNS. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of Brazilian adults using data from the 2019 and 2013 PNS. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of self-reported depression were estimated by region and demographic characteristics. Bivariate analyses were conducted using chi-squared tests. RESULTS: There were 90,846 participants aged ≥ 18 years in 2019, and 60,202 in 2013. Between 2013 and 2019, prevalence of self-reported depression increased from 7.6% (95%CI 7.2;8.1) to 10.2% (95%CI 9.9;10.6) and of individuals who sought healthcare, from 46.4% (95%CI 43.8;49.1) to 52.8% (95%CI 50.7;55.0). Private clinics were the main source of healthcare. CONCLUSION: Depression is highly prevalent in Brazil. Prevalence of diagnosis of depression and use of health services increased in the studied period. The predominance of care in private clinics suggests inequalities in the improvement of mental healthcare coverage.

Self-reported oral health among Brazilian adults: results from the National Health Surveys 2013 and 2019. / Condições de saúde bucal autorrelatadas entre adultos brasileiros: resultados das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde de 2013 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate indicators of oral health conditions and behaviours among Brazilian adults in the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) and analyse the evolution of those indicators compared to the 2013 PNS. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Prevalence ratios of oral health conditions and behaviours, in 2019, were estimated by demographic characteristics. Risk ratios were computed using Poisson regression, and absolute differences (Dif.) between indicators in 2013 and 2019 were calculated. RESULTS: Prevalence of brushing teeth twice a day, using toothbrush/toothpaste/floss and edentulism were, respectively, 93.6% (95%CI 93.3;93.9), 63.0% (95%CI 62.3;63.6) and 10.3% (95%CI 9.93;10.7). There was increase in prevalence of brushing teeth ≥ 2 a day (Dif. = 4.5; 95%CI 3.9;5.1), using toothbrush/toothpaste/floss (Dif. = 10.0; 95%CI 8.6;11.3) and a decrease in prevalence of edentulism (Dif. = -0.7; 95%CI -1.3;-0.1). CONCLUSION: Respondents who were younger, more educated, with higher income and lived in urban areas had better oral health indicators. Most indicators demonstrated positive improvement.

Monitoring the goals of the plans for coping with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases: results of the National Health Survey, Brazil, 2013 and 2019. / Monitoramento das metas dos planos de enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To monitor the achievement of the action plans for the prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases agreed-upon targets. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, with data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. The following targets, up to 2025, were evaluated: physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, salt/sodium, tobacco use, high blood pressure, diabetes, overweight, obesity, cervical cytology testing, and drug therapy and counseling. To check whether the targets were achieved, the prevalence ratio was calculated (PR). RESULTS: 60,202 individuals were assessed in 2013, and 88,531 in 2019. The targets for physical inactivity (PR = 0.88; 95%CI 0.86;0.90) and cervical cytology coverage (79.4%; 95%CI 78.3;80.3) were achieved. Tobacco use was reduced, albeit below the target. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, overweight, obesity and alcohol consumption increased, and the targets will not be attained. CONCLUSION: Two indicators reached the agreed targets, however it is necessary to advance in actions and policies to meet the others.

Self-reported arterial hypertension, use of health services and guidelines for care in Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2019. / Hipertensão arterial autorreferida, uso de serviços de saúde e orientações para o cuidado na população brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of arterial hypertension according to sociodemographic characteristics in Brazil and to analyze the indicators related to access to health services and guidelines for controlling the disease in the country. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study using the National Health Survey (PNS) conducted in 2019. The prevalence of hypertension was estimated with a 95% confidence interval, in addition to the proportions of hypertension indicators. RESULTS: There were 88,531 respondents, of which 23.9% self-reported hypertension, more prevalent among females (26.4%) and the elderly (55.0%). Among those who self-reported hypertension, 57.8% reported medical attention in the last six months; most received guidance on self-care; 66.1% were seen in public health services; and 45.8%, in primary health care units. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertension in the Brazilian population was high, with most people who self-reported the condition being seen in services of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), where they received guidance on health promotion.

Indicators of the line of care for people with diabetes in Brazil: National Health Survey 2013 and 2019. / Indicadores da linha de cuidado de pessoas com diabetes no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To compare health care indicators for adults with medical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Brazil, in 2013 and 2019, and analyze the indicators for 2019 according to sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. Care indicators were evaluated in people with medical diagnosis of DM. RESULTS: DM prevalence increased from 6.2% (2013) to 7.7% (2019). Between 2013 and 2019, there was an increase in the use of medications (from 80.2% to 88.8%) and of medical care (from 73.2% to 79.1%), a reduction in the use of Popular Pharmacy Program medications (from 57.4% to 51.5%) and in follow-up with the same physician (from 65.2% to 59.4%). In 2019, poorer indicators were observed for individuals who were male, younger, Black and Brown, and with lower education and income. CONCLUSION: Most indicators remained similar in the last five years, with differences according to sociodemographic characteristics in 2019.

Prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey 2013 and 2019. / Prevalência de consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking in the Brazilian adult population, according to sociodemographic characteristics, in 2013 and in 2019. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using data on heavy episodic drinking among adults (≥ 18 years) from the National Health Survey, analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: 60,202 participants were included in 2013 and 88,531 in 2019. The prevalence of heavy episodic drinking, in 2019 (17.1%; 95%CI 16.6;17.5), was higher than 2013 (13.1%; 95%CI 13.1;14.2). In the two years, there was a higher prevalence among male sex, adults 18 to 39 years old, individuals with high schooling and Black skin color. In addition, higher prevalence were found among residents in urban areas and in the Midwest and Southeast regions. CONCLUSION: The indication of the growing prevalence of alcohol abuse in Brazil and the differences in prevalence, according to sociodemographic characteristics, show the need to encourage public policies and actions to combat its use.

The Family Health Strategy coverage in Brazil: what reveal the 2013 and 2019 National Health Surveys. / Cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família no Brasil: o que nos mostram as Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde 2013 e 2019.

This paper examines the evolution of Brazil's Family Health Strategy coverage from the findings of the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey censuses. Indicators included Family Health Clinic coverage of residents and households, frequency of visits by Community Health Workers, and usual source of care, all stratified by rural and urban areas, Brazilian regions, states, education of the household head, and income quintile. In 2019, 60.0% of households were enrolled in a Family Health Clinic, and population coverage was 62.6%. Coverage was higher in rural than in urban areas in the Northeast and South regions. Between 2013 and 2019, coverage increased by 11.6%, while monthly health worker visits decreased. Coverage was highest among the most vulnerable population, as defined by the household head education level or by the family income. Availability of usual source of care was highest among those enrolled in a Family Health Clinic. The 2019 National Health Survey findings confirm that Brazil's Family Health Strategy continues to be an equitable policy and the main SUS' Primary Health Care model. However, recent changes in the national policy guidance, which are weakening the community approach and the priority given to the Family Health Strategy Program, may jeopardize those gains.

O artigo analisa a evolução da cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), a partir dos resultados dos inquéritos populacionais das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde (PNS) de 2013 e 2019. Foram calculados indicadores de cobertura de moradores e domicílios por Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF), frequência da visita de Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS), serviço de procura regular e tipo de serviço buscado; estratificados por área rural e urbana, grandes regiões, unidades da federação, escolaridade do responsável pelo domicílio e quintis de renda. Em 2019, 60,0% dos domicílios estavam cadastrados em USF e a cobertura de moradores era 62,6%. A cobertura é superior na área rural e nas regiões Nordeste e Sul. Entre 2013 e 2019, observa-se aumento de cobertura em 11,6% e redução na visita mensal do ACS. A cobertura é mais elevada entre a população mais vulnerável, considerada escolaridade do responsável pelo domicílio ou renda familiar. A disponibilidade de serviço de procura regular é maior entre cadastrados na USF. Os resultados da PNS 2019 reiteram que a ESF permaneceu como política equitativa e principal modelo de APS no SUS. No entanto, as recentes mudanças na condução da política nacional, que enfraquecem o enfoque comunitário e a prioridade da ESF, podem ameaçar tais avanços.

Population with high cardiovascular risk receiving drug therapy and counseling: Brazil's status regarding the global goal, 2014-2015. / População com risco cardiovascular elevado em uso de medicamento e aconselhamento: a situação do Brasil em relação à meta mundial, 2014-2015.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of high cardiovascular risk (CVR), the proportion of people with high CVR who receive treatment and counseling, and to investigate the sociodemographic factors associated with this outcome, in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, using subsample data from the National Health Survey, collected via biochemical tests, in 2014-2015. Poisson regression was used. RESULTS: The proportion of high CVR in men was 11.2% (95%CI 9.6;12.9), and 10.4% (95%CI 9.2;11.8%) in women. In the group with high CVR, 68.8% (95%CI 63.7;73.4%) received counseling, 59.3% (95%CI 54.2;64.3%) received medication, and 55.6% (95%CI 50.4;60.7%) received both. In the multivariate analysis, receiving treatment and counseling was associated with being aged 50 years and over, and poor/very poor self-rated health (PR=1.26 - 95%CI 1.06;1.51). CONCLUSION: The proportion of people with high CVR who had received treatment and counseling was over 50%.

Changes in the pattern of health services use in Brazil between 2013 and 2019. / Mudanças no padrão de utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil entre 2013 e 2019.

This study aimed to investigate changes in the health service use pattern based on information from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Surveys (PNS). The two outcomes, "Seeking health-related care in the past two weeks" and "Medical visit in the last twelve months", were analyzed according to socioeconomic, geographic and health conditions characteristics. Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to investigate the factors associated with seeking care due to a health problem or prevention. The prevalence of chronic diseases increased from 15.0% to 22.5% between 2013 and 2019. The proportion of seeking care increased from 15.3 to 18.6%, and medical visits from 71.2% to 76.2%, ranging from 61.4 to 75.8% and 68.0 to 80.6% between the North and Southeast regions. There was no significant association of seeking care due to a health problem with per capita income, after controlling for the other covariates. We conclude by saying that, despite the expanded coverage of health service use, the persistent regional inequalities indicate unmet health needs among residents of the less developed regions. Health care models focused on prevention and health promotion are required.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de comparar os padrões de utilização de serviços de saúde, a partir das informações das edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), 2013 e 2019. Os dois desfechos "Procura de atendimento relacionado à saúde nas últimas duas semanas" e "Consulta médica nos últimos doze meses" foram analisados segundo fatores socioeconômicos, geográficos, e condições de saúde. Foram usados modelos multivariados de regressão de Poisson para investigar os fatores associados à procura de atendimento de acordo com o motivo (problema de saúde ou prevenção). Entre 2013 e 2019, a prevalência de doenças crônicas aumentou de 15,0% a 22,5%. A proporção de busca de atendimento cresceu de 15,3 a 18,6%, e de uso de médico, de 71,2% a 76,2%, com amplitudes de variação de 61,4-75,8% e 68,0-80,6% entre as regiões Norte e Sudeste. Para atendimento por problema de saúde, não houve associação significativa com rendimento per capita, após o controle das demais covariáveis. Conclui-se que apesar da expansão da cobertura de utilização de serviços de saúde, as persistentes desigualdades regionais indicam necessidades de saúde não atendidas entre os residentes das regiões menos desenvolvidas. Modelos de atenção focados na prevenção e promoção da saúde são necessários.

Health insurance coverage in Brazil: analyzing data from the National Health Survey, 2013 and 2019. / Cobertura de plano de saúde no Brasil: análise dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e 2019.

This paper aimed to describe health insurance coverage in Brazil. Data from the 2013 and 2019 editions of the National Health Survey (PNS) were analyzed. The medical or dental health insurance coverage was analyzed according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, work status, urban/rural area, and Federation Unit. Coverage of medical or dental health insurance was 27.9% (95% CI: 27.1-28.8) for 2013 and 28.5% (95% CI: 27.8-29.2) for 2019. The results show coverage is still concentrated in large urban centers, in the Southeast and South, among those with better socioeconomic status and some formal employment. In 2019, only 30.7% of formal workers reported the monthly payment is made directly to the providers, while 72.7% of informal workers reported this information. About 92% of medical health insurance covers hospitalization, and almost 20% of women with health insurance are not covered for labor. Only 11.7% of women aged between 15 and 44 are covered for childbirth by health insurance. The results show the health insurance coverage is still quite unequal, reinforcing the Unified Health System (SUS) importance for the Brazilian population.

Este artigo objetivou descrever a cobertura de plano de saúde no Brasil. Foram analisados dados das edições de 2013 e 2019 da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. A cobertura de plano de saúde médico ou odontológico foi analisada segundo características sociodemográficas, econômicas, de trabalho, situação censitária e Unidade da Federação. A cobertura de plano de saúde médico ou odontológico foi 27,9% (IC95%: 27,1-28,8) para 2013 e 28,5% (IC95%: 27,8-29,2) para 2019. Os resultados mostram que a cobertura continua concentrada nos grandes centros urbanos, nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, entre aqueles com melhor nível socioeconômico e aqueles que possuem algum vínculo de trabalho formal. Em 2019, dentre os trabalhadores formalizados, somente 30,7% relatou que o pagamento da mensalidade é feito diretamente a operadora, sendo 72,7% dentre os trabalhadores informais. Cerca de 92% dos planos de saúde médico cobrem internação e dentre as mulheres com plano de saúde, quase 20% delas não possuem cobertura para o parto. Apenas 11,7% das mulheres com idade entre 15 e 44 anos possuem cobertura para o parto através do plano de saúde. Os resultados mostram que a cobertura por plano de saúde mantém-se bastante desigual, reforçando a importância do Sistema Único de Saúde para a população brasileira.

Temporal trend of overweight and obesity prevalence among Brazilian adults, according to sociodemographic characteristics, 2006-2019. / Tendência temporal da prevalência do excesso de peso e obesidade na população adulta brasileira, segundo características sociodemográficas, 2006-2019.

OBJETIVO: To analyze the temporal trend of overweight and obesity prevalence rates among adults in the Brazilian state capitals and Federal District between 2006 and 2019. METHODS: This was a time series study using data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey, 2006-2019 (n=730,309). Prevalence of overweight and obesity for each of the years was analyzed, according to combined sex, age, and schooling. Temporal variation trend was analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: Variations in overweight prevalence were observed, mainly among males 18-24 years old with up to 8 years of schooling (3.17%/year) and among women between 18-24 years old with more than 12 or more years of schooling (6.81% /year). Variations in obesity prevalence were found mainly among women 18-24 years old with more than 12 years of schooling (10.79%/year). CONCLUSION: There was an increase in overweight and obesity in most of the socio-demographic strata studied, especially among more educated young people.

National Health Survey 2019: history, methods and perspectives. / Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019: histórico, métodos e perspectivas.

This article presents the history and construction of the National Health Survey (PNS) 2019, a household survey conducted in partnership with the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The objective of PNS 2019 was to provide the country with information on the health determinants, conditionants and needs of the Brazilian population. The expected sample was 108,525 households, considering a 20% non-response rate. The questionnaire had three parts, covering: (i) the household; (ii) all residents of the household, focusing on collection of socioeconomic and health information; and (iii) the selected resident (15 years old or more) for whom lifestyles, chronic diseases, violence, among other topics were investigated, as well as their anthropometric measurements (subsample). The information provided by PNS 2019 will serve as a basis for the (re)formulation of health policies, as well as support for existing actions and programs of the Brazilian National Health System.

Este artigo apresenta o histórico e a construção da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2019, inquérito de base domiciliar realizado em parceria com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. O objetivo da PNS 2019 foi dotar o país de informações sobre os determinantes, condicionantes e necessidades de saúde da população brasileira. A amostra prevista foi de 108.525 domicílios particulares, considerando-se uma taxa de não resposta de 20%. Seu questionário continha três partes, orientadas para (i) o domicílio, (ii) todos os moradores do domicílio, com enfoque na coleta de informações socioeconômicas e de saúde, e (iii) o morador selecionado (idade ≥15 anos), sendo investigados estilos de vida, doenças crônicas, violências, entre outros temas, e aferidas medidas antropométricas (subamostra). As informações da PNS 2019 servirão de base para a (re)formulação de políticas de saúde e subsídio a ações e programas existentes do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Este artículo presenta la historia y la construcción de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) 2019, una encuesta domiciliaria realizada en colaboración con el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. El objetivo de la PNS fue proporcionar al país información sobre los determinantes, las condiciones y las necesidades de salud de la población brasileña. La muestra esperada fue de 108.525 hogares particulares, considerando una tasa de no respuesta del 20%. Su cuestionario contenía tres partes: (i) con respecto al hogar; (ii) dirigido a todos los residentes, centrándose en la recopilación de información socioeconómica y de salud; y (iii) al residente seleccionado (15 años o más) de quien se investigó estilos de vida, enfermedades crónicas, violencia, entre otros temas y se compararon las medidas antropométricas (submuestra). La información de la PNS 2019 servirá como base para la (re)formulación de políticas de salud y para apoyar acciones y programas existentes en el Sistema Único de Salud.

Use of electronic cigarettes and hookah in Brazil: a new and emerging landscape. The Covitel study, 2022 / Uso de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé no Brasil: um cenário novo e emergente. O estudo Covitel, 2022

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking, as well as those of e-cigarette and hookah experimentation and current use among adults (≥ 18 years of age) in Brazil. Methods: This study was based on a countrywide cross-sectional telephone-based survey conducted in 2022. The sample was designed to be representative of the five macroregions in Brazil and included 1,800 individuals from each of the regions. Telephone numbers, using a random digit dialing procedure, were proportionally selected for each direct distance dialing code in each region and then electronically validated (i.e., 900 cell and 900 landline phone numbers per region). Information on current commercial cigarette smoking (regardless of frequency/amount), as well as lifetime history of or current e-cigarette and hookah use (regardless of amount), were collected. Results: The prevalence of lifetime history of e-cigarette and hookah use was identical (7.3%; 95% CI: 6.0-8.9), whereas the prevalence of current commercial cigarette smoking was 12.2% (95% CI: 10.4-14.1). Young adults (18-24 years) had the highest prevalence of e-cigarette experimentation (19.7%; 95% CI: 15.1-17.0) and hookah experimentation (17%; 95% CI: 12.2-23.2). E-cigarette and hookah use was more common in the Central-West region and among those with a high level of education, whereas current commercial cigarette smoking was more common among those with a lower level of education. Individuals who used the three forms of nicotine delivery corresponded to 1.5% of the sample (nearly 2 million individuals based on the estimated size of the Brazilian adult population). Conclusions: Surveillance is essential for the monitoring and prevention of these new forms of nicotine consumption.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência do consumo atual de cigarros industrializados, bem como da experimentação e uso atual de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé entre adultos (≥ 18 anos) no Brasil. Métodos: Este estudo baseou-se em uma inquérito telefônico nacional realizada em 2022. A amostra foi projetada para ser representativa das cinco macrorregiões do Brasil e foi composta por 1.800 indivíduos de cada uma das regiões. Por meio de um procedimento de discagem aleatória, os números de telefone foram selecionados proporcionalmente para cada código de discagem direta à distância em cada região e, em seguida, validados eletronicamente (isto é, 900 telefones celulares e 900 telefones fixos por região). Foram coletadas informações sobre o consumo atual de cigarros industrializados (independentemente da frequência/quantidade), bem como sobre a história de uso ou uso atual de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé (independentemente da quantidade). Resultados: As prevalências de história de uso de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé foram idênticas (7,3%; IC95%: 6,0-8,9), ao passo que a prevalência de consumo atual de cigarros industrializados foi de 12,2% (IC95%: 10,4-14,1). Adultos jovens (18-24 anos) apresentaram as maiores prevalências de experimentação de cigarro eletrônico (19,7%; IC95%: 15,1-17,0) e de narguilé (17%; IC95%: 12,2-23,2). O uso de cigarro eletrônico e narguilé foi mais comum na região Centro-Oeste e entre aqueles com maior grau de escolaridade, ao passo que o consumo atual de cigarros industrializados foi mais comum entre aqueles com menor grau de escolaridade. Os indivíduos que usavam as três formas de liberação de nicotina corresponderam a 1,5% da amostra (quase 2 milhões de indivíduos com base na estimativa do tamanho da população adulta brasileira). Conclusões: A vigilância é essencial para o monitoramento e prevenção dessas novas formas de consumo de nicotina.

Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel): aspectos metodológicos / Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel): methodological aspects / Encuesta Telefónica de Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en Tiempos de Pandemia (Covitel): aspectos metodológicos

Resumo: Este artigo descreve a metodologia utilizada na realização do Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel), desenvolvido no Brasil em 2022. O Covitel é um inquérito de base populacional, com representatividade para o Brasil e suas cinco macrorregiões: Centro-oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste e Sul. O inquérito apresenta informações sobre o impacto dos principais fatores de risco para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) na população adulta, com 18 anos ou mais, residente em domicílios servidos por linhas telefônicas fixas e móveis. O estudo tem por objetivo colaborar para o desenvolvimento e acompanhamento de políticas públicas voltadas para a promoção da saúde para a população, bem como obter resultados que visem contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a influência da COVID-19 nos fatores de risco para as DCNT no país. Foram avaliados 9 mil indivíduos e coletadas informações sobre alimentação, atividade física, saúde mental, estado de saúde, hipertensão arterial, diabetes e depressão, além do consumo de álcool e tabaco, comparando os momentos pré-pandemia e o primeiro trimestre de 2022. Além disso, o estudo coletou informações acerca do esquema vacinal da população e da infecção por COVID-19.

Abstract: This study describes the methodology of the Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel), conducted in Brazil in 2022. Covitel is a population-based survey representing Brazil and its five macroregions (Central-West, Northeast, North, Southeast, and South) and providing information on the impact of the main risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) on the adult population aged 18 years or above who live in households served by fixed and mobile telephone lines. This study aims to contribute to the development and monitoring of public policies to promote the population's health and obtain results to contribute to the knowledge of the influence of COVID-19 on risk factors for NCDs in the country. We evaluated 9,000 individuals and collected information on their diet, physical activity, mental health, health status, hypertension, diabetes, depression, and alcohol and tobacco consumption, comparing the pre-pandemic moments and the first quarter of 2022. We also collected information about the population's vaccination schedule and COVID-19 infection history.

Resumen: Este artículo describe la metodología empleada para realizar la Encuesta Telefónica de Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en Tiempos de Pandemia (Covitel), realizada en Brasil en el 2022. Covitel es una encuesta de base poblacional, representativa de Brasil y sus cinco macrorregiones: Centro-Oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste y Sur, y brinda información sobre el impacto de los principales factores de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en la población adulta, de 18 años o más, que vive en hogares con servicio de telefonía fija y móvil. El estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo y seguimiento de políticas públicas dirigidas a la promoción de la salud de la población, así como obtener resultados que tengan como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento sobre la influencia de la COVID-19 en los factores de riesgo para las ECNT en el país. Se evaluó a 9.000 individuos y se recopiló información sobre alimentación, actividad física, salud mental, estado de salud, hipertensión arterial, diabetes y depresión, además del consumo de alcohol y tabaco, comparando los momentos previos a la pandemia con el primer trimestre de 2022. Además, el estudio recopiló información sobre el calendario de vacunación de la población y la infección por COVID-19.

Condições de saúde bucal autorrelatadas entre adultos brasileiros: resultados das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde de 2013 e 2019 / Condiciones de salud bucal autoinformadas en brasileños adultos: resultados de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud 2013 y 2019 / Self-reported oral health among Brazilian adults: results from the National Health Surveys 2013 and 2019

Objetivo: Analisar indicadores das condições e comportamentos relacionados à saúde bucal de brasileiros adultos na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2019 e sua evolução em relação a 2013. Métodos: Estudo transversal que estimou prevalências de comportamentos e condições de saúde bucal segundo variáveis demográficas. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência, por regressão de Poisson, e estimadas diferenças absolutas (Dif.) entre os indicadores de 2013 e 2019. Resultados: Em 2019, as prevalências de escovação ≥ 2 vezes ao dia, uso de escova/dentifrício/fio dental e edentulismo foram, respectivamente, 93,6% (IC95% 93,3;93,9), 63,0% (IC95% 62,3;63,6) e 10,3% (IC95% 9,9;10,7). Escovação ≥ 2 vezes/dia (Dif. = 4,5; IC95% 3,9;5,1) e uso de escova/dentifrício/fio dental (Dif. = 10,0; IC95% 8,6;11,3) aumentaram, enquanto o edentulismo (Dif. = -0,7; IC95% -1,3;-0,1) foi reduzido. Conclusão: Observaram-se melhores indicadores de saúde bucal entre pessoas mais jovens, com ensino superior, maior renda e residentes na zona urbana. Verificou-se melhoria na maioria dos indicadores estudados.

Objetivo: Evaluar los indicadores de salud bucal en la población brasileña adulta en base a los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) 2019, y analizar su evolución en relación a PNS 2013. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal. Se estimó la prevalencia de conductas y condiciones de salud bucal en 2019, según características sociodemográficas. Se calcularon razones de prevalencia con regresión de Poisson y se estimaron las diferencias (Dif.) entre los indicadores de 2013 y 2019. Resultados: La prevalencia de cepillado ≥ 2 veces al día, uso de cepillo/pasta/hilo dental y edentulismo ha sido, respectivamente, 93,6% (IC95% 93,3;93,9), 63,0% (IC95% 62,3;63,6) y 10,3% (IC95% 9,93;10,7). Prevalencia de cepillado ≥ 2 veces al día (Dif. = 4,5; IC95% 3,9;5,1) y uso de cepillo/pasta/hilo dental (Dif. = 10,0; IC95% 8,6;11,3) aumentó, mientras que el edentulismo (Dif. = -0,7; IC95% -1,3; -0,1) disminuyó. Conclusión: Se observaron mejores indicadores entre jóvenes, con educación superior, mayores ingresos y en áreas urbanas. Hubo mejora en la mayoría de los indicadores.

Objective: To evaluate indicators of oral health conditions and behaviours among Brazilian adults in the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) and analyse the evolution of those indicators compared to the 2013 PNS. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Prevalence ratios of oral health conditions and behaviours, in 2019, were estimated by demographic characteristics. Risk ratios were computed using Poisson regression, and absolute differences (Dif.) between indicators in 2013 and 2019 were calculated. Results: Prevalence of brushing teeth twice a day, using toothbrush/toothpaste/floss and edentulism were, respectively, 93.6% (95%CI 93.3;93.9), 63.0% (95%CI 62.3;63.6) and 10.3% (95%CI 9.93;10.7). There was increase in prevalence of brushing teeth ≥ 2 a day (Dif. = 4.5; 95%CI 3.9;5.1), using toothbrush/toothpaste/floss (Dif. = 10.0; 95%CI 8.6;11.3) and a decrease in prevalence of edentulism (Dif. = -0.7; 95%CI -1.3;-0.1). Conclusion: Respondents who were younger, more educated, with higher income and lived in urban areas had better oral health indicators. Most indicators demonstrated positive improvement.

Prevalência de depressão autorreferida no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019 e 2013 / Prevalencia de depresión autoinformada en Brasil: Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2019 y 2013 / Prevalence of self-reported depression in Brazil: National Health Survey 2019 and 2013

Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de depressão autorreferida na população brasileira adulta a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2019, e comparar com a PNS 2013. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo no qual se calcularam prevalências de diagnóstico autorreferido de depressão, segundo localidade e variáveis demográficas, e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Análises bivariadas foram realizadas com teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: Participaram 90.846 indivíduos com idade ≥ 18 anos, na PNS 2019, e 60.202, na PNS 2013. Entre 2013 e 2019, as prevalências de depressão autorreferida aumentaram de 7,6% (IC95% 7,2;8,1) para 10,2% (IC95% 9,9;10,6), e de busca por atendimento nos últimos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista, de 46,4% (IC95% 43,75;49,1) para 52,8% (IC95% 50,7;55,0). Consultórios privados foram o principal local de assistência. Conclusão: A depressão é um transtorno altamente prevalente. O diagnóstico de depressão e a busca por atendimento aumentaram no período. Entretanto, o predomínio de atendimentos em consultórios privados sugere desigualdades na melhoria da cobertura assistencial.

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de depresión autoinformada en la población adulta brasileña en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) 2019 y compararla con la PNS 2013. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo donde se calcularon prevalencias del diagnóstico autoinformado de depresión e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) según localización y variables demográficas. Análisis bivariados se realizaron mediante la prueba chi-cuadrado. Resultados: Participaron 90.846 individuos en edad ≥ 18 años en la PNS 2019, y 60.202 en 2013. Entre 2013 y 2019, la prevalencia de diagnóstico autoinformado de depresión aumentó de 7,6% (IC95% 7,2;8,1) a 10,2% (IC95% 9,9;10,6) y búsqueda de atención del 46,4% (IC95% 43,75;49,1) a 52,8% (IC95% 50,7;55,0). Oficinas privadas fueron el principal lugar de asistencia. Conclusión: La depresión es un trastorno altamente prevalente. La prevalencia de diagnóstico de depresión y búsqueda de atención aumentaron en el período. El predominio de la atención en oficinas privadas sugiere desigualdades en la mejora de la cobertura de atención.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of self-reported depression among Brazilian adults in the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) and compare to the 2013 PNS. Methods: Cross-sectional study of Brazilian adults using data from the 2019 and 2013 PNS. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of self-reported depression were estimated by region and demographic characteristics. Bivariate analyses were conducted using chi-squared tests. Results: There were 90,846 participants aged ≥ 18 years in 2019, and 60,202 in 2013. Between 2013 and 2019, prevalence of self-reported depression increased from 7.6% (95%CI 7.2;8.1) to 10.2% (95%CI 9.9;10.6) and of individuals who sought healthcare, from 46.4% (95%CI 43.8;49.1) to 52.8% (95%CI 50.7;55.0). Private clinics were the main source of healthcare. Conclusion: Depression is highly prevalent in Brazil. Prevalence of diagnosis of depression and use of health services increased in the studied period. The predominance of care in private clinics suggests inequalities in the improvement of mental healthcare coverage.