Late diagnosis of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II and Bombay blood type in a child: a rare case report.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II (LAD II) is a rare, autosomal, recessive inherited immunodeficiency disease that induces frequent and recurrent infections, persistent leukocytosis, severe mental and growth retardation, and impaired wound healing. The Bombay blood group is a rare blood group phenotype that is characterised by the deficiency of H, A, and B antigens on the surface of red cells. LAD II and the Bombay blood group are always seen together, because both of them are associated with a global defect in the common pathway of fucose metabolism. Here we report the case of an 11-year-old boy with LAD II, who presented with the Bombay blood group. Agglutination with strength of 4+ was detected in all cross-matching due to erythrocyte transfusions for our patient. Therefore, the Bombay blood group was incidentally determined due to deficient expression of the CD15 adhesion molecules on the surface of the leukocytes according to the results of flow cytometry. Upon detecting the Bombay blood type, LAD II was then diagnosed as a result of flow cytometry and the clinical findings of mental retardation and history of recurrent infections such as abscesses.

Constitutional SAMD9L mutations cause familial myelodysplastic syndrome and transient monosomy 7.

Familial myelodysplastic syndromes arise from haploinsufficiency of genes involved in hematopoiesis and are primarily associated with early-onset disease. Here we describe a familial syndrome in seven patients from four unrelated pedigrees presenting with myelodysplastic syndrome and loss of chromosome 7/7q. Their median age at diagnosis was 2.1 years (range, 1-42). All patients presented with thrombocytopenia with or without additional cytopenias and a hypocellular marrow without an increase of blasts. Genomic studies identified constitutional mutations (p.H880Q, p.R986H, p.R986C and p.V1512M) in the SAMD9L gene on 7q21, with decreased allele frequency in hematopoiesis. The non-random loss of mutated SAMD9L alleles was attained via monosomy 7, deletion 7q, UPD7q, or acquired truncating SAMD9L variants p.R1188X and p.S1317RfsX21. Incomplete penetrance was noted in 30% (3/10) of mutation carriers. Long-term observation revealed divergent outcomes with either progression to leukemia and/or accumulation of driver mutations (n=2), persistent monosomy 7 (n=4), and transient monosomy 7 followed by spontaneous recovery with SAMD9L-wildtype UPD7q (n=2). Dysmorphic features or neurological symptoms were absent in our patients, pointing to the notion that myelodysplasia with monosomy 7 can be a sole manifestation of SAMD9L disease. Collectively, our results define a new subtype of familial myelodysplastic syndrome and provide an explanation for the phenomenon of transient monosomy 7. Registered at: www.clinicaltrials.gov; #NCT00047268.

herg1b expression as a potential specific marker in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients with HERG 897K/K genotype.

Human ether-a-go-go related gene (herg) encoding HERG K(+) channel has been demonstrated in many previous studies with its association to cell cycle progression and growth in tumor cells. The upregulated expression of HERG K+ channels was determined in different tumor types. Furthermore, not only full-length transcript herg1 but also a truncated isoform herg1b was shown to be expressed in cancer cells. In this study, the expression levels of herg1 and herg1b and the impact of K897T mutation on their expressions were investigated in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (pAML). Expression levels of herg1 and herg1b isoforms were analyzed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in pAML patients together with healthy donors, and their expressions were confirmed by western blotting. The 2690 A>C nucleotide variation in KCNH2 gene corresponding to K897T amino acid change was analyzed by PCR followed by restriction enzyme digestion. herg1b overexpression was observed in tumor cells compared to healthy controls (P = .0024). However, herg1 expression was higher in healthy control cells than tumor cells (P = .001). The prevalence of polymorphic allele 897T was 26% in our patient group and 897T carriers showed increased herg1b expression compared to wild-type allele carriers. Our results demonstrate the presence of the increased levels of herg1b expression in pAML. In addition, we report for the first time that, pAML subgroup with HERG 897K/K genotype compared to 897K/T and T/T genotypes express increased levels of herg1b. In conclusion, HERG 897K/K genotype with increased level of herg1b expression might well be a prognostic marker for pAML.

Use of urinalysis as a screening tool for asymptomatic infants.

AIM: The utility of screening urinalysis in asymptomatic children has been questioned based on studies done in school-age children or adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended to abandon this screening in 2007 but many paediatricians perform it at some point during childhood. Thus, we aimed to investigate usefulness of screening urinalysis during infancy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed results of screening urinalysis done in infants at 6-18 months of age who had regular care since birth at our centre. Infants with an ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) diagnostic code for routine child health exam (Z00.1) and a urinalysis requested with this code on the same date were included. RESULTS: A total of 683 infants met the inclusion criteria. 44 (6%) had an abnormal urinalysis. The most common abnormality (n = 39, 5,7%) was pyuria. Of these 39 babies, 5 had a repeat urinalysis only, 18 had a repeat urinalysis with urine culture, and 16 had a urine culture alone. Six patients had positive culture results and were given antibiotic treatment. All six babies who received treatment had normal ultrasound and two patients had a voiding cystourethrography, which were also normal. The other abnormalities (n = 5) detected were microscopic hematuria and proteinuria. Repeat urinalyses of these patients were normal. CONCLUSION: Screening urinalysis results were abnormal in 6% of the babies, but in 86% of those, abnormalities were transient. Only <1% had positive culture results. These data add to the evidence that screening urinalysis during infancy is unjustified supporting the AAP 2007 recommendations.

How to manage an unresectable or recurrent sialoblastoma.

Only 2-5% of all salivary gland tumors occur in children. Sialoblastoma is an extremely rare salivary gland tumor diagnosed at birth or shortly thereafter with significant variability in histological range and clinical course, so that it may be difficult to predict the most appropriate therapy. In cases where surgical removal is not curative or technically feasible, chemotherapy may be attempted. We report herein a patient with progression of a huge partially resected sialoblastoma who was successfully treated with chemotherapy. Systemic chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) seems to be an effective adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment option for unresectable or recurrent sialoblastoma.

Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated by secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) may be familial or secondary to infections, malignancies, metabolic disorders. Infectious causes are mostly viral and EBV is the mostly frequently seen etiologic agent. In this case, we report a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who had three episodes of secondary HLH, possibly due to two different viral etiologies, namely CMV and RSV together with her malignancy, during her induction-consolidation treatment.

Targeted high-throughput sequencing for genetic diagnostics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

BACKGROUND: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rapid-onset, potentially fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome. A prompt molecular diagnosis is crucial for appropriate clinical management. Here, we validated and prospectively evaluated a targeted high-throughput sequencing approach for HLH diagnostics. METHODS: A high-throughput sequencing strategy of 12 genes linked to HLH was validated in 13 patients with previously identified HLH-associated mutations and prospectively evaluated in 58 HLH patients. Moreover, 2504 healthy individuals from the 1000 Genomes project were analyzed in silico for variants in the same genes. RESULTS: Analyses revealed a mutation detection sensitivity of 97.3%, an average coverage per gene of 98.0%, and adequate coverage over 98.6% of sites previously reported as mutated in these genes. In the prospective cohort, we achieved a diagnosis in 22 out of 58 patients (38%). Genetically undiagnosed HLH patients had a later age at onset and manifested higher frequencies of known secondary HLH triggers. Rare, putatively pathogenic monoallelic variants were identified in nine patients. However, such monoallelic variants were not enriched compared with healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: We have established a comprehensive high-throughput platform for genetic screening of patients with HLH. Almost all cases with reduced natural killer cell function received a diagnosis, but the majority of the prospective cases remain genetically unexplained, highlighting genetic heterogeneity and environmental impact within HLH. Moreover, in silico analyses of the genetic variation affecting HLH-related genes in the general population suggest caution with respect to interpreting causality between monoallelic mutations and HLH. A complete understanding of the genetic susceptibility to HLH thus requires further in-depth investigations, including genome sequencing and detailed immunological characterization.

Pulmonary tuberculosis in children with Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The clinical presentation of tuberculosis (TB) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) with pulmonary involvement is similar and raises problems of differential diagnosis. It may also be difficult to distinguish TB from relapsed lymphoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of HL and pulmonary TB and to discuss differential diagnosis. Medical records of 70 children were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 27 patients (38%) had mediastinal-pulmonary involvement initially. Systemic symptoms were present in 37 (52%) patients. In all, 14 patients (20%) had pulmonary TB; three of them were diagnosed as having TB before HL, two of them had TB and HL concomittantly at initial diagnosis, seven of them during lymphoma therapy and two of them after the cessation of lymphoma treatment. PPD was positive (>10 mm) only in seven patients. In all, 11 patients with pulmonary TB had diffuse pulmonary infiltrations and mediastinal enlargement at lung contrast-enhanced computed tomography and X-ray, which was difficult to differentiate from HL. Biopsies were performed in five patients. No mortality because of the infection was seen. Only one patient had been lost as relapsed-resistant HL. To evaluate mediastinal lymphadenopathies is very crucial and the differential diagnosis is difficult; hence the association between HL and the TB must be considered especially in countries where TB is highly endemic.

Neuroblastoma: an unusual presentation with bilateral ptosis.

Neuroblastoma, a common tumor of neural crest origin, demonstrates an extremely variable clinical presentation and behavior. Paraspinal tumors may occur anywhere along the spinal column where they may invade the intervertebral foramina and produce cord compression. Cervical involvement may produce Horner's syndrome. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is also a well-known neuroimmunologic finding of neuroblastoma. We report a 28-month-old female presenting with ptosis and muscle weakness, diagnosed as having a neuroblastoma.

Infantile hemangiomas, complications and follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To study the risk factors for hemangioma-related complications, treatment indications and analyze the outcome of patients with infantile hemangioma. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-five patients (1-69 months; median: 12 months) with infantile hemangioma with mean follow-up 19 months. The eligibility was based on the criteria of the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA). INTERVENTION: The surgical treatment included total excision whereas medical treatment was carried out by interferon and /or corticosteroids. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data was collected including sex, age, prematurity, age at onset, number, anatomic location and size of hemangioma, age at treatment, cause of treatment decision, family history, presence of extra malformations, involvement of internal organs, presence of life altering or life threatening complications, response to treatment, dose and duration of medications, complications associated with treatment, follow-up period, and final outcome. RESULTS: Thirty-four (62%) patients were followed-up without treatment, whereas 21 others underwent treatment including steroids, interferon, and surgery. The size of hemangioma was a major factor that predicted hemangioma-related complications (P=0.002). Patients with hemangioma related complications had bigger lesions (size >40 cm² or the longest size on a single plane >5 cm). Nineteen patients (34%) had complications, but only 8 (14.5%) out of them had life or function-threatening complications. CONCLUSION: Although dosing and treatment protocol is still debatable, steroids and interferon are good options for hemangioma treatment. The management strategy should be individualized for each case.

Allogeneic versus autologous versus peripheral stem cell transplantation in CR1 pediatric AML patients: a single center experience.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of childhood acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) in first remission, is still evolving. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in patients with a donor has been well established, but the role of autologous transplantation remains of interest, particularly in the light of some encouraging results in adults. PROCEDURE: Out of 81 pediatric patients with AML in first CR, 67 were biologically randomized for allogeneic (n = 31), autologous (n = 20), or peripheral stem cell transplant (n = 16) after completing consolidation treatment, with the remaining (n = 11) dropping out or receiving chemotherapy. Disease free survival (DFS) of these different groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Allogeneic transplantation is not superior to autologous and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) (DFS in 5 years is 61%, 50%, and 75%). The 5 years DFS in the autologous PBSCT group is significantly better than in the autologous BMT group (75% vs. 50%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In pediatric AML patients without a donor, autologous BMT or autologous PBSCT appears to be an effective treatment option with low transplant related mortality especially in less privileged countries where the chemotherapy only results are still low.

Diffuse thoracic lymphangiomatosis with disseminated intravascular coagulation in a child.

An 8.5-year-old girl who presented with chronic cough and hemoptysis underwent a CT scan of the chest showing diffuse mediastinal and parenchymal infiltration and pleural effusion, and laboratory findings showed disseminated intravascular coagulation. Disseminated lymphangiomatosis was diagnosed after an open-lung biopsy. She was treated by systemic steroids, interferon, tamoxifen, chemotherapy, and radiation but died of respiratory failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation 2 years after the diagnosis. This patient represents a rare presentation of diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis together with disseminated intravascular coagulation, involving both the mediastinum and pulmonary parenchyma, in a child.