Feasibility, acceptability and clinical utility of the Cultural Formulation Interview: mixed-methods results from the DSM-5 international field trial.

BackgroundThere is a need for clinical tools to identify cultural issues in diagnostic assessment.AimsTo assess the feasibility, acceptability and clinical utility of the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) in routine clinical practice.MethodMixed-methods evaluation of field trial data from six countries. The CFI was administered to diagnostically diverse psychiatric out-patients during a diagnostic interview. In post-evaluation sessions, patients and clinicians completed debriefing qualitative interviews and Likert-scale questionnaires. The duration of CFI administration and the full diagnostic session were monitored.ResultsMixed-methods data from 318 patients and 75 clinicians found the CFI feasible, acceptable and useful. Clinician feasibility ratings were significantly lower than patient ratings and other clinician-assessed outcomes. After administering one CFI, however, clinician feasibility ratings improved significantly and subsequent interviews required less time.ConclusionsThe CFI was included in DSM-5 as a feasible, acceptable and useful cultural assessment tool.

How Do Clinicians Prefer Cultural Competence Training? Findings from the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview Field Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study's objective is to analyze training methods clinicians reported as most and least helpful during the DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview field trial, reasons why, and associations between demographic characteristics and method preferences. METHOD: The authors used mixed methods to analyze interviews from 75 clinicians in five continents on their training preferences after a standardized training session and clinicians' first administration of the Cultural Formulation Interview. Content analysis identified most and least helpful educational methods by reason. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis compared clinician characteristics to method preferences. RESULTS: Most frequently, clinicians named case-based behavioral simulations as "most helpful" and video as "least helpful" training methods. Bivariate and logistic regression models, first unadjusted and then clustered by country, found that each additional year of a clinician's age was associated with a preference for behavioral simulations: OR = 1.05 (95 % CI: 1.01-1.10; p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Most clinicians preferred active behavioral simulations in cultural competence training, and this effect was most pronounced among older clinicians. Effective training may be best accomplished through a combination of reviewing written guidelines, video demonstration, and behavioral simulations. Future work can examine the impact of clinician training satisfaction on patient symptoms and quality of life.

Smell test predicts performance on delayed recall memory test in elderly with depression.

INTRODUCTION: Elderly with depression are at increased risk for cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Smell tests are correlated with performance on cognitive tests in the elderly and therefore might serve as a screening test for cognitive impairment in depressed elderly. PURPOSE: To assess the validity of the CC-SIT (Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test) as a screening test for cognitive impairment in elderly with depression. METHODS: Forty-one patients, aged 60 and over, were assessed with the CC-SIT and CVLT (California Verbal Learning Test) after 3 months treatment of a Major Depressive Episode (DSM-IV) at the Day Hospital for Depression, Baycrest. Patients already diagnosed with dementia, or other psychiatric and neurological disorders, were excluded. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was applied to assess the CC-SIT's accuracy in identifying individuals with impairment (2 SD below the mean for age and education or less) on CVLT delayed recall trials. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (33 women and eight men) were assessed. Mean age was 76.8 (SD: 6.5), mean HRSD scores before treatment was 22.0 (SD: 5.1). Nine patients had impairment on CVLT delayed recall measures. The area under the ROC curve was 0.776 (95% CI = 0.617-0.936). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of the CC-SIT as a screening tool for cognitive impairment among elderly with depression as an indicator for the need of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Replication with larger samples is necessary.

Hypertension and depression.

Despite the high prevalence of depression and hypertension, the relationship between the two diseases has received little attention. This paper reviews the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and prognostic aspects of this association, as well as its implications for treatment. A Medline search was conducted using the following key words: depression, blood pressure, blood pressure variability, physical morbidity, hypertension, mood, stress, hypertension, antidepressive agents, and genetics, from 1980 to 2004. We found descriptions of increased prevalence of hypertension in depressed patients, increased prevalence of depression in hypertensive patients, association between depressive symptomatology and hypotension, and alteration of the circadian variation of blood pressure in depressed patients. There is considerable evidence suggesting that hyperreactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and genetic influences are the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between depression and hypertension. Depression can negatively affect the course of hypertensive illness. Additionally, the use of antidepressive agents can interfere with blood pressure control of patients with hypertension by inducing changes in blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension.

Cognitive performance of long-term institutionalized elderly patients with schizophrenia: A case control study.

Cognitive impairment is inherent to the ageing process. Several studies suggest that patients with late-life schizophrenia have more marked cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive performance of elderly institutionalized patients with schizophrenia and institutionalized elderly control patients without neurological or psychiatric diseases, matched for age, educational level and institutionalization time. METHODS: The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMCOG) was used to test 10 institutionalized elderly patients with schizophrenia. Results were compared with those of 10 institutionalized control patients with history of Hansen's disease. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia showed a worse performance in terms of total CAMCOG score and on its subtests of orientation, language, abstraction, and memory (p≤0.05). Patients with schizophrenia also disclosed a non-significant trend toward lower scores on the MMSE and on calculus. CONCLUSION: Findings demonstrated that schizophrenia was associated to worse cognitive impairment in long-term institutionalized elderly patients compared with institutionalized patients without neurological or psychiatric diseases.

Prejuízo cognitivo é inerente ao processo de senescência. Estudos tem sugerido que pacientes idosos com esquizofrenia apresentam esse prejuízo de maneira mais acentuada. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desempenho cognitivo de pacientes idosos com esquizofrenia, institucionalizados, com indivíduos idosos, institucionalizados, sem doenças neurológicas ou psiquiátricas, pareados pela idade, escolaridade e tempo de institucionalização. MÉTODOS: "Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly" (CAMCOG) foi aplicado em 10 pacientes, institucionalizados, com esquizofrenia, cujo desempenho cognitivo foi comparado ao de 10 indivíduos, institucionalizados, com história de doença de Hansen. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com esquizofrenia apresentaram um pior desempenho na pontuação total do CAMCOG e em seus subitens orientação, linguagem, abstração e memória (p≤0.05). Pacientes com esquizofrenia também apresentaram uma tendência, não significativa, para menor pontuação no MEEM e cálculo. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados demonstram que a esquizofrenia está associada a piora do comprometimento cognitivo em pacientes idosos com institucionalização de longa permanência comparados a pacientes institucionalizados sem doenças neurológicas ou psiquiátricas.

Muscle sympathetic nervous activity in depressed patients before and after treatment with sertraline.

BACKGROUND: Sympathetic hyperactivity is one of the mechanisms involved in the increased cardiovascular risk associated with depression, and there is evidence that antidepressants decrease sympathetic activity. OBJECTIVES: We tested the following two hypotheses: patients with major depressive disorder with high scores of depressive symptoms (HMDD) have augmented muscle sympathetic nervous system activity (MSNA) at rest and during mental stress compared with patients with major depressive disorder with low scores of depressive symptoms (LMDD) and controls; sertraline decreases MSNA in depressed patients. METHODS: Ten HMDD, nine LMDD and 11 body weight-matched controls were studied. MSNA was directly measured from the peroneal nerve using microneurography for 3 min at rest and 4 min during the Stroop color word test. For the LMDD and HMDD groups, the tests were repeated after treatment with sertraline (103.3 +/- 40 mg). RESULTS: Resting MSNA was significantly higher in the HMDD [29.1 bursts/min (SE 2.9)] compared with LMDD [19.9 (1.6)] and controls [22.2 (2.0)] groups (P = 0.026 and 0.046, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between resting MSNA and severity of depression. MSNA increased significantly and similarly during stress in all the studied groups. Sertraline significantly decreased resting MSNA in the LMDD group and MSNA during mental stress in LMDD and HMDD groups. Sertraline significantly decreased resting heart rate and heart rate response to mental stress in the HMDD group. CONCLUSION: Moderate-to-severe depression is associated with increased MSNA. Sertraline treatment reduces MSNA at rest and during mental challenge in depressed patients, which may have prognostic implications in this group.

Prevention of Alzheimer disease. Encouraging evidence.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence regarding prevention of Alzheimer disease (AD) in order to highlight the role of family medicine. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: Most of the evidence relating to prevention of AD is derived from observational (cross-sectional, case-control, or longitudinal) studies. Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is available only for blood pressure control and for hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women. MAIN MESSAGE: Many preventive approaches to AD have been identified, but no RCTs support their efficacy. Evidence from RCTs supports the effectiveness of blood pressure control in reducing incidence of AD, but demonstrates that postmenopausal women's use of estrogen is ineffective in reducing it. Observational studies suggest that some preventive approaches, such as healthy lifestyle, ongoing education, regular physical activity, and cholesterol control, play a role in prevention of AD. These approaches can and should be used for every patient because they carry no significant risk. Currently, no effective pharmacologic interventions have been researched enough to support their use in prevention of AD. CONCLUSION: Health professionals should educate patients, especially patients at higher risk of AD, about preventive strategies and potentially modifiable risk factors.

Cognitive performance of long-term institutionalized elderly patients with schizophrenia: a case control study / Desempenho cognitivo em pacientes idosos com esquizofrenia: um estudo caso-controle

Cognitive impairment is inherent to the ageing process. Several studies suggest that patients with late-life schizophrenia have more marked cognitive impairment. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive performance of elderly institutionalized patients with schizophrenia and institutionalized elderly control patients without neurological or psychiatric diseases, matched for age, educational level and institutionalization time. Methods: The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMCOG) was used to test 10 institutionalized elderly patients with schizophrenia. Results were compared with those of 10 institutionalized control patients with history of Hansens disease. Results: Patients with schizophrenia showed a worse performance in terms of total CAMCOG score and on its subtests of orientation, language, abstraction, and memory. Patients with schizophrenia also disclosed a non-significant trend toward lower scores on the MMSE and on calculus. Conclusion: Findings demonstrated that schizophrenia was associated to worse cognitive impairment in long-term institutionalized elderly patients compared with institutionalized patients without neurological or psychiatric diseases.

Prejuízo cognitivo é inerente ao processo de senescência. Estudos tem sugerido que pacientes idosos com esquizofrenia apresentam esse prejuízo de maneira mais acentuada. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desempenho cognitivo de pacientes idosos com esquizofrenia, institucionalizados, com indivíduos idosos, institucionalizados, sem doenças neurológicas ou psiquiátricas, pareados pela idade, escolaridade e tempo de institucionalização. Métodos: Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMCOG) foi aplicado em 10 pacientes, institucionalizados, com esquizofrenia, cujo desempenho cognitivo foi comparado ao de 10 indivíduos, institucionalizados, com história de doença de Hansen. Resultados: Pacientes com esquizofrenia apresentaram um pior desempenho na pontuação total do CAMCOG e em seus subitens orientação, linguagem, abstração e memória. Pacientes com esquizofrenia também apresentaram uma tendência, não significativa, para menor pontuação no MEEM e cálculo. Conclusão: Nossos achados demonstram que a esquizofrenia está associada a piora do comprometimento cognitivo em pacientes idosos com institucionalização de longa permanência comparados a pacientes institucionalizados sem doenças neurológicas ou psiquiátricas.

Hypertension and depression

Apesar das altas prevalências de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e de depressão, o estudo da relação entre depressão e pressão arterial tem recebido pouca atenção da literatura. Nesse artigo são revisados os aspectos epidemiológicos, patofisiológicos, prognósticos e implicações no tratamento, relacionados à associação entre depressão e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. O método utilizado foi consulta ao banco de dados bibliográficos Medline, utilizando-se as palavras chave depression, blood pressure, blood pressure variability, physical morbidity, hypertension, mood, stress, hypertension, antidepressive agents e genetics, no período de 1980 a 2004. Encontramos descrições de prevalência aumentada de hipertensão em pacientes deprimidos, prevalência aumentada de depressão em pacientes hipertensos, associação entre sintomatologia depressiva e hipotensão e alteração da variação circadiana da pressão arterial de pacientes deprimidos. Acredita-se que mecanismos envolvendo hiperatividade de sistema nervoso simpático e influências genéticas possam ser a base fisiopatológica da relação entre depressão e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Além disso, a presença de depressão pode piorar o curso da doença hipertensiva, e o uso medicações antidepressivas pode induzir aumento de pressão arterial, diminuição de pressão arterial e hipotensão ortostática, dificultando o manejo de pacientes com hipertensão arterial sistêmica.

Tratamento de idosos com depressäo utilizando tricíclicos, IMAO, ISRS e outros antidepressivos / Depression treatment of elderly patients using tricyclics, MAOI, SSRI, and other antidepressants

Antidepressivos säo eficazes no tratamento da depressäo em idosos. O sucesso do tratamento depende do tipo e da gravidade da depressäo; das comorbidades com outras doenças psiquiátricas ou clínicas; da escolha adequada de antidepressivos, de sua eficácia e perfil de efeitos adversos; da orientaçäo do paciente e de sua aderência ao tratamento. O manejo dos efeitos adversos em pacientes idosos, que usam muito mais medicações e apresentam mais doenças, é o ponto forte na escolha de antidepressivos. Em geral, os inibidores seletivos da recaptaçäo de serotonina têm sido preferidos por apresentar menos riscos de complicações por efeitos adversos. Porém, diferentes antidepressivos podem ser preferíveis para diferentes pacientes. É indispensável que o médico conheça o paciente que irá tratar e o perfil de efeitos adversos e de possíveis interações medicamentosas dos antidepressivos para poder escolher o mais adequado para cada paciente. Neste artigo, säo abordados os diferentes grupos de antidepressivos no tratamento agudo da depressäo em idosos e o tratamento em populações especiais de idosos (idosos debilitados e idosos com demência)

Efficacy and safety of risperidone oral solution in agitation associated with dementia in the elderly

BACKGROUND: Behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) contribute to caregiver burden and institutionalization of elderly. Neuroleptics are prescribed to control agitation. Side effects of typical neuroleptics are harmful, making atypical neuroleptics an indication. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate efficacy and tolerability of risperidone oral solution (ROS) given once daily to demented elderly outpatients with BPSD (agitation). METHOD: Patients (n=26), 76.35 + or 8.63 years, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV) criteria for dementia. RSO was given, starting dose of 0.25 mg and increments of 0.25 mg every week. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) assessed cognitive status, Behavioral and Emotional Activities Manifested in Dementia (BEAM-D) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) measured BPSD, Extrapiramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) evaluated extrapyramidal symptoms. Cardiovascular side effects were evaluated clinically. RESULTS: There was a 26 percent reduction in agitation and no cardiovascular side effects in the range from 1.0 to 1.25 mg. Side effects were more prevalent above 2.5 mg. CONCLUSION: Risperidone oral solution improved agitation with good tolerability from 0.5 to 1.25 mg. A single dose with increments of 0.25 mg may be more acceptable to patients and caregivers

Terapeutica antidepressiva nos idosos / Antidepressant therapeutic in elderly

As sindromes depressivas estao entre os disturbios psiquiatricos mais frequentes em idosos. A terapeutica antidepressiva nesta populacao requer conhecimentos especificos com relacao a tolerabilidade a efeitos colaterais, interacoes medicamentosas e concomitancia com doencas fisicas. Este artigo revisa as principais abordagens terapeuticas antidepressivas nos idosos.

Avaliação e tratamento do idoso hipertenso com depressão / Treatment of depression in the elderly with hypertension

A co-morbidade com depressão ou ansiedade em pacientes com doenças crônicas (hipertensão, diabetes, cardiopatias) tem efeito adverso, afetando o nível de funcionamento e a qualidade de vida, e dificultando o controle das doenças. É muito importante diagnosticar e tratar, com eficácia e segurança, a depressão nesses pacientes. Com relação aos deprimidos hipertensos, é interessante que haja um controle mais atento da pressão arterial (em repouso e na mudança para a posição ortostática).

Fontes de erros na aplicaçäo de questionários padronizados para a companhamento de pacientes dependentes

Os autores discutem as fontes de erros na aplicaçäo de questionários padronizados, enfatizando sua aplicaçäo para acompanhamento de pacientes dependentes, e relatando sua experiência com o uso de um instrumento desenvolvido para avaliar a efetividade de tratamentos para alcoolistas - a E.S.A

Conceitos de validade e confiabilidade de um instrumento para avaliaçäo de tratamentos de alcoolistas

Os autores conceituam os termos validade e confiabilidade quando usados em um instrumento projetado para avaliaçäo de tratamentos em alcoolismo, discutindo a aplicaçäo prática desses conceitos

Conceitos de validades e confiabilidade de um instrumento para avaliaçäo de tratamentos de alcoolistas / Concepts of validity and reliability of an evaluation tose for treatment of alcoholic patients

Os autores conceituam os termos validade e confiabilidade quando usados em un instrumento projetado para avaliaçäo de tratamento em alcoolismo, discutindo a aplicaçäo prática desses conceitos

Serviço Integrado de Neurogeriatria. Ambulatório da Memória - Análise dos resultados iniciais / Neurogeriatric Integrated Service. Memory Clinic - description of the initial results

Demência é o declínio da capacidade intelectual e adequação social em grau suficiente para afetar as atividades de vida diária. A demência pode ter várias etiologias, sendo algumas reversíveis. O Ambulatório da Memória do Serviço Integrado de Neurogeriatria da Real e Benemérita Sociedade Portuguesa de Beneficência - Hospital São Joaquim - propõe um modelo de atendimento multidisciplinar para o diagnóstico e tratamento das síndromes demenciais, com os seguintes resultados preliminares: dos 104 pacientes, 10 (9,6 por cento) não apresentavam deterioração intelectual. Dos 94 demais, 27 (28,7 por cento) tinham afecções potencialmentereversíveis: 18 casos de doença psiquiátrica; dois de doenças metabólicas; três de intoxicações exógenas e 4 casos de hidrocefalia. Foram 67 casos (71,2 por cento) de perda cognitiva causada por lesão estrutural, dos quais 42 pacientes (62,5 por cento) tinham doença de Alzheimer, que, atualmente possui tratamento específico. A proposta de uma equipe multidisciplinar, bem estruturada, pode beneficiar estes pacientes e seus familiares

Avanços recentes no tratamento da depressäo no idoso / Recent advances in aged depression treatment

Apesar da eficácia bem estabelecida dos antidepressivos clássicos no tratamento da depressäo, a ocorrência de efeitos colaterais anticolinérgicos, de cardiotoxicidade (no caso dos tricíclicos) e o risco do desencadeamento de crises hipertensivas (com inibidores do MAO) estimularam a pesquisa por novos antidepressivos que fossem mais bem tolerados