Agreement between trainees and supervisors on first-year entrustable professional activities for anaesthesia training.

BACKGROUND: Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are commonly developed by senior clinicians and education experts. However, if postgraduate training is conceptualised as an educational alliance, the perspective of trainees should be included. This raises the question as to whether the views of trainees and supervisors on entrustability of specific EPAs differ, which we aimed to explore. METHODS: A working group, including all stakeholders, selected and drafted 16 EPAs with the potential for unsupervised practice within the first year of training. For each EPA, first-year trainees, advanced trainees, and supervisors decided whether it should be possible to attain trust for unsupervised practice by the end of the first year of anaesthesiology training (i.e. whether the respective EPA qualified as a 'first-year EPA'). RESULTS: We surveyed 23 first-year trainees, 47 advanced trainees, and 51 supervisors (overall response rate: 68%). All groups fully agreed upon seven EPAs as 'first-year EPAs' and on four EPAs that should not be entrusted within the first year. For all five remaining EPAs, a significantly higher proportion of first-year trainees thought these should be entrusted as first-year EPAs compared with advanced trainees and supervisors. We found no differences between advanced trainees and supervisors. CONCLUSIONS: The views of first-year trainees, advanced trainees, and supervisors showed high agreement. Differing views of young trainees disappeared after the first year. This finding provides a fruitful basis to involve trainees in negotiations of autonomy.

Confident and altruistic - parents' motives to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: a cross-sectional online survey in a Swiss vaccination centre.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: In Switzerland, COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for children aged 5-11 years only recently, whereas vaccination of adolescents aged 12 years and older was approved in early summer 2021. Although the disease burden in children and adolescents has been reasonably mild, they can transmit COVID-19 to others, thus vaccinating this age group may help to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective was to investigate the association between five psychological antecedents of vaccination hesitancy in COVID-19 immunised parents and their intention to have their child vaccinated against COVID-19. Further, we examined if parental vaccination history and conviction of the benefits of Swiss paediatric vaccination recommendations are associated with child vaccination intention, and where parents would like the vaccination performed. METHODS: A cross-sectional anonymous online survey in the COVID-19 vaccination centre Winterthur was conducted between 16 May and 30 September 2021. Individuals receiving COVID-19 vaccines in the vaccination centre were invited to participate. All individuals who participated in the survey after their first dose with children under 16 years were included in the analysis (n = 1318). Using multivariable logistic regression, the association between our main predictor variables, psychological antecedents (confidence, constraints, complacency, calculation, collective responsibility) measured by the validated 5C scale, and parents' intention to have their child vaccinated against COVID-19 was analysed, adjusted for parental vaccination history, conviction of benefits of vaccination recommendations for children and adults, children's age group, sociodemographic factors, and time-point of vaccine authorisation for 12-16-year-olds. RESULTS: 58.7% of the parents intended to vaccinate their child against COVID-19. Their preferred vaccination location for their child was the paediatrician or family doctor. Three psychological antecedents were associated with vaccination intention: confidence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.76; borderline significant), calculation (AOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.58-0.81), and collective responsibility (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.47-2.52). Influenza vaccination (AOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.15-2.03) and conviction of the benefits of the Swiss vaccination recommendations for children and adolescents were independently associated with parental vaccination intention. CONCLUSIONS: Campaigns on COVID-19 vaccination for children may increase the intention of parents to have a child vaccinated when they address collective responsibility and calculation (weighing risks and benefits), independent of the conviction of the benefits of the vaccination recommendations, which was also a significant factor. The findings further show that parents of younger children favour their paediatrician or family doctor over vaccination centres as the vaccination setting for their child, an important finding for paediatric COVID-19 vaccination strategies.