Examining later-in-life health risks associated with sport-related concussion and repetitive head impacts: a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies.

OBJECTIVE: Concern exists about possible problems with later-in-life brain health, such as cognitive impairment, mental health problems and neurological diseases, in former athletes. We examined the future risk for adverse health effects associated with sport-related concussion, or exposure to repetitive head impacts, in former athletes. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus in October 2019 and updated in March 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies measuring future risk (cohort studies) or approximating that risk (case-control studies). RESULTS: Ten studies of former amateur athletes and 18 studies of former professional athletes were included. No postmortem neuropathology studies or neuroimaging studies met criteria for inclusion. Depression was examined in five studies in former amateur athletes, none identifying an increased risk. Nine studies examined suicidality or suicide as a manner of death, and none found an association with increased risk. Some studies comparing professional athletes with the general population reported associations between sports participation and dementia or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as a cause of death. Most did not control for potential confounding factors (eg, genetic, demographic, health-related or environmental), were ecological in design and had high risk of bias. CONCLUSION: Evidence does not support an increased risk of mental health or neurological diseases in former amateur athletes with exposure to repetitive head impacts. Some studies in former professional athletes suggest an increased risk of neurological disorders such as ALS and dementia; these findings need to be confirmed in higher quality studies with better control of confounding factors. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022159486.

Beyond acute concussion assessment to office management: a systematic review informing the development of a Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool (SCOAT6) for adults and children.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the scientific literature regarding the assessment of sport-related concussion (SRC) in the subacute phase (3-30 days) and provide recommendations for developing a Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool (SCOAT6). DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science searched from 2001 to 2022. Data extracted included study design, population, definition of SRC diagnosis, outcome measure(s) and results. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: (1) Original research, cohort studies, case-control studies, diagnostic accuracy and case series with samples >10; (2) SRC; (3) screening/technology that assessed SRC in the subacute period and (4) low risk of bias (ROB). ROB was performed using adapted Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. Quality of evidence was evaluated using the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy classification. RESULTS: Of 9913 studies screened, 127 met inclusion, assessing 12 overlapping domains. Results were summarised narratively. Studies of acceptable (81) or high (2) quality were used to inform the SCOAT6, finding sufficient evidence for including the assessment of autonomic function, dual gait, vestibular ocular motor screening (VOMS) and mental health screening. CONCLUSION: Current SRC tools have limited utility beyond 72 hours. Incorporation of a multimodal clinical assessment in the subacute phase of SRC may include symptom evaluation, orthostatic hypotension screen, verbal neurocognitive tests, cervical spine evaluation, neurological screen, Modified Balance Error Scoring System, single/dual task tandem gait, modified VOMS and provocative exercise tests. Screens for sleep disturbance, anxiety and depression are recommended. Studies to evaluate the psychometric properties, clinical feasibility in different environments and time frames are needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020154787.

Amsterdam 2022 process: A summary of the methodology for the Amsterdam International Consensus on Concussion in Sport.

The purpose of this paper is to summarise the consensus methodology that was used to inform the International Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport (Amsterdam 2022). Building on a Delphi process to inform the questions and outcomes from the 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, the Scientific Committee identified key questions, the answers to which would help encapsulate the current science in sport-related concussion and help guide clinical practice. Over 3½ years, delayed by 2 years due to the pandemic, author groups conducted systematic reviews on each selected topic. The 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport was held in Amsterdam (27-30 October 2022) and consisted of 2 days of systematic review presentations, panel discussions, question and answer engagement with the 600 attendees, and abstract presentations. This was followed by a closed third day of consensus deliberations by an expert panel of 29 with observers in attendance. The fourth day, also closed, was dedicated to a workshop to discuss and refine the sports concussion tools (Concussion Recognition Tool 6 (CRT6), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 6 (SCAT6), Child SCAT6, Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool 6 (SCOAT6) and Child SCOAT6). We include a summary of recommendations for methodological improvements for future research that grew out of the systematic reviews.

Derivation of a clinical decision guide in the diagnosis of cervical facet joint pain.

OBJECTIVE: To derive a clinical decision guide (CDG) to identify patients best suited for cervical diagnostic facet joint blocks. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Pain management center. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients with neck pain (N=125) referred to an interventional pain management center were approached to participate. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects underwent a standardized testing protocol, performed by a physiotherapist, prior to receiving diagnostic facet joint blocks. All subjects received the reference standard diagnostic facet joint block protocol, namely controlled medial branch blocks (MBBs). The physicians performing the MBBs were blinded to the local anesthetic used and findings of the clinical tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariate regression analyses were performed in the derivation of the CDGs. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the index tests and CDGs. RESULTS: A CDG involving the findings of the manual spinal examination (MSE), palpation for segmental tenderness (PST), and extension-rotation (ER) test demonstrated a specificity of 84% (95% CI, 77-90) and a positive likelihood ratio of 4.94 (95% CI, 2.8-8.2). Sensitivity of the PST and MSE were 94% (95% CI, 90-98) and 92% (95% CI, 88-97), respectively. Negative findings on the PST were associated with a negative likelihood ratio of .08 (95% CI, .03-.24). CONCLUSIONS: MSE, PST, and ER may be useful tests in identifying patients suitable for diagnostic facet joint blocks. Further research is needed to validate the CDGs prior to their routine use in clinical practice.

Preseason Measures of Cervical Spine Function, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex, Dynamic Balance, and Divided Attention in Youth Ice Hockey Players.

OBJECTIVES: Report typical scores and examine preseason cervical spine, vestibulo-ocular reflex, dynamic balance, and divided attention measures in competitive youth ice hockey players aged 10 to 18 years with and without a previous concussion history. DESIGN: Cross-sectional secondary analysis. METHODS: The exposure of interest was self-reported history of concussion. The main outcomes were cervical spine measures (Cervical Flexor Endurance [CFE; seconds], Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test [normal/abnormal], Anterolateral Cervical Spine Strength [kilograms], Head Perturbation Test (/8), and Joint Position Error [JPE; centimeters]), vestibulo-ocular reflex (Dynamic Visual Acuity [logMAR], Head Thrust Test [Positive/Negative]), dynamic balance (Functional Gait Assessment [/30]) and divided attention (Walking While Talking Test [seconds]). Multivariable linear or logistic regression, adjusted for age-group, sex, level of play, and clustered by team, were used to assess potential differences by concussion history. RESULTS: We included data from 2311 participants in this study (87.2% male, 12.8% female, 39.0% reported a previous concussion). No differences by concussion history were found across any of the measures (P values range: 0.17-0.99). Measures of cervical spine function and divided attention differed by age group (eg, Median Left Anterolateral Cervical Spine Strength [kilograms] for males: U13 = 7.46, U15 = 9.10, U18 = 9.67). CONCLUSION: Clinical outcomes scores in youth ice hockey players did not differ by concussion history. Performance on cervical spine strength, CFE, and JPE test outcomes may improve with age, highlighting the importance of developmental considerations when interpreting test scores. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024;54(3):1-11. Epub 30 November 2023. doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.11958.

Consensus for a primary care clinical decision-making tool for assessing, diagnosing, and managing low back pain in Alberta, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a common condition causing disability and high healthcare costs. Alberta faces challenges with unnecessary referrals to specialists and long wait times. A province-wide standardized clinical care pathway based on evidence-based best practices can improve efficiency, reduce wait times, and enhance patient outcomes. Implementing such pathways has shown success in other areas of healthcare in Alberta. This study developed a clinical decision-making pathway to standardize care and minimize uncertainty in assessment, diagnosis, and management. METHODS: A systematic rapid review identified existing tools and evidence that could support a comprehensive LBP clinical decision-making tool. Forty-seven healthcare professionals participated in four rounds of a modified Delphi approach to reach consensus on the assessment, diagnosis, and management of patients presenting to primary care with LBP in Alberta, Canada. This project was a collaborative effort between Alberta Health Services' Bone and Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network (BJHSCN) and the Alberta Bone and Joint Health Institute (ABJHI). RESULTS: A province-wide expert panel consisting of professionals from different health disciplines and regions collaborated to develop an LBP clinical decision-making tool. This tool presents clinical care pathways for acute, subacute, and chronic LBP. It also provides guidance for history-taking, physical examination, patient education, and management. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical decision-making tool will help to standardize care, provide guidance on the diagnosis and management of LBP, and assist in clinical decision-making for primary care providers in both public and private sectors.

Intrarater and interrater reliability of select clinical tests in patients referred for diagnostic facet joint blocks in the cervical spine.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the intra- and interrater reliability of select standardized clinical tests used for the assessment of patients with axial neck pain referred for diagnostic facet joint blocks. DESIGN: Single-group, repeated-measures study. SETTING: Tertiary interventional pain management center. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients with persistent neck pain, referred to a tertiary interventional pain management center, were approached to participate. Fifty-six patients consented to participate in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects underwent a standardized clinical testing protocol, performed by 2 physiotherapists, before receiving diagnostic facet joint blocks. Subjects were examined twice by 1 assessor for the determination of the intrarater reliability of the testing protocol, and again by a second assessor for determination of interrater reliability. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), kappa coefficients, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the intra- and interrater reliability for cervical range of motion (ROM; 6 directions), extension-rotation (ER) test, manual spinal examination (MSE), and palpation for paraspinal tenderness (PST) from C2 through C7. RESULTS: For intrarater reliability, kappa coefficients ranged from .51 to .88 for the ER test, MSE, and PST, and ICCs ranged from .91 to .97 for ROM. For interrater reliability, kappa coefficients ranged from .74 to .96 for the ER test, MSE, and PST, and ICCs ranged from .90 to .95 for ROM. CONCLUSIONS: The standardized clinical tests exhibited moderate to substantial reliability in patients with axial neck pain referred for diagnostic facet joint blocks. The data justify the incorporation of these tests into a clinical prediction model to screen patients before referral for diagnostic facet blocks.

Preseason reports of neck pain, dizziness, and headache as risk factors for concussion in male youth ice hockey players.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the risk of concussion in youth male hockey players with preseason reports of neck pain, headaches, and/or dizziness. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of pooled data from 2 prospective cohort studies. SETTING: Ice hockey rinks in Alberta and Quebec, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3832 male ice hockey players aged 11 to 14 years (280 teams) participated. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Participants recorded baseline preseason symptoms of dizziness, neck pain, and headaches on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated using Poisson regression, adjusted for cluster by team, hours of exposure, and other covariates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Concussions that occurred during the season were recorded using a validated prospective injury surveillance system. RESULTS: Preseason reports of neck pain and headache were risk factors for concussion (IRR = 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-2.41 and IRR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.01-2.13). Dizziness was a risk factor for concussion in the Pee Wee nonbody checking cohort (IRR = 3.11; 95% CI, 1.33-7.26). A combination of any 2 symptoms was a risk factor in the Pee Wee nonbody checking cohort (IRR = 3.65; 95% CI, 1.20-11.05) and the Bantam cohort (IRR = 2.40; 95% CI, 1.15-4.97). CONCLUSIONS: Male youth athletes reporting headache and neck pain at baseline were at an increased risk of concussion during the season. The risk associated with dizziness and any 2 of dizziness, neck pain, or headaches depended on age group and body checking. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Baseline testing may be of benefit to identify individuals with symptoms of dizziness, neck pain, and headaches who may be at a higher risk of concussion during the season.

Minimizing the source of nociception and its concurrent effect on sensory hypersensitivity: an exploratory study in chronic whiplash patients.

BACKGROUND: The cervical zygapophyseal joints may be a primary source of pain in up to 60% of individuals with chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD) and may be a contributing factor for peripheral and centrally mediated pain (sensory hypersensitivity). Sensory hypersensitivity has been associated with a poor prognosis. The purpose of the study was to determine if there is a change in measures indicative of sensory hypersensitivity in patients with chronic WAD grade II following a medial branch block (MBB) procedure in the cervical spine. METHODS: Measures of sensory hypersensitivity were taken via quantitative sensory testing (QST) consisting of pressure pain thresholds (PPT's) and cold pain thresholds (CPT's). In patients with chronic WAD (n = 18), the measures were taken at three sites bilaterally, pre- and post- MBB. Reduced pain thresholds at remote sites have been considered an indicator of central hypersensitivity. A healthy age and gender matched comparison group (n = 18) was measured at baseline. An independent t-test was applied to determine if there were any significant differences between the WAD and normative comparison groups at baseline with respect to cold pain and pressure pain thresholds. A dependent t-test was used to determine whether there were any significant differences between the pre and post intervention cold pain and pressure pain thresholds in the patients with chronic WAD. RESULTS: At baseline, PPT's were decreased at all three sites in the WAD group (p < 0.001). Cold pain thresholds were increased in the cervical spine in the WAD group (p < 0.001). Post-MBB, the WAD group showed significant increases in PPT's at all sites (p < 0.05), and significant decreases in CPT's at the cervical spine (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The patients with chronic WAD showed evidence of widespread sensory hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli. The WAD group revealed decreased sensory hypersensitivity following a decrease in their primary source of pain stemming from the cervical zygapophyseal joints.

Examining Sport Concussion Assessment Tool ratings for male and female youth hockey players with and without a history of concussion.

BACKGROUND: Concussion is one of the most commonly occurring injuries in sport today. The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) is a commonly used paper neurocognitive tool. To date, little is known about SCAT baseline normative values in youth athletes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine normative values on the SCAT for male and female youth hockey players. METHODS: This is a secondary data analysis of pooled data from three prospective cohort studies examining the risk of injury in paediatric ice hockey players aged 9-17 years. A preseason baseline demographic and injury history questionnaire was completed by each player. RESULTS: A total of 4193 players completed SCATs at baseline and were included in the analysis. 781 players (18.6%) reported a previous history of concussion. Fatigue and low energy followed by headache were the most commonly reported symptoms in all players. The majority of youth players could recite all five words immediately but only three words when delayed. A smaller proportion of the males were able to report the months of the year in reverse order compared with females of a similar age. The median number of digits recited in reverse order was 4. CONCLUSIONS: Youth ratings varied between age groups, gender and from previously reported ratings of varsity athletes, possibly reflecting developmental and gender differences. An understanding of these differences in youth athletes is important to ensure appropriate performance expectations on the SCAT and when making clinical decisions following a concussion.

Modulation of Cervical Facet Joint Nociception and Pain Attenuates Physical and Psychological Features of Chronic Whiplash: A Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in clinical (physical and psychological) features of individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorder who had previously undergone cervical radiofrequency neurotomy at the time point when the effects of radiofrequency neurotomy had dissipated and pain returned. DESIGN: Prospective cohort observational trial of consecutive patients. SETTING: Tertiary spinal intervention centre in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. PATIENTS: A total of 53 consecutive individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorder. METHODS: Individuals underwent radiofrequency neurotomy and were assessed before radiofrequency neurotomy, at 1 and 3 months postprocedure, and then after the return of pain (approximately 10 months postprocedure). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Quantitative sensory tests (pressure; thermal pain thresholds; brachial plexus provocation test), nociceptive flexion reflex, and motor function (cervical range of movement; craniocervical flexion test) were measured. Self-reported disability, psychological distress, pain catastrophization, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms also were measured. RESULTS: Upon the return of pain after radiofrequency neurotomy, levels of disability increased (P < .0001), and were no different to those before radiofrequency neurotomy (P = .99). There also was a significant deterioration in quantitative sensory testing measures and reduced cervical range of motion after the return of pain (all P < .05); all approaching values were recorded before radiofrequency neurotomy (P > .22). There were no significant changes in pressure hyperalgesia (P > .054) or craniocervical flexion test performance (P > .07) after the return of pain. Psychological distress and pain catastrophizing increased significantly after the return of pain (P < .01), and again were no different than measures taken prior to radiofrequency neurotomy (P > .13). However, there was no difference in number or severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms after the return of pain (P > .30). CONCLUSIONS: Physical and psychological features of chronic whiplash-associated disorder are modulated dynamically with cervical radiofrequency neurotomy. These findings indicate that peripheral nociception is involved in the manifestations of chronic whiplash-associated disorder in this cohort of individuals.

Screening of patients suitable for diagnostic cervical facet joint blocks--a role for physiotherapists.

The cervical facet joint is a prevalent source of pain in patients with chronic cervical spine pain. Patients with persistent, disabling neck pain, are increasingly being referred for diagnostic facet joint blocks, with the aim of assessing their suitability for interventional procedures such as radiofrequency neurotomy (RFN). A positive response to the block is an indicator of more substantive benefits from RFN. Physiotherapists and medical practitioners are challenged to make appropriate referrals for diagnostic facet joint blocks. This lack of selection contributes to lengthy wait-lists, unnecessary invasive procedures for those who have a negative response and significant costs to the health care system. Physiotherapists use manual examination to identify the facet joint as the primary source of a patient's pain but its diagnostic accuracy and reliability is variable. It is reasoned that a combination of findings of a physical, manual and psychological assessment may better indicate that a patient will respond positively or negatively to a diagnostic facet joint block. Clinical prediction guides (CPG) allow practitioners to use the results of the patient history, self-report measures and physical examination toward optimal diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. It is proposed that the development and validation of a CPG may aid in the appropriate selection of patients for this diagnostic procedure.