Contrast volume reduction using third generation dual source computed tomography for the evaluation of patients prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic renal failure is common in patients referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). CT angiography is recommended and provides crucial information prior to TAVI. We evaluated the feasibility of a reduced contrast volume protocol for pre-procedural CT imaging. METHODS: Forty consecutive patients were examined with prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition using a novel third-generation dual-source CT system; 38 ml contrast agent was used. Image quality was graded on a visual scale (1-4). Contrast attenuation was measured at the level of the aortic root and at the iliac bifurcation. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 82 ± 6 years (23 males; 58 %). Mean attenuation/average image quality was 285 ± 60 HU/1.5 at the aortic annulus compared to 289 ± 74 HU/1.8 at the iliac bifurcation (p = 0.77/p = 0.29). Mean estimated effective radiation dose was 2.9 ± 0.3 mSv. A repeat acquisition was necessary in one patient due to image quality. Out of the 35 patients who underwent TAVI, 31 (89 %) patients had no or mild aortic regurgitation. Thirty-two (91 %) patients were discharged successfully. CONCLUSION: Pre-procedural CTA with a total of 38 ml contrast volume is feasible and clinically useful, using third-generation dual-source CT, allowing comprehensive imaging for procedural success. KEY POINTS: • Reduction of contrast agent volume is crucial in patients with chronic renal failure. • Novel third-generation computed tomography helps to reduce contrast agent volume. • Pre-procedural CT allows comprehensive imaging for procedural success before heart valve implantation. • A low-contrast CT protocol is feasible for pre-procedural TAVI planning.

Automated Quantitative Plaque Burden from Coronary CT Angiography Noninvasively Predicts Hemodynamic Significance by using Fractional Flow Reserve in Intermediate Coronary Lesions.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of multiple automated plaque measurements from coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography in determining hemodynamic significance by using invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) in patients with intermediate coronary stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the institutional review board. All patients provided written informed consent. Fifty-six intermediate lesions (with 30%-69% diameter stenosis) in 56 consecutive patients (mean age, 62 years; range, 46-88 years), who subsequently underwent invasive coronary angiography with assessment of FFR (values ≤0.80 were considered hemodynamically significant) were analyzed at coronary CT angiography. Coronary CT angiography images were quantitatively analyzed with automated software to obtain the following measurements: volume and burden (plaque volume × 100 per vessel volume) of total, calcified, and noncalcified plaque; low-attenuation (<30 HU) noncalcified plaque; diameter stenosis; remodeling index; contrast attenuation difference (maximum percent difference in attenuation per unit area with respect to the proximal reference cross section); and lesion length. Logistic regression adjusted for potential confounding factors, receiver operating characteristics, and integrated discrimination improvement were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: FFR was 0.80 or less in 21 (38%) of the 56 lesions. Compared with nonischemic lesions, ischemic lesions had greater diameter stenosis (65% vs 52%, P = .02) and total (49% vs 37%, P = .0003), noncalcified (44% vs 33%, P = .0004), and low-attenuation noncalcified (9% vs 4%, P < .0001) plaque burden. Calcified plaque and remodeling index were not significantly different. In multivariable analysis, only total, noncalcified, and low-attenuation noncalcified plaque burden were significant predictors of ischemia (P < .015). For predicting ischemia, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.83 for total plaque burden versus 0.68 for stenosis (P = .04). CONCLUSION: Compared with stenosis grading, automatic quantification of total, noncalcified, and low-attenuation noncalcified plaque burden substantially improves determination of lesion-specific hemodynamic significance by FFR in patients with intermediate coronary lesions.

Reproducibility of aortic annulus measurements by computed tomography.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a systematic approach for measurement of aortic annulus dimensions by cardiac computed tomography. METHODS: CT data sets of 64 patients were evaluated. An oblique cross-section aligned with the aortic root was created by systematically identifying the caudal insertion points of the three aortic cusps and sequentially aligning them in a double oblique plane. Aortic annulus dimensions, distances of coronary ostia and a suitable fluoroscopic projection angle were independently determined by two observers. RESULTS: Interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for aortic annulus diameters were excellent (ICC 0.89-0.93). Agreement for prosthesis size selection was excellent (ĸ = 0.86 for mean, ĸ = 0.84 for area-derived and ĸ = 0.91 for circumference-derived diameter). Mean distances of the left/right coronary ostium were 13.4 ± 2.4/14.4 ± 2.8 mm for observer 1 and 13.2 ± 2.7/13.5 ± 3.2 mm for observer 2 (p = 0.30 and p = 0.0001, respectively; ICC 0.76/0.77 for left/right coronary artery). A difference of less than 10° for fluoroscopic projection angle was achieved in 84.3% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic approach to generate a double oblique imaging plane exactly aligned with the aortic annulus demonstrates high interobserver and intraobserver agreements for derived measurements which are not influenced by aortic root calcification. KEY POINTS: • Systematic approach to generate a double oblique imaging plane for TAVI evaluation. • This method is straightforward and software independent. • An approach with high reproducibility, not influenced by aortic root calcification.

Interscan reproducibility of quantitative coronary plaque volume and composition from CT coronary angiography using an automated method.

OBJECTIVES: Quantitative measurements of coronary plaque volume may play a role in serial studies to determine disease progression or regression. Our aim was to evaluate the interscan reproducibility of quantitative measurements of coronary plaque volumes using a standardized automated method. METHODS: Coronary dual source computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed twice in 20 consecutive patients with known coronary artery disease within a maximum time difference of 100 days. The total plaque volume (TP), the volume of non-calcified plaque (NCP) and calcified plaque (CP) as well as the maximal remodelling index (RI) were determined using automated software. RESULTS: Mean TP volume was 382.3 ± 236.9 mm(3) for the first and 399.0 ± 247.3 mm(3) for the second examination (p = 0.47). There were also no significant differences for NCP volumes, CP volumes or RI. Interscan correlation of the plaque volumes was very good (Pearson's correlation coefficients: r = 0.92, r = 0.90 and r = 0.96 for TP, NCP and CP volumes, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Automated software is a time-saving method that allows accurate assessment of coronary atherosclerotic plaque volumes in coronary CTA with high reproducibility. With this approach, serial studies appear to be possible. KEY POINTS: Reproducibility of coronary atherosclerotic plaque volume in coronary CTA is high. Using automated software facilitates quantitative measurements. Serial studies to determine progression or regression of coronary plaque are possible.

Image quality of ultra-low radiation exposure coronary CT angiography with an effective dose <0.1 mSv using high-pitch spiral acquisition and raw data-based iterative reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the potential of prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition with low tube voltage and current in combination with iterative reconstruction to achieve coronary CT angiography with sufficient image quality at an effective dose below 0.1 mSv. METHODS: Contrast-enhanced coronary dual source CT angiography (2 × 128 × 0.6 mm, 80 kV, 50 mAs) in prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition mode was performed in 21 consecutive individuals (body weight <100 kg, heart rate ≤60/min). Images were reconstructed with raw data-based filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR). Image quality was assessed on a 4-point scale (1 = no artefacts, 4 = unevaluable). RESULTS: Mean effective dose was 0.06 ± 0.01 mSv. Image noise was significantly reduced in IR (128.9 ± 46.6 vs. 158.2 ± 44.7 HU). The mean image quality score was lower for IR (1.9 ± 1.1 vs. 2.2 ± 1.0, P < 0.0001). Of 292 coronary segments, 55 in FBP and 40 in IR (P = 0.12) were graded "unevaluable". In patients with a body weight ≤75 kg, both in FBP and in IR, the rates of fully evaluable segments were significantly higher in comparison to patients >75 kg. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary CT angiography with an estimated effective dose <0.1 mSv may provide sufficient image quality in selected patients through the combination of high-pitch spiral acquisition and raw data-based iterative reconstruction.

Multi-detector computed tomography is equivalent to trans-oesophageal echocardiography for the assessment of the aortic annulus before transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

OBJECTIVES: In transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), assessment of the aortic annulus is mandatory. We sought to investigate the correlation between trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) for annulus diameter assessment before TAVI. METHODS: A total of 122 patients (67 male, mean age 84 ± 6 years) underwent MDCT and TEE for TAVI planning. In TEE annulus diameters were obtained in a long-axis view at diastole. MDCT data were evaluated using MPR images, and corresponding projections were adjusted for MDCT and TEE. Patients were classified by the predominant localisation of aortic valve calcifications, and annulus diameters between TEE and MDCT were correlated. Additionally, the eccentricity of the aortic annulus was calculated. RESULTS: Mean eccentricity of the aortic annulus determined by MDCT was 0.34 ± 0.17, with no difference according to valve calcification. Regarding the aortic annulus diameter, the mean values measured were 24.3 ± 2.1 mm in MDCT and 24.0 ± 2.5 mm in TEE (P < 0.0001 for agreement). CONCLUSIONS: Independent of the pattern of aortic valve calcification, close correlation is found between CT and TEE measurements of the aortic annulus diameter. In addition, CT demonstrates the non-circular shape of the aortic annulus. KEY POINTS: Accurate assessment of aortic annulus before transcatheter aortic valve implantation is crucial. Trans-oesophageal echocardiography has been the preferred method for aortic annulus assessment. We demonstrated a strong correlation between TEE and CT for annulus dimensions. CT reliably demonstrates the non-circular shape of the aortic annulus. CT could therefore be generally used for aortic annulus assessment before TAVI.

Routine clinical cardiovascular magnetic resonance in paediatric and adult congenital heart disease: patients, protocols, questions asked and contributions made.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) has become routine clinical practice. However, existing CMR protocols focus predominantly on patients with ischemic heart disease, and information is limited on the types of patient with CHD who benefit from CMR investigation, and in what ways. Therefore the aim of this study was to answer the questions: What type of patients were studied by CMR in a centre specializing in paediatric and adult CHD management? What questions were asked, which protocols were used and were the questions successfully answered? To answer these questions, we conducted a cohort study of all 362 patients that received routine clinical CMR during 2007 at the Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease at the Deutsches Herzzentrum München. RESULTS: Underlying diagnosis was in 33% Fallot's tetralogy, 17% aortic coarctation, 8% Ebstein's disease, 6% Marfan's disease, 4% single ventricle with Fontan-like circulation, and 32% others. Median age was 26 years (7 days - 75 years). Ventricular volumes were assessed in 67% of the patients; flow in 74%; unknown anatomy only in 9%; specific individual morphology of known anatomy in 83%; myocardial fibrosis in 8%; stress-induced myocardial perfusion defects in 1%. Only in 3% of the cases the question could not be fully answered. CONCLUSION: Contrary to common belief, routine CMR of patients with CHD was not requested to address global anatomical questions so much as to clarify specific questions of morphology and function of known anatomy. The CMR protocols used differed markedly from those widely used in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Prediction of fluoroscopic angulations for transcatheter aortic valve implantation by CT angiography: influence on procedural parameters.

AIMS: Repeated angiograms to achieve an exactly orthogonal visualization of the aortic valve plane can substantially contribute to the total contrast amount required for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We investigated whether pre-procedural identification of an optimal fluoroscopic projection by cardiac computed tomography (CT) can significantly reduce the amount of a procedure-related contrast agent compared with angiographic determination of suitable angulations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty consecutive patients (81 ± 5 years, 55% male) with symptomatic severe aortic valve stenosis and normal renal function who underwent cardiac CT prior to TAVI were prospectively randomized. In 40 patients, a CT-predicted suitable angulation was used for the first aortic angiogram (CT cohort); in the other 40 patients, the first aortogram was acquired at LAO 10°/cranial 10 (angiography cohort). Additional aortograms were performed if no satisfactory view of the aortic valve plane was obtained. The number of aortograms needed to achieve a satisfactory fluoroscopic projection (1.2 ± 0.6 vs. 3.2 ± 1.7; P < 0.001) and the total amount of contrast agent per TAVI procedure were significantly lower in the CT cohort (95 ± 21 vs. 125 ± 36 mL; P < 0.001). Incidence of acute kidney injury was not significantly different. There was no significant difference regarding radiation dose, time of procedure, degree of post-procedural aortic regurgitation, complications and 30-day mortality between the cohorts. CONCLUSION: Pre-procedural identification of a suitable fluoroscopic projection by cardiac CT significantly reduces a procedural contrast agent volume required for TAVI.

Computer-aided evaluation of low-dose and low-contrast agent third-generation dual-source CT angiography prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of computer-aided evaluation software for a comprehensive workup of patients prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) using low-contrast agent and low radiation dose third-generation dual-source CT angiography. METHODS: We evaluated 30 consecutive patients scheduled for TAVI. All patients underwent ECG-triggered high-pitch dual-source CT angiography of the aortic root and aorta with a standardized contrast agent volume (30 ml Imeron350, flow rate 4 ml/s) and low-dose (100 kv/350 mAs) protocol. An expert (10 years of experience) manually evaluated aortic root and iliac access dimensions (distance between coronary ostia and aortic annulus, minimal/maximal diameters and area-derived diameter of the aortic annulus) and best CT-predicted fluoroscopic projection angle as the reference standard. Utilizing computer-aided software (syngo.via), the same pre-TAVI workup was performed and compared to the reference standard. RESULTS: Mean CTDI[Formula: see text] was 3.46 mGy and mean DLP 217.6 ± 12.1 mGy cm, corresponding to a mean effective dose of 3.7 ± 0.2 mSv. Computer-aided evaluation was successful in all but one patient. Compared to the reference standard, Bland-Altman analysis indicated very good agreement for the distances between aortic annulus and coronary ostia (RCA: mean difference 0.8 mm; 95 % CI 0.4-1.2 mm; LM: mean difference 0.9 mm; 95 % CI 0.5-1.3 mm); however, we demonstrated a systematic overestimation of annulus- derived diameter using the software (mean difference 44.4 mm[Formula: see text]; 95 % CI 30.4-58.3 mm[Formula: see text]). Based on respective annulus dimensions, the recommended prosthesis size (Edwards SAPIEN 3) matched in 26 out of the 29 patients (90 %). CT-derived fluoroscopic projection angles showed an excellent agreement for both methods. Out of 58 iliac arteries, 15 (25 %) arteries could not be segmented by the software. Preprocessing time of the software was 71 ± 11 s (range 51-96 s), and reading time with the software was 118 ± 31 s (range 68-201 s). CONCLUSION: In the workup of pre-TAVI CT angiography, computer-aided evaluation of low-contrast, low-dose examinations is feasible with good agreement and quick reading time. However, a systematic overestimation of the aortic annulus area is observed.

Influence of the coronary calcium score on the ability to rule out coronary artery stenoses by coronary CT angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Recent guidelines for the workup of patients with chest pain and suspected coronary artery disease include coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). However, its diagnostic value may be limited in patients with severe coronary calcification. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between the extent of coronary calcium and the ability of coronary CTA to rule out significant stenoses in a series of consecutive patients with suspected coronary artery disease. METHODS: 2614 consecutive patients with suspected coronary artery disease in whom coronary calcium scoring and coronary CTA had been performed by Dual Source CT were analyzed. The ability of coronary CTA to rule out coronary artery stenoses (fully evaluable coronary arteries and absence of any luminal stenosis >75%) was analyzed relative to the coronary calcium score. RESULTS: The median coronary calcium score was 12, with calcium present in 60.5% of all patients. Coronary CTA ruled out stenoses in 82% of patients, while in 18% of patients at least one stenosis was found or could not be excluded. The threshold above which coronary CTA permitted to rule out stenoses in less than 50% of patients was an "Agatston Score" of 287. This threshold was significantly lower for male patients (213 vs. 330), for patients with a heart rate >65 beats/min (157 vs. 317) and for patients with a body mass index ≥25 kg/m(2) (208 vs. 392). The evaluability of coronary arteries decreased with increasing amounts of calcium and differed significantly between heart rates ≤65 beats/min and >65 beats/min (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In the largest patient series evaluated so far, we identified an "Agatston Score" of 287 to represent a threshold above which coronary CTA permits to rule out coronary artery stenoses in less than 50% of cases.

CT-based analysis of pericoronary adipose tissue density: Relation to cardiovascular risk factors and epicardial adipose tissue volume.

BACKGROUND: Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) can promote atherosclerosis. Metabolically active and inactive PCAT may display different CT densities. However, CT density could be influenced by partial volume effects and image interpolation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether PCAT density values in CT displays differences that are larger than those attributable to interpolation and partial volume effects, which would manifest themselves through the relationship between PCAT density and distance from the contrast-enhanced coronary lumen. METHODS: PCAT density analysis was performed (417 non-atherosclerotic segments, 63 patients) using dual-source CT with a threshold-based measurement method. Changes in PCAT density values depending on distance from the contrast-enhanced coronary lumen and the influence of cardiovascular risk profile were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean PCAT density was -78.1 ± 5.6 HU. PCAT density decreased from proximal to distal segments in the LAD (-78.0 ± 7.3 vs. -82.4 ± 7.7 HU; p < 0.001). PCAT density was higher close to the lumen compared to more peripheral locations (-76.0 ± 6.7 vs. -78.5 ± 5.4 HU; p < 0.001). Decreasing PCAT density was significantly associated with higher epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume and body mass index. There was a trend of lower PCAT values with a family history of coronary artery disease. CONCLUSION: CT-measured attenuation of PCAT is influenced by EAT volume and body mass index. A decrease of PCAT attenuation with increasing distance from the vessel and from proximal to distal segments may suggest variations in CT density of PCAT due to partial volume effects and image interpolation rather than solely due to differences in tissue composition or metabolic activity.

Reproducibility of semi-automatic coronary plaque quantification in coronary CT angiography with sub-mSv radiation dose.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) can characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaque components as calcified and non-calcified. Quantitative measurements of coronary plaque burden by coronary CTA may play a role in serial studies to determine disease progression or response to medical therapies. The reproducibility from repeated assessment of such quantitative measurements from low-radiation dose coronary CTA has not been previously assessed. PURPOSE: To evaluate the interscan, interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility for coronary plaque volume assessment using semi-automatic plaque analyses algorithm in low radiation dose coronary CTA. METHODS: In 50 consecutive patients undergoing two 128-slice dual source CT scans within 12 days with a mean radiation dose of 0.7 mSv per coronary CTA, the interscan, interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility of coronary plaque assessment using validated software (AutoPlaq) were evaluated. RESULTS: Interscan, interobserver and intraobserver agreement for non-calcified and calcified plaque volumes were excellent (Spearman rho 0.87-0.99). Interscan mean percentage difference in non-calcified and calcified plaque volumes were 0.1% (p = 0.8) and 1.9% (p = 0.19) with limits of agreement of ±11% and ±48.5%; per inter- and intraobserver mean percentage differences were 0.1% (p = 0.25) and 0.3% (p = 0.001), and 0.3% (p = 0.33) and 0.4% (p = 0.59) with limits of agreement of ±7% and ±32.9%, and ±6.6% and ±32.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A semi-automatic plaque assessment algorithm in repeated low radiation dose coronary CTA allows for high reproducibility of coronary plaque characterization and quantification measures.

Non-invasive prediction of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses by contrast density difference in coronary CT angiography.

OBJECTIVES: Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) allows the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease. However, its ability to predict the hemodynamic significance of stenoses is limited. We assessed differences in plaque characteristics and contrast density difference between hemodynamically significant and non-significant stenoses, as defined by invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR). METHODS: Lesion characteristics of 59 consecutive patients (72 lesions) in whom invasive FFR was performed in at least one coronary artery with moderate to high-grade stenoses in coronary CTA were evaluated by two experienced readers. Coronary CTA data sets were acquired on a second-generation dual-source CT scanner using retrospectively ECG-gated spiral acquisition or prospectively ECG-triggered axial acquisition mode. Plaque volume and composition (non-calcified, calcified), remodeling index as well as contrast density difference (defined as the percentage decline in luminal CT attenuation/cross-sectional area over the lesion) were assessed using a semi-automatic software tool (Autoplaq). Additionally, the transluminal attenuation gradient (defined as the linear regression coefficient between intraluminal CT attenuation and length from the ostium) was determined. Differences in lesion characteristics between hemodynamically significant (invasively measured FFR ≤0.80) and non-significant lesions (FFR >0.80) were determined. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 64±11 years with 44 males (75%). 21 out of 72 coronary artery lesions (29%) were hemodynamically significant according to invasive FFR. Mean invasive FFR was 0.66±0.12 vs. 0.91±0.05 for hemodynamically significant versus non-significant lesions. Hemodynamically significant lesions showed a significantly greater percentage of non-calcified plaque compared to non-hemodynamically relevant lesions (51.3±15.3% vs. 43.6±16.5%, p=0.021). Contrast density difference was significantly increased in hemodynamically relevant lesions (26.0±20.2% vs. 16.6±10.9% for non-significant lesions; p=0.013). At a threshold of ≥24%, the contrast density difference predicted hemodynamically significant lesions with a specificity of 75%, sensitivity of 33%, PPV of 35% and NPV of 73%. The transluminal attenuation gradient showed no significant difference between hemodynamically significant and non-significant lesions (-1.4±1.4HU/mm vs. -1.1±1.3HU/mm, p=n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative contrast density difference across coronary lesions in coronary CTA data sets may be applied as a non-invasive tool to identify hemodynamically significant stenoses.

CT before transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Value of venous phase imaging for detection and interpretation of findings with impact on the TAVR procedure.

BACKGROUND: Multidetector CT (MDCT) is performed to evaluate patients before transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). MDCT can uncover relevant nonvascular incidental findings. The use of venous phase imaging (VPI) in MDCT before TAVR has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of nonvascular findings in MDCT before TAVR with effect on the TAVR procedure and the value of VPI in this setting. METHODS: Sixty-four-slice MDCT angiography with VPI (100 mL contrast agent with 370-mg iopromide per mL) in 76 patients was retrospectively evaluated by 2 readers. Nonvascular findings were separately assessed on arterial and venous phase images and categorized in consensus as nonsignificant (no effect on TAVR), intermediate (further workup or surveillance necessary, no effect on TAVR), or significant (effect on TAVR). Radiation dose was recorded as dose-length product (DLP) and effective dose was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 169 findings were detected, of which 155 (91.7%) were nonsignificant, 13 (7.7%) were intermediate, and 1 (0.6%) was significant. TAVR was canceled in 1 patient (1.3%) because of suspected pancreatic cancer. No significant finding was seen on VPI only. Mean total DLP was 1137.9 mGy·cm (16.07 mSv) and the proportional mean DLP of VPI was 403 mGy·cm (6.85 mSv). CONCLUSION: The incidence of nonvascular significant findings in MDCT before TAVR is low and VPI in our series did not add value. However, it may be considered in selected patients.

Coronary calcium scoring from contrast coronary CT angiography using a semiautomated standardized method.

BACKGROUND: When coronary calcium scoring is performed in patients with suspected coronary artery disease, a separate noncontrast scan is acquired before contrast-enhanced coronary CT angiography (CTA). OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to develop and validate an automated method for calculating the coronary calcium score (CCS) from coronary CTA. METHODS: We analyzed coronary CTA and noncontrast CT data sets of 84 patients (Agatston score >0). The CCS on noncontrast CT was measured using commercial methods. Coronary calcium volume was measured on coronary CTA using an automated standardized method with scan-specific calcium thresholds. Data sets were split into derivation (n = 40) and validation groups (n = 44). To calculate the CCS on coronary CTA, a conversion factor between calcium scores measured in noncontrast CT and the calcium volume measured on coronary CTA was derived by linear regression. RESULTS: In the validation group, the median calculated CCS derived from CTA was 277 and 244 on noncontrast images (P = .12). This CCS showed an excellent correlation with the CCS from noncontrast images (Pearson, r = 0.95). In the validation group, 39 of 44 patients (88.6%) were classified into the same standard category (1-10, 11-100, 101-400, or >400) with an excellent agreement (weighted κ of 0.87). CONCLUSION: CCSs can be accurately measured from contrast-enhanced coronary CTA by using an automated, standardized method, obviating the need for a noncontrast scan.

Aortic annulus eccentricity before and after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Comparison of balloon-expandable and self-expanding prostheses.

INTRODUCTION: The geometry of the aortic annulus and implanted transcatheter aortic valve prosthesis might influence valve function. We investigated the influence of valve type and aortic valve calcification on post-implant geometry of catheter-based aortic valve prostheses. METHODS: Eighty consecutive patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (mean age 82 ± 6 years) underwent computed tomography before and after TAVI. Aortic annulus diameters were determined. Influence of prosthesis type and degree of aortic valve calcification on post-implant eccentricity were analysed. RESULTS: Aortic annulus eccentricity was reduced in patients after TAVI (0.21 ± 0.06 vs. 0.08 ± 0.06, p<0.0001). Post-TAVI eccentricity was significantly lower in 65 patients following implantation of a balloon-expandable prosthesis as compared to 15 patients who received a self-expanding prosthesis (0.06 ± 0.05 vs. 0.15 ± 0.07, p<0.0001), even though the extent of aortic valve calcification was not different. After TAVI, patients with a higher calcium amount retained a significantly higher eccentricity compared to patients with lower amounts of calcium. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing TAVI with a balloon-expandable prosthesis show a more circular shape of the implanted prosthesis as compared to patients with a self-expanding prosthesis. Eccentricity of the deployed prosthesis is affected by the extent of aortic valve calcification.

Relationship of epicardial fat volume from noncontrast CT with impaired myocardial flow reserve by positron emission tomography.

BACKGROUND: Impaired myocardial flow reserve (MFR) is a marker of coronary vascular dysfunction with prognostic significance. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the relationship between epicardial fat volume (EFV) measured from noncontrast CT and impaired MFR derived from rest-stress Rb-82 positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS: We retrospectively studied 85 consecutive patients without known coronary artery disease who underwent rest-stress Rb-82 myocardial PET/CT and were subsequently referred for invasive coronary angiography. EFV was computed from noncontrast CT by validated software and indexed to body surface area (EFVi, cm3/m2). Global stress and rest MFR were automatically derived from PET. Patient age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, coronary calcium score (CCS), and EFVi were combined by boosted ensemble machine learning algorithm into a novel composite risk score, using 10-fold cross-validation, to predict impaired global MFR (MFR ≤2.0) by PET. RESULTS: Patients with impaired MFR (44 of 85; 52%) were older (71 vs. 65 years; P = .03) and had higher frequency of CCS (≥400; P = .02) with significantly higher EFVi (63.1 ± 20.4 vs. 51.3 ± 14.1 cm3/m2; P = .003). On multivariate logistic regression (with age, sex, number of risk factors, CCS, and EFVi), EFVi was the only independent predictor of impaired MFR (odds ratio, 7.39; P = .02). The machine learning composite risk score significantly improved risk reclassification of impaired MFR compared to CCS or EFVi alone (integrated discrimination improvement = 0.19; P = .007 and IDI = 0.22; P = .002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Increased EFVi and composite risk score combining EFVi and CCS significantly improve identification of impaired global MFR by PET.

Relationship Between Quantitative Adverse Plaque Features From Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Downstream Impaired Myocardial Flow Reserve by 13N-Ammonia Positron Emission Tomography: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the relationship of quantitative plaque features from coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography and coronary vascular dysfunction by impaired myocardial flow reserve (MFR) by (13)N-Ammonia positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-one patients (32 men, 62.4±9.5 years) underwent combined rest-stress (13)N-ammonia PET and CT angiography scans by hybrid PET/CT. Regional MFR was measured from PET. From CT angiography, 153 arteries were evaluated by semiautomated software, computing arterial noncalcified plaque (NCP), low-density NCP (NCP<30 HU), calcified and total plaque volumes, and corresponding plaque burden (plaque volumex100%/vessel volume), stenosis, remodeling index, contrast density difference (maximum difference in luminal attenuation per unit area in the lesion), and plaque length. Quantitative stenosis, plaque burden, and myocardial mass were combined by boosted ensemble machine-learning algorithm into a composite risk score to predict impaired MFR (MFR≤2.0) by PET in each artery. Nineteen patients had impaired regional MFR in at least 1 territory (41/153 vessels). Patients with impaired regional MFR had higher arterial NCP (32.4% versus 17.2%), low-density NCP (7% versus 4%), and total plaque burden (37% versus 19.3%, P<0.02). In multivariable analysis with 10-fold cross-validation, NCP burden was the most significant predictor of impaired MFR (odds ratio, 1.35; P=0.021 for all). For prediction of impaired MFR with 10-fold cross-validation, receiver operating characteristics area under the curve for the composite score was 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.91) greater than for quantitative stenosis (0.66, 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.76, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with stenosis, arterial NCP burden and a composite score combining quantitative stenosis and plaque burden from CT angiography significantly improves identification of downstream regional vascular dysfunction.

Comparison of quantitative atherosclerotic plaque burden from coronary CT angiography in patients with first acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Coronary CTA allows characterization of non-calcified and calcified plaque and identification of high-risk plaque features. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantitatively characterize and compare coronary plaque burden from CTA in patients with a first acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and controls with stable coronary artery disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina with a first ACS, who underwent CTA as part of their initial workup before invasive coronary angiography and age- and gender-matched controls with stable chest pain; controls also underwent CTA with subsequent invasive angiography (total n = 28). Culprit arteries were identified in ACS patients. Coronary arteries were analyzed by automated software to quantify calcified plaque (CP), noncalcified plaque (NCP), and low-density NCP (LD-NCP, attenuation <30 Hounsfield units) volumes, and corresponding burden (plaque volume × 100%/vessel volume), stenosis, remodeling index, contrast density difference (maximum percent difference in attenuation/cross-sectional area from proximal cross-section), and plaque length. RESULTS: ACS patients had fewer lesions (median, 1), with higher total NCP and LD-NCP burdens (NCP: 57.4% vs 41.5%; LD-NCP: 12.5% vs 8%; P ≤ .04), higher maximal stenoses (85.6% vs 53.0%; P = .003) and contrast density differences (46.1 vs 16.3%; P < .006). Per-patient CP burden was not different between ACS and controls. NCP and LD-NCP plaque burden was higher in culprit vs nonculprit arteries (NCP: 57.8% vs 9.5%; LD-NCP: 8.4% vs 0.6%; P ≤ .0003); CP was not significantly different. Culprit arteries had increased plaque lengths, remodeling indices, stenoses, and contrast density differences (46.1% vs 10.9%; P ≤ .001). CONCLUSION: Noninvasive quantitative coronary artery analysis identified several differences for ACS, both on per-patient and per-vessel basis, including increased NCP, LD-NCP burden, and contrast density difference.

Prospectively ECG-triggered high-pitch coronary angiography with third-generation dual-source CT at 70 kVp tube voltage: feasibility, image quality, radiation dose, and effect of iterative reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Low tube voltage reduces radiation exposure in coronary CT angiography (CTA). Using 70 kVp tube potential has so far not been possible because CT systems were unable to provide sufficiently high tube current with low voltage. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated feasibility, image quality (IQ), and radiation dose of coronary CTA using a third-generation dual-source CT system capable of producing 450 mAs tube current at 70 kVp tube voltage. METHODS: Coronary CTA was performed in 26 consecutive patients with suspected coronary artery disease, selected for body weight <100 kg and heart rate <60 beats/min. High-pitch spiral acquisition was used. Filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms were applied. IQ was assessed using a 4-point rating scale (1 = excellent, 4 = nondiagnostic) and objective parameters. RESULTS: Mean age was 62 ± 9 years (46% males; mean body mass index, 27.7 ± 3.8 kg/m(2); mean heart rate, 54 ± 5 beats/min). Mean dose-length product was 20.6 ± 1.9 mGy × cm; mean estimated effective radiation dose was 0.3 ± 0.03 mSv. Diagnostic IQ was found in 365 of 367 (FBP) and 366 of 367 (IR) segments (P nonsignificant). IQ was rated "excellent" in 53% (FBP) and 86% (IR) segments (P = .001) and "nondiagnostic" in 2 (FBP) and 1 segment (IR) (P nonsignificant). Mean IQ score was lesser in FBP vs IR (1.5 ± 0.4 vs 1.1 ± 0.2; P < .001). Image noise was lower in IR vs FBP (60 ± 10 HU vs 74 ± 8 HU; P < .001). CONCLUSION: In patients <100 kg and with a regular heart rate <60 beats/min, third-generation dual-source CT using high-pitch spiral acquisition and 70 kVp tube voltage is feasible and provides both robust IQ and very low radiation exposure.