Early spectral EEG in preterm infants correlates with neurocognitive outcomes in late childhood.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding the predictive value of early amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)/EEG on neurodevelopmental outcomes at school age and beyond is lacking. We  aimed to investigate whether there is an association between early postnatal EEG and neurocognitive outcomes in late childhood. METHODS: This study is an observational prospective cohort study of premature infants with a gestational age <28 weeks. The total absolute band powers (tABP) of the delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands were analyzed from EEG recordings during the first three days of life. At 10-12 years of age, neurocognitive outcomes were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition (WISC-IV), Vineland adaptive behavior scales 2nd edition, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). The mean differences in tABP were assessed for individuals with normal versus unfavorable neurocognitive scores. RESULTS: Twenty-two infants were included. tABP values in all four frequency bands were significantly lower in infants with unfavorable results in the main composite scores (full intelligence quotient, adaptive behavior composite score, and global executive composite score) on all three tests (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early postnatal EEG has the potential to assist in predicting cognitive outcomes at 10-12 years of age in extremely premature infants <28 weeks' gestation. IMPACT: Evidence regarding the value of early postnatal EEG in long-term prognostication in preterm infants is limited. Our study suggests that early EEG spectral analysis correlates with neurocognitive outcomes in late childhood in extremely preterm infants. Early identification of infants at-risk of later impairment is important to initiate early and targeted follow-up and intervention.

Combining MRI and Spectral EEG for Assessment of Neurocognitive Outcomes in Preterm Infants.

INTRODUCTION: Predicting impairment in preterm children is challenging. Our aim is to explore the association between MRI at term-equivalent age (TEA) and neurocognitive outcomes in late childhood and to assess whether the addition of EEG improves prognostication. METHODS: This prospective observational study included forty infants with gestational age 24 + 0-30 + 6. Children were monitored with multichannel EEG for 72 h after birth. Total absolute band power for the delta band on day 2 was calculated. Brain MRI was performed at TEA and scored according to the Kidokoro scoring system. At 10-12 years of age, we evaluated neurocognitive outcomes with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition, Vineland adaptive behavior scales 2nd edition and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. We performed linear regression analysis to examine the association between outcomes and MRI and EEG, respectively, and multiple regression analysis to explore the combination of MRI and EEG. RESULTS: Forty infants were included. There was a significant association between global brain abnormality score and composite outcomes of WISC and Vineland test, but not the BRIEF test. The adjusted R2 was 0.16 and 0.08, respectively. For EEG, adjusted R2 was 0.34 and 0.15, respectively. When combining MRI and EEG data, adjusted R2 changed to 0.36 for WISC and 0.16 for the Vineland test. CONCLUSION: There was a small association between TEA MRI and neurocognitive outcomes in late childhood. Adding EEG to the model improved the explained variance. Combining EEG and MRI data did not have any additional benefit over EEG alone.

Feasibility of long-term continuous EEG monitoring during the first days of life in preterm infants: an automated quantification of the EEG activity.

Long-term EEG monitoring (LTM) with several electrodes could be a useful tool for surveillance of the brain during the first critical days of life. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of multichannel LTM for automated analysis of EEG activity from d 1 to 3 using eight electrodes. Premature infants (GA <31 wk; n = 48) were continuously monitored for 3 d. EEG monitoring for a total of 3257 h was successfully performed. Total absolute band power (tABP) was calculated per second. Artifacts were removed visually or by an algorithm removing the highest 5, 10, 15, and 20% tABPs. NS difference was found between the trends of visually edited and 5% mathematically trimmed data. Two groups were compared (24 ≤ GA < 28 wk and 28 ≤ GA < 31 wk) using the median of tABP for all frequency bands per day. The results showed that tABP differed between groups. The changes of tABP d 1-3 were equal in both groups. Automatically assessed LTM confirms that the EEG activity depends on GA. However, it reveals that the early changes (d 1-3) are independent of GA. The study demonstrates the feasibility of multichannel LTM and the possibility of developing automated EEG analyses.

Human TGF-ß1 deficiency causes severe inflammatory bowel disease and encephalopathy.

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 (encoded by TGFB1) is the prototypic member of the TGF-ß family of 33 proteins that orchestrate embryogenesis, development and tissue homeostasis1,2. Following its discovery 3 , enormous interest and numerous controversies have emerged about the role of TGF-ß in coordinating the balance of pro- and anti-oncogenic properties4,5, pro- and anti-inflammatory effects 6 , or pro- and anti-fibrinogenic characteristics 7 . Here we describe three individuals from two pedigrees with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the TGFB1 gene who presented with severe infantile inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and central nervous system (CNS) disease associated with epilepsy, brain atrophy and posterior leukoencephalopathy. The proteins encoded by the mutated TGFB1 alleles were characterized by impaired secretion, function or stability of the TGF-ß1-LAP complex, which is suggestive of perturbed bioavailability of TGF-ß1. Our study shows that TGF-ß1 has a critical and nonredundant role in the development and homeostasis of intestinal immunity and the CNS in humans.