GPRC5D-Targeted CAR T Cells for Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have generated responses in patients with advanced myeloma, but relapses are common. G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 5, member D (GPRC5D) has been identified as an immunotherapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Preclinical studies have shown the efficacy of GPRC5D-targeted CAR T cells, including activity in a BCMA antigen escape model. METHODS: In this phase 1 dose-escalation study, we administered a GPRC5D-targeted CAR T-cell therapy (MCARH109) at four dose levels to patients with heavily pretreated multiple myeloma, including patients with relapse after BCMA CAR T-cell therapy. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients were enrolled and received MCARH109 therapy. The maximum tolerated dose was identified at 150×106 CAR T cells. At the 450×106 CAR T-cell dose, 1 patient had grade 4 cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), and 2 patients had a grade 3 cerebellar disorder of unclear cause. No cerebellar disorder, ICANS of any grade, or cytokine release syndrome of grade 3 or higher occurred in the 12 patients who received doses of 25×106 to 150×106 cells. A response was reported in 71% of the patients in the entire cohort and in 58% of those who received doses of 25×106 to 150×106 cells. The patients who had a response included those who had received previous BCMA therapies; responses were observed in 7 of 10 such patients in the entire cohort and in 3 of 6 such patients who received 25×106 to 150×106 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study of a GPRC5D-targeted CAR T-cell therapy (MCARH109) confirm that GPRC5D is an active immunotherapeutic target in multiple myeloma. (Funded by Juno Therapeutics/Bristol Myers Squibb; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04555551.).

The determination of ß-agonist residues in bovine tissues using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

We aimed to develop a rapid, simple and reproducible method based on LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze ß-agonist residues (clenbuterol, zilpaterol, ractopamine and isoxsuprine) in bovine tissues. The method was validated in accordance with the European Council Decision 2002/657/EC. The samples were homogenized, and then 10 mL of an acetate buffer was added to a 5-g sample. The sample was then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and filtered. Sodium hydroxide (2 m) was added to adjust pH of the sample that was centrifuged again. The extract was filtered through a solid-phase extraction column. The residue was re-dissolved in 250 µL acetonitrile and then subjected to LC-MS/MS. The separation was done on a C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in deionized water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol. The mean recoveries of ß-agonists were in the range of 84.3%-119.1% with relative standard deviations (%RSDs) of 0.683%-4.05%. Decision limits and detection capabilities of the analytes ranged from 0.0960 to 4.9349 µg/kg and from 0.0983 to 5.0715, respectively. This method was used to detect four ß-agonists in 100 bovine muscle, 100 liver and 100 kidney tissues from a slaughterhouse. No residue was found above the maximum residue limit level.

Determination of the Polychlorinated Biphenyls Distribution in Different Fat Tissues of Cattle by Age and Gender.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which cause environmental pollution, are found in animal-based fatty foods. Due to their long half-life and lipophilic properties, they can accumulate in the fat tissues of cattle. The study was conducted to compare the PCB levels (PCB28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) in the different fat tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, spinal cord, lung, back fat, perihepatic fat, and perirenal fat) of cattle by age and gender. This information is also useful to evaluate the exposure risks for different bovine edible tissues. Therefore, 15 female and 15 male cattle under 24 months of age and 15 female and 15 male cattle over 24 months of age were used, and 480 samples were analyzed for target PCBs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Of all the samples, two (50.2 µg/kg in perihepatic fat and 51.1 µg/kg in kidney) were found above the maximum residue limit; these samples were taken from the animals in the elderly female group (over 24 months). There were more PCBs in cattle older than 2 years. Muscle, kidney, and perihepatic fat presented higher PCB concentrations than other tissues, and perirenal fat presented lower PCB concentrations than other tissues. PCB101, PCB153, and PCB138 were found to have the highest contribution to the PCB concentration. Thus, it is concluded that perihepatic fat, muscle, or kidney should be sampled, particularly in routine residue monitoring, and specifically analyzed for PCB101, PCB153, and PCB138.

CCR7 signalling as an essential regulator of CNS infiltration in T-cell leukaemia.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a blood malignancy afflicting mainly children and adolescents. T-ALL patients present at diagnosis with increased white cell counts and hepatosplenomegaly, and are at an increased risk of central nervous system (CNS) relapse. For that reason, T-ALL patients usually receive cranial irradiation in addition to intensified intrathecal chemotherapy. The marked increase in survival is thought to be worth the considerable side-effects associated with this therapy. Such complications include secondary tumours, neurocognitive deficits, endocrine disorders and growth impairment. Little is known about the mechanism of leukaemic cell infiltration of the CNS, despite its clinical importance. Here we show, using T-ALL animal modelling and gene-expression profiling, that the chemokine receptor CCR7 (ref. 5) is the essential adhesion signal required for the targeting of leukaemic T-cells into the CNS. Ccr7 gene expression is controlled by the activity of the T-ALL oncogene Notch1 and is expressed in human tumours carrying Notch1-activating mutations. Silencing of either CCR7 or its chemokine ligand CCL19 (ref. 6) in an animal model of T-ALL specifically inhibits CNS infiltration. Furthermore, murine CNS-targeting by human T-ALL cells depends on their ability to express CCR7. These studies identify a single chemokine-receptor interaction as a CNS 'entry' signal, and open the way for future pharmacological targeting. Targeted inhibition of CNS involvement in T-ALL could potentially decrease the intensity of CNS-targeted therapy, thus reducing its associated short- and long-term complications.

Th17 and non-Th17 interleukin-17-expressing cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: delineation, distribution, and clinical relevance.

BACKGROUND: The levels and clinical relevance of Th17 cells and other interleukin-17-producing cells have not been analyzed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The objective of this study was to quantify blood and tissue levels of Th17 and other interleukin-17-producing cells in patients with this disease and correlate blood levels with clinical outcome. DESIGN AND METHODS: Intracellular interleukin-17A was assessed in blood and splenic mononuclear cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and healthy subjects using flow cytometry. Interleukin-17A-producing cells were analyzed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded spleen and lymph node sections using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The absolute numbers of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the percentages of Th17 cells in spleen cell suspensions were higher in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia than in healthy subjects; in six out of eight paired chronic lymphocytic leukemia blood and spleen sample comparisons, Th17 cells were enriched in spleen suspensions. Circulating Th17 levels correlated with better prognostic markers and longer overall survival of the patients. Two "non-Th17" interleukin-17-expressing cells were identified in chronic lymphocytic leukemia spleens: proliferating cells of the granulocytic lineage and mature mast cells. Granulocytes and mast cells in normal spleens did not express interleukin-17. Conversely, both chronic lymphocytic leukemia and healthy lymph nodes contained similar numbers of interleukin-17+ mast cells as well as Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Th17 cells are elevated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with better prognostic markers and correlate with longer survival. Furthermore, non-Th17 interleukin-17A-expressing cells exist in chronic lymphocytic leukemia spleens as maturing granulocytes and mature mast cells, suggesting that the microenvironmental milieu in leukemic spleens promotes the recruitment and/or expansion of Th17 and other IL-17-expressing cells. The pathophysiology of Th17 and non-Th17-interleukin-producing cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and their distributions and roles in this disease merit further study.

Localized Peritumoral AL Amyloidosis Associated With Mantle Cell Lymphoma With Plasmacytic Differentiation.

Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition of amyloid fibers derived from pathologic immunoglobulin light chains. Although systemic plasma cell neoplasms are the most common cause of AL amyloidosis, a subset of cases is caused by B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Recently, SOX11-negative IGH hypermutated mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is recognized to show frequent plasmacytic differentiation and indolent clinical course. Here, we report 3 cases of peritumoral AL amyloidosis associated with SOX11-negative MCL. All 3 cases showed cyclin D1 expression by immunohistochemistry and CCND1 translocation as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Peritumoral AL amyloidosis was observed at the biopsy sites in the gastrointestinal tract, a supraclavicular lymph node, and a cervical lymph node, and all presented with marked plasmacytic differentiation of lymphoma cells. None of the cases showed evidence of bone marrow involvement by morphology and immunophenotyping. None of the patients had distant organ involvement with systemic amyloidosis. All 3 patients had an indolent clinical course and are alive with disease at the time of the last follow-up (range: 48 to 74 mo). Our findings show that MCL with plasmacytic differentiation can cause amyloid deposition and CCND1 abnormalities should be performed in all cases of extramedullary AL amyloidosis. Recognition of indolent MCL as a cause of peritumoral AL amyloidosis may have important clinical management implications.

Genetic Basis of Extramedullary Plasmablastic Transformation of Multiple Myeloma.

In patients with multiple myeloma, plasmablastic transformation in the bone marrow is rare and associated with poor outcomes. The significance of discordant extramedullary plasmablastic transformation in patients with small, mature clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow has not been well studied. Here, we report the clinicopathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular features of 10 such patients (male/female: 6/4, median age: 65 y, range: 48 to 76 y) with an established diagnosis of multiple myeloma in the bone marrow composed of small, mature plasma cells in parallel with a concurrent or subsequent extramedullary plasmablastic transformation. Eight patients with available survival data showed an overall aggressive clinical course with a median survival of 4.5 months after the diagnosis of extramedullary plasmablastic transformation, despite aggressive treatment and even in patients with low-level bone marrow involvement. Pathologically, the extramedullary plasmablastic myeloma were clonally related to the corresponding bone marrow plasma cells, showed high levels of CMYC and/or P53 expression with a high Ki-67 proliferation index by immunohistochemistry and harbored more complex genomic aberrations including frequent mutations in the RAS pathway and MYC rearrangements compared with their bone marrow counterparts. In summary, although genetic and immunohistochemical studies were not uniformly performed on all cases due to the retrospective nature of this study, our data suggest that discordant extramedullary plasmablastic transformation of multiple myeloma has an aggressive clinical course and is characterized by frequent mutations in the RAS pathway and more complex genomic abnormalities.

Safety and activity of selinexor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or oligoblastic acute myeloid leukaemia refractory to hypomethylating agents: a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: The median overall survival of patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes refractory to hypomethylating agents is less than 6 months. Currently, no standard therapy for such patients exists. Preclinical studies have shown that inhibition of the nuclear export protein exportin 1 (XPO1) causes nuclear accumulation of p53 and disruption of NF-κB signalling, both relevant targets for myelodysplastic syndromes. We therefore aimed to assess the safety and activity of selinexor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or oligoblastic acute myeloid leukaemia refractory to hypomethylating agents. METHODS: We did a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in the USA. We included patients 18 years or older with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes or oligoblastic acute myeloid leukaemia (defined as blasts ≥20% but ≤30%) refractory to hypomethylating agents and with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0-2. Eligible patients received 3-week long cycles of oral selinexor (60 mg twice per week for 2 weeks, followed by 1 week off). The primary outcome was overall response rate. Complete remission, partial remission, marrow complete remission, or haematological improvement were included in the response categories for assessing the primary endpoint. The activity analysis included all patients who completed at least one full-scheduled post-treatment disease assessment. All patients who were given selinexor were included in the safety analysis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02228525. FINDINGS: Between Sept 23, 2014, and March 13, 2018, 25 patients were enrolled on this study. The median follow-up was 8·5 months (IQR 3·1-12·2). Two patients did not meet the full eligibility criteria after baseline assessment; therefore, 23 patients were evaluable for activity assessment. In the 23 evaluable patients, overall response rate was 26% (95% CI 10-48) in six patients with marrow complete remission, with an additional 12 patients (52%, 95% CI 31-73) achieving stable disease. The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (eight [32%] of 25 patients) and hyponatraemia (five [20%]). There were no drug-related serious adverse events and no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION: Selinexor showed responses in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or oligoblastic acute myeloid leukaemia refractory to hypomethylating agents. Adverse events were manageable with supportive care implementation. Further studies are needed to compare selinexor with supportive care alone, and to identify patient subgroups that might benefit the most from selinexor treatment. FUNDING: Karyopharm Therapeutics.

Leukemia Cell of Origin Influences Apoptotic Priming and Sensitivity to LSD1 Inhibition.

The cell of origin of oncogenic transformation is a determinant of therapeutic sensitivity, but the mechanisms governing cell-of-origin-driven differences in therapeutic response have not been delineated. Leukemias initiating in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are less sensitive to chemotherapy and highly express the transcription factor MECOM (EVI1) compared with leukemias derived from myeloid progenitors. Here, we compared leukemias initiated in either HSCs or myeloid progenitors to reveal a novel function for EVI1 in modulating p53 protein abundance and activity. HSC-derived leukemias exhibit decreased apoptotic priming, attenuated p53 transcriptional output, and resistance to lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitors in addition to classical genotoxic stresses. p53 loss of function in Evi1 lo progenitor-derived leukemias induces resistance to LSD1 inhibition, and EVI1hi leukemias are sensitized to LSD1 inhibition by venetoclax. Our findings demonstrate a role for EVI1 in p53 wild-type cancers in reducing p53 function and provide a strategy to circumvent drug resistance in chemoresistant EVI1 hi acute myeloid leukemia. SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate that the cell of origin of leukemia initiation influences p53 activity and dictates therapeutic sensitivity to pharmacologic LSD1 inhibitors via the transcription factor EVI1. We show that drug resistance could be overcome in HSC-derived leukemias by combining LSD1 inhibition with venetoclax.See related commentary by Gu et al., p. 1445.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1426.

Inotuzumab ozogamicin as chemotherapy-sparing salvage in a 67-year-old man with primary refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with high-risk genomic features.

Older adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) continue to have a poor prognosis, in part due to greater chemotherapy-related toxicities. We herein report a 67-year-old man with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative B-cell ALL, who exhibited refractoriness to 3 different regimens of induction chemotherapy and experienced multiple complications including intracranial bleeding and respiratory failure, who achieved minimal residual disease (MRD)-negative complete response (CR) after a single cycle of inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO). His ALL was characterized by several high-risk mutations, which may have contributed to chemotherapy-refractory disease. Our case supports incorporating IO into front-line induction regimens for older adults with high-risk B-cell ALL.

Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma With Aberrant CD8 Expression: A Clinicopathologic Study of Five Cases.

Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) are of B-cell origin. In a small number of CHL cases, the tumor cells can express T-cell antigens. CD8 expression in this setting is extremely rare. We identified 5 cases of CHL with aberrant CD8 expression from our database. The patients included 3 men and 2 women with a median age of 33 years (range = 20-59 years). All the patients initially presented with lymphadenopathy and variable number of RS cells. Two cases were classified as mixed cellularity type that showed prominent vascular proliferation mimicking peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Two cases represented nodular sclerosis type. The tumor cells in all cases were positive for CD8 and negative for CD2, CD3, CD4, and CD7 and carried germline T-cell receptor genes. Molecular studies revealed T-cell receptor genes to be in germline configuration in 4 cases with available information. Given the morphologic overlap with peripheral T-cell lymphoma and the rarity of this type of CHL, identifying more cases will help our better understanding of this entity.

Divergent clonal evolution of a common precursor to mantle cell lymphoma and classic Hodgkin lymphoma.

Clonal heterogeneity and evolution of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remain unclear despite the progress in our understanding of its biology. Here, we report a 71-yr-old male patient with an aggressive MCL and depict the clonal evolution from initial diagnosis of typical MCL to relapsed blastoid MCL. During the course of the disease, the patient was diagnosed with classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and received a CHL therapeutic regimen. Molecular analysis by next-generation sequencing of both MCL and CHL demonstrated clonally related CHL with characteristic immunophenotype and PDL1/2 gains. Moreover, our data illustrate the clonal heterogeneity and acquisition of additional genetic aberrations including a rare fusion of SEC22B-NOTCH2 in the process of clonal evolution. Evidence obtained from our comprehensive immunophenotypic and genetic studies indicates that MCL and CHL can originate from a common precursor by divergent clonal evolution, which may pose a therapeutic challenge.

CD20 positive mycosis fungoides: a case report.

CD20 positive T-cell lymphoma is extremely rare. Most reported cases are nodal peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) or rarely lymphoma involving extranodal sites. Only two cases of CD20 positive T-cell lymphomas involving the skin have been previously reported and were classified as PTCL - not otherwise specified. We present a case report of a 53-year-old man with CD20 positive mycosis fungoides (MF) involving the skin and an inguinal lymph node. The patient presented with erythematous patches and plaques of the right lower extremity and was found to have an enlarged inguinal lymph node 2 years later. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of the lymph node aspirate showed a CD2+/CD3+/CD4+/CD5+/CD7-/CD8- T-cell population with CD20 co-expression. Molecular studies by polymerase chain reaction demonstrated clonal T-cell receptor gamma chain gene rearrangement. Immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene rearrangements were not identified. To our knowledge, this is the first case of CD20 positive MF involving a lymph node to be reported in the literature.

Diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma involving salivary glands by fine-needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometry: report of four cases.

Myeloid sarcoma involving salivary glands is extremely rare. Here, we report four cases of this rare occurrence, diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. All of four patients had previous diagnoses of myeloid neoplasms. They presented with a solitary mass in the parotid or submandibular salivary gland. The cytological evaluation of the aspirates revealed scattered salivary gland acini admixed with dispersed atypical cells. In three cases, the atypical cells appeared to be heterogeneous, intermediate to large in size, and have folded nuclei with fine chromatin. In another case the atypical cells were monotonous and had round nuclei with fine chromatin. The myeloid lineage of the atypical cells was demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis. High clinical suspicion, careful cytological evaluation, and concurrent ancillary studies are essential for establishing a diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma.

Plasmablastic lymphoma involving breast: a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare lymphoma originating from B-cells with terminal differentiation. Most common anatomic site involved by PBL is the oral cavity. Involvement of other body sites has only rarely been reported. Herein, we report a rare case of EBV-negative PBL involving the breast of an HIV positive 47-year-old woman. The patient presented with decreased vision and photophobia. During physical examination, she was found to have bilateral breast masses and multiple lymphadenopathy. Fine-needle aspiration of one of the breast masses showed large malignant cells with plasmacytoid features. Immunohistochemical studies performed on the core biopsy showed that the tumor cells were positive for common leukocyte antigen CD45 and plasma cell marker CD138, but negative for the pan-B cell markers CD20 and CD79a. Molecular genetic studies showed clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene. This is the first case of PBL involving the breast reported in English cytological literature.

CD5-Positive Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with Wilson's Disease: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare extra-nodal B-cell lymphoma that proliferates within small/intermediate blood vessels and capillaries while sparing large blood vessels and organ parenchyma. Clinical presentation is highly variable and may include B symptoms, neurological deficits, and/or cutaneous findings. The diagnosis of IVLBCL is difficult due to multiorgan involvement and nonspecific symptoms. We describe the case of a 68-year-old male who presented with progressive weakness, confusion, and falls. He had a past medical history of liver cirrhosis secondary to Wilson's disease. Physical exam and laboratory results revealed a lethargic man with jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, and abnormal liver/kidney function tests. He expired after a short hospital course in the setting of hepatic and renal failure. Postmortem examination revealed large neoplastic lymphoid cells involving multiple organ blood vessels; however skin and neurologic involvement was absent. The neoplastic cells demonstrated B-cells positive for CD5, rendering a diagnosis of IVLBCL. Our case represents the occurrence of IVLBCL with CD5-positivity in a patient with Wilson's disease, diagnosed at autopsy demonstrating the challenging nature of diagnosing IVLBCL.

Response after treatment with pembrolizumab in a patient with myelophthisis due to melanoma: the role of checkpoint inhibition in the bone.

BACKGROUND: Myelophthisis due to melanoma is a rare phenomenon. Treatment strategies for patients with this serious complication of malignancy have not been well documented, and none have previously reported efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition. Since bone metastases are not measurable lesions per standard response criteria, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition in the bones is also not well described. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a patient with widespread melanoma metastases involving the bone marrow causing myelophthisis and pancytopenia who responded to immune checkpoint inhibition with the anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor pembrolizumab. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to our knowledge of disease response to immune checkpoint inhibition in a patient with myelophthisis. Clinical trials have recently emerged describing the efficacy of PD-1 inhibition for disorders regularly involving the bone marrow, such as hematologic malignancies, suggesting the importance of better understanding the bone marrow as an immunologically active compartment. Clinicians should be aware that immune checkpoint inhibition alone may be effective in treating malignancy involving the bone marrow, even in cases of extensive involvement resulting in pancytopenia due to myelophthisis from a solid tumor as our case suggests.