Safeguarding human-wildlife cooperation.

Human-wildlife cooperation occurs when humans and free-living wild animals actively coordinate their behavior to achieve a mutually beneficial outcome. These interactions provide important benefits to both the human and wildlife communities involved, have wider impacts on the local ecosystem, and represent a unique intersection of human and animal cultures. The remaining active forms are human-honeyguide and human-dolphin cooperation, but these are at risk of joining several inactive forms (including human-wolf and human-orca cooperation). Human-wildlife cooperation faces a unique set of conservation challenges, as it requires multiple components-a motivated human and wildlife partner, a suitable environment, and compatible interspecies knowledge-which face threats from ecological and cultural changes. To safeguard human-wildlife cooperation, we recommend: (i) establishing ethically sound conservation strategies together with the participating human communities; (ii) conserving opportunities for human and wildlife participation; (iii) protecting suitable environments; (iv) facilitating cultural transmission of traditional knowledge; (v) accessibly archiving Indigenous and scientific knowledge; and (vi) conducting long-term empirical studies to better understand these interactions and identify threats. Tailored safeguarding plans are therefore necessary to protect these diverse and irreplaceable interactions. Broadly, our review highlights that efforts to conserve biological and cultural diversity should carefully consider interactions between human and animal cultures. Please see AfricanHoneyguides.com/abstract-translations for Kiswahili and Portuguese translations of the abstract.

Sound Generating Structures of the Humpback Dolphin Sousa plumbea (Cuvier, 1829) and the Directionality in Dolphin Sounds.

The macroscopic morphology of structures involved in sound generation in the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea) were described for the first time using computed tomography imaging and standard gross dissection techniques. The Indian Ocean humpback dolphin may represent a useful comparative model to the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) to provide insights into the functional anatomy of the sound production in dolphins, since these coastal dolphins exhibit similar body size and share similarities on acoustic behavior. The general arrangement of sound generating structures, that is, air sacs and muscles, was similar in both the bottlenose dolphin and the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin. The main difference between the two species existed in a small left posterior branch of the melon in the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin, which was not found in the bottlenose dolphin and might reflect an adaptation of directionality for high frequency communication sounds as seen in some other delphinids (e.g., Lagenorhynchus sp., Grampus griseus). Thus, this may be the main reason for the asymmetry of the sound production structures in dolphins. Additionally, the longer rostrum in Indian Ocean humpback dolphins might suggest a more directional echolocation beam compared to the Lahille's bottlenose dolphin. Anat Rec, 302:849-860, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.