A large-scale microRNA transcriptome-wide association study identifies two susceptibility microRNAs, miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p, for colorectal cancer risk.

Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have identified many putative susceptibility genes for colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, susceptibility miRNAs, critical dysregulators of gene expression, remain unexplored. We genotyped DNA samples from 313 CRC East Asian patients and performed small RNA sequencing in their normal colon tissues distant from tumors to build genetic models for predicting miRNA expression. We applied these models and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including 23 942 cases and 217 267 controls of East Asian ancestry to investigate associations of predicted miRNA expression with CRC risk. Perturbation experiments separately by promoting and inhibiting miRNAs expressions and further in vitro assays in both SW480 and HCT116 cells were conducted. At a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of P < 4.5 × 10-4, we identified two putative susceptibility miRNAs, miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p, located in regions more than 500 kb away from any GWAS-identified risk variants in CRC. We observed that a high predicted expression of miR-1307-5p was associated with increased CRC risk, while a low predicted expression of miR-192-3p was associated with increased CRC risk. Our experimental results further provide strong evidence of their susceptible roles by showing that miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p play a regulatory role, respectively, in promoting and inhibiting CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which was consistently observed in both SW480 and HCT116 cells. Our study provides additional insights into the biological mechanisms underlying CRC development.

Genome- and transcriptome-wide association studies of 386,000 Asian and European-ancestry women provide new insights into breast cancer genetics.

By combining data from 160,500 individuals with breast cancer and 226,196 controls of Asian and European ancestry, we conducted genome- and transcriptome-wide association studies of breast cancer. We identified 222 genetic risk loci and 137 genes that were associated with breast cancer risk at a p < 5.0 × 10-8 and a Bonferroni-corrected p < 4.6 × 10-6, respectively. Of them, 32 loci and 15 genes showed a significantly different association between ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer after Bonferroni correction. Significant ancestral differences in risk variant allele frequencies and their association strengths with breast cancer risk were identified. Of the significant associations identified in this study, 17 loci and 14 genes are located 1Mb away from any of the previously reported breast cancer risk variants. Pathways analyses including 221 putative risk genes identified multiple signaling pathways that may play a significant role in the development of breast cancer. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of and new biological insights into the genetics of this common malignancy.

Differential patterns of reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer according to birth cohorts among women in China, Japan and Korea.

BACKGROUND: The birth cohort effect has been suggested to influence the rate of breast cancer incidence and the trends of associated reproductive and lifestyle factors. We conducted a cohort study to determine whether a differential pattern of associations exists between certain factors and breast cancer risk based on birth cohorts. METHODS: This was a cohort study using pooled data from 12 cohort studies. We analysed associations between reproductive (menarche age, menopause age, parity and age at first delivery) and lifestyle (smoking and alcohol consumption) factors and breast cancer risk. We obtained hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis on the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s birth cohorts. RESULTS: Parity was found to lower the risk of breast cancer in the older but not in the younger birth cohort, whereas lifestyle factors showed associations with breast cancer risk only among the participants born in the 1950s. In the younger birth cohort group, the effect size was lower for parous women compared to the other cohort groups (HR [95% CI] 0.86 [0.66-1.13] compared to 0.60 [0.49-0.73], 0.46 [0.38-0.56] and 0.62 [0.51-0.77]). Meanwhile, a higher effect size was found for smoking (1.45 [1.14-1.84] compared to 1.25 [0.99-1.58], 1.06 [0.85-1.32] and 0.86 [0.69-1.08]) and alcohol consumption (1.22 [1.01-1.48] compared to 1.10 [0.90-1.33], 1.15 [0.96-1.38], and 1.07 [0.91-1.26]). CONCLUSION: We observed different associations of parity, smoking and alcohol consumption with breast cancer risk across various birth cohorts.

Association of female reproductive and hormonal factors with gallbladder cancer risk in Asia: A pooled analysis of the Asia Cohort Consortium.

The female predominance of gallbladder cancer (GBC) has led to a hypothesis regarding the hormone-related aetiology of GBC. We aimed to investigate the association between female reproductive factors and GBC risk, considering birth cohorts of Asian women. We conducted a pooled analysis of 331,323 women from 12 cohorts across 4 countries (China, Japan, Korea, and Singapore) in the Asia Cohort Consortium. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the association between reproductive factors (age at menarche, parity, age at first delivery, breastfeeding, and age at menopause) and GBC risk. We observed that a later age at menarche was associated with an increased risk of GBC (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.16-1.70 for 17 years and older vs. 13-14 years), especially among the cohort born in 1940 and later (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.50-4.35). Among the cohort born before 1940, women with a later age at first delivery showed an increased risk of GBC (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.08-2.24 for 31 years of age and older vs. 20 years of age and younger). Other reproductive factors did not show a clear association with GBC risk. Later ages at menarche and at first delivery were associated with a higher risk of GBC, and these associations varied by birth cohort.

Association between reproductive factors with lung cancer incidence and mortality: A pooled analysis of over 308,000 females in the Asia cohort consortium.

Previous studies have investigated the association between reproductive factors and lung cancer risk; however, findings have been inconsistent. In order to assess this association among Asian women, a total of 308,949 female participants from 11 prospective cohorts and four Asian countries (Japan, Korea, China, and Singapore) were included. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 3,119 primary lung cancer cases and 2247 lung cancer deaths were identified with a mean follow-up of 16.4 years. Parous women had a lower risk of lung cancer incidence and mortality as compared with nulliparous women, with HRs of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.70-0.96) and 0.78 (95% CI = 0.65-0.94). The protective association of parity and lung cancer incidence was greater among ever-smokers (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49-0.87) than in never-smokers (HR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.74-1.09) (P-interaction = 0.029). Compared with age at first delivery ≤20 years, older age at first delivery (21-25, ≥26 years) was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer incidence and mortality. Women who ever used hormone replacements had a higher likelihood of developing non-small cell lung cancer (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.02-1.68), compared to those who never used hormone replacements. Future studies are needed to assess the underlying mechanisms, the relationships within these female reproductive factors, and the potential changes in smoking habits over time.

Obesity is associated with biliary tract cancer mortality and incidence: A pooled analysis of 21 cohort studies in the Asia Cohort Consortium.

Body fatness is considered a probable risk factor for biliary tract cancer (BTC), whereas cholelithiasis is an established factor. Nevertheless, although obesity is an established risk factor for cholelithiasis, previous studies of the association of body mass index (BMI) and BTC did not take the effect of cholelithiasis fully into account. To better understand the effect of BMI on BTC, we conducted a pooled analysis using population-based cohort studies in Asians. In total, 905 530 subjects from 21 cohort studies participating in the Asia Cohort Consortium were included. BMI was categorized into four groups: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2 ); normal (18.5-22.9 kg/m2 ); overweight (23-24.9 kg/m2 ); and obese (25+ kg/m2 ). The association between BMI and BTC incidence and mortality was assessed using hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by Cox regression models with shared frailty. Mediation analysis was used to decompose the association into a direct and an indirect (mediated) effect. Compared to normal BMI, high BMI was associated with BTC mortality (HR 1.19 [CI 1.02-1.38] for males, HR 1.30 [1.14-1.49] for females). Cholelithiasis had significant interaction with BMI on BTC risk. BMI was associated with BTC risk directly and through cholelithiasis in females, whereas the association was unclear in males. When cholelithiasis was present, BMI was not associated with BTC death in either males or females. BMI was associated with BTC death among females without cholelithiasis. This study suggests BMI is associated with BTC mortality in Asians. Cholelithiasis appears to contribute to the association; and moreover, obesity appears to increase BTC risk without cholelithiasis.

Diabetes is associated with increased liver cancer incidence and mortality in adults: A report from Asia Cohort Consortium.

There has been growing evidence suggesting that diabetes may be associated with increased liver cancer risk. However, studies conducted in Asian countries are limited. This project considered data of 968,738 adults pooled from 20 cohort studies of Asia Cohort Consortium to examine the association between baseline diabetes and liver cancer incidence and mortality. Cox proportional hazard model and competing risk approach was used for pooled data. Two-stage meta-analysis across studies was also done. There were 839,194 subjects with valid data regarding liver cancer incidence (5654 liver cancer cases [48.29/100,000 person-years]), follow-up time and baseline diabetes (44,781 with diabetes [5.3%]). There were 747,198 subjects with valid data regarding liver cancer mortality (5020 liver cancer deaths [44.03/100,000 person-years]), follow-up time and baseline diabetes (43,243 with diabetes [5.8%]). Hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [95%CI]) of liver cancer diagnosis in those with vs. without baseline diabetes was 1.97 (1.79, 2.16) (p < .0001) after adjusting for baseline age, gender, body mass index, tobacco smoking, alcohol use, and heterogeneity across studies (n = 586,072; events = 4620). Baseline diabetes was associated with increased cumulative incidence of death due to liver cancer (adjusted HR (95%CI) = 1.97 (1.79, 2.18); p < .0001) (n = 595,193; events = 4110). A two-stage meta-analytic approach showed similar results. This paper adds important population-based evidence to current literature regarding the increased incidence and mortality of liver cancer in adults with diabetes. The analysis of data pooled from 20 studies of different Asian countries and the meta-analysis across studies with large number of subjects makes the results robust.

The association of dietary total flavonoids and their subclasses with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Data from mechanistic studies suggest flavonoids may benefit glucose metabolism, but their associations with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain unclear. This study examined the prospective associations of dietary intake of total, classes, and individual flavonoids, as well as their source foods, with T2D in the CArdioVascular disease Association Study (CAVAS). METHODS: A total of 16,666 Korean men and women were enrolled at baseline, and 953 were newly diagnosed with T2D over a median follow-up of 5.96 years. Intake of flavonoids was cumulatively averaged using all food frequency questionnaires before the censoring events. A Poisson regression model was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Women with higher total flavonoid, flavonol, isoflavone, and proanthocyanidin intake had a lower risk of T2D (fourth vs. first quartile, IRR 0.62; 95% CI 0.44-0.89; P for linearity and non-linearity < 0.05 for total flavonoids), while in men, flavanones, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins, but not total flavonoids, were inversely associated with T2D risk (all P interaction for sex > 0.05). The key source foods contributing to flavonoid intake were also different between men and women, except for apples: tangerines and strawberries in men and green leafy vegetables and soy products in women. CONCLUSIONS: A higher intake of total flavonoids, particularly from vegetables, soybeans, and apples, may be associated with lower risk of T2D in women. However, flavonoids from fruits, rather than total flavonoids, may be inversely associated in men. The association between flavonoid intake and the risk of T2D may be contingent upon the dietary sources of flavonoids consumed.

Habitual intake of iron, copper, and zinc and the risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort: The CAVAS (Cardiovascular Disease Association Study).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Unlike iron, evidence of the association between dietary copper and zinc intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk is limited. This study aimed to examine the prospective associations of dietary intake of iron (total, plant-based, and animal-based), copper, and zinc with T2D risk among adults aged ≥40 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: For 16,666 participants, dietary intakes (baseline, cumulative average, and most recent) of iron, copper, and zinc were calculated from repeated food frequency questionnaires; a modified Poisson regression model with a robust error estimator was conducted. In men, positive associations between T2D and baseline dietary intake of Cu and Zn, cumulative average dietary intake of Fe (total and animal-based), Cu and Zn, and most recent dietary intake of Fe (total, plant-based, and animal-based), Cu, and Zn [most recent diet: for total Fe, IRR(95%CI) = 1.93 (1.41-2.64); for plant-based Fe, 1.56 (1.15-2.11); for animal-based Fe, 1.44 (1.09-1.90); for Cu, 3.17 (2.33-4.30); for Zn, 2.18 (1.64-2.89)] were observed, where as in women, there were positive associations of only cumulative average dietary Zn intake and most recent dietary intake of plant-based Fe, Cu, and Zn [most recent diet: for plant-based Fe, 1.30 (1.01-1.68); for Cu, 1.62 (1.27-2.08); for Zn, 2.07 (1.61-2.66)]. CONCLUSION: Dietary intakes of iron (total, plant-based, and animal-based), copper, and zinc may be positively associated with T2D risk. These positive associations are predominantly observed in most recent diet and appear to be stronger compared to baseline and cumulative average diet.

Exploring Disparities for Obesity in Korea Using Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Analysis With Cross-Classified Random Effect Models.

BACKGROUND: This research article investigates the age, period, and birth cohort effects on prevalence of obesity in the Korean population, with the goal of identifying key factors to inform effective public health strategies. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, spanning 2007-2021, including 35,736 men and 46,756 women. Using the hierarchical age-period-cohort (APC) analysis with cross-classified random effects modeling, we applied multivariable mixed logistic regression to estimate the marginal prevalence of obesity across age, period, and birth cohort, while assessing the interaction between APC and lifestyle and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: Our findings reveal an inverted U-shaped age effect on obesity, influenced by smoking history (P for interaction = 0.020) and physical activity (I for interaction < 0.001). The period effect was positive in 2020 and 2021, while negative in 2014 (P for period effect < 0.001). A declining trend in obesity prevalence was observed in birth cohorts from 1980s onward. Notably, disparities in obesity rates among recent birth cohorts have increased in relation to smoking history (P for interaction = 0.020), physical activity (P for interaction < 0.001), and residence (P for interaction = 0.005). Particularly, those born after 1960 were more likely to be obese if they were ex-smokers, physical inactive, or lived in rural areas. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight growing disparities in obesity within birth cohorts, underscoring the need for targeted health policies that promote smoking cessation and physical activity, especially in rural areas.

The relationship between depressive mood and subjective health in centenarians and near-centenarians: a cross-sectional study from Korean centenarian cohort.

BACKGROUND: With the rapid increase in population longevity, more clinical attention is being paid to the overall health of long-lived people, especially centenarians. Subjective health, which is the perception of one's health status, predicts both mortality and declining physical function in older adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to subjective health among centenarians and near-centenarians (ages ≥95) living in a rural area of South Korea. METHODS: A total of 101 participants were enrolled from four different regions (Gurye, Gokseong, Sunchang, and Damyang), known as the Longevity Belt in Korea. Variables assessing physical and mental health, including the results of blood tests, were examined. Factors associated with good subjective health were identified with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-six participants (59.6%) were subjectively healthy among the centenarians and near-centenarians. Logistic regression analysis revealed that depressive mood was the only factor associated with subjective health and was negatively correlated. The regression model explained 39% of the variance in subjective health. CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize the importance of mental health at very advanced ages. Because depressive mood negatively correlates with subjective health, more attention is needed to prevent and manage mood symptoms of people of advanced ages, including centenarians.

Folate deficiency is associated with increased radiographic severity of osteoarthritis in knee joints but not in hand joints.

OBJECTIVES: No previous studies have explored the effect of folate deficiency on the severity of osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we investigated the relationship between folate level and features on knee and hand radiographs in a large, population-based OA cohort. METHODS: Among 9,260 subjects enrolled in the Dong-gu study, 2,489 who had knee and hand joint radiographs were included. Of these, subjects with a history of amputation or total knee replacement were excluded. Serum folate levels were measured using blood samples collected at the time of enrolment and stored. A semi-quantitative system was used to grade the severity of hand and knee x-ray changes. Linear regression was performed to assess relationships between serum folate levels and knee and hand radiographic scores after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, physical activity, occupation, vitamin D, and ferritin. RESULTS: A total of 2,322 subjects were recruited. After adjusting for confounders, participants with folate deficiency (<4 ng/mL) had higher total (p<0.001), osteophyte (p<0.001), joint space narrowing (p=0.002), tibial attrition (p<0.001), and sclerosis (p=0.005) scores for knee joint radiographs compared to participants with a normal folate level. After adjusting for confounders, the radiographic scores for hand joints did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Folate deficiency is associated with increased radiographic severity of OA in knee joints, but not in hand joints. Further studies are needed to explore the differential effects of folate on the severity of knee and hand OA.

Short-Term Safety and Efficacy of Intravitreal Brolucizumab Injections for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Multicenter Retrospective Real-World Study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to determine the short-term real-world safety and efficacy of intravitreal brolucizumab injections in Korean patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study involved 294 eyes (treatment naïve 20 eye [6.8%] and nontreatment naïve 274 eyes [93.2%]) of 290 patients from 13 hospitals or retinal centers in South Korea. Patients with nAMD who received brolucizumab injection(s) between April 1 and November 30, 2021, with a follow-up ≥1 month, were included. Primary outcomes were safety, incidence of intraocular inflammation (IOI), and potential risk factors. The secondary outcome was efficacy, i.e., change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography-measured macular thickness and retinal fluid. RESULTS: The mean age was 71.63 ± 8.66. The follow-up period was 2.38 ± 0.79 months. The mean number of brolucizumab injections during the follow-up was 1.52 ± 0.58. The overall incidence of IOI was 13.9% (n = 41 eyes). Most IOI cases were of anterior uveitis (8.8%, 26 eyes), followed by retinal vasculitis (2.4%, seven eyes) and occlusive retinal vasculitis (0.3%, one eye). Most eyes showed IOI resolution (n = 40, 97.5%) and BCVA restoration (n = 39, 95.1%) with or without corticosteroid treatment during the follow-up. Age, sex, IOI history, or other anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection histories were not associated with the occurrence of IOI. However, only thin subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was associated with the occurrence of IOI (odds ratio = 0.995, p = 0.020). BCVA at 1 month improved from baseline (baseline 0.518 ± 0.356 vs. 1 month 0.503 ± 0.383, p = 0.023), but the improvement was not maintained. Anatomical improvement was significant after 3 months. CONCLUSION: In Korean patients with nAMD, the incidence of IOI following brolucizumab injections was 13.9%. IOI was well-controlled with or without steroid treatment. Most IOI eyes (95.1%) were restored to the level of vision before. IOI occurrence and occlusive vasculitis was rare. In the short term, brolucizumab injection effectively improved vision at 1 month and dried retinal fluid for 3 months.

Association Between Regional Levels of Particulate Matter and Recurrent Falls in Korea.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the extent of regional disparity of recurrent falls. In addition, we examined the association between particulate matter (PM) and recurrent falls and the association between regional disparity of recurrent falls and regional PM levels. METHOD: We used data from Korea Community Health Survey 2019 that included 204,395 participants from 237 municipal districts. The independent variables were the annual average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations measured at the air quality measuring stations in each municipal district. The outcome variable was the experience of falls more than twice in the previous year. Multilevel analyses were conducted to estimate the association between regional PM10 and PM2.5 levels and recurrent falls. RESULTS: The regional variation was greater in the young people than that in the older people. PM10 and PM2.5 levels were positively associated with recurrent falls after adjusting for individual and regional covariates. These associations were more evident in the older group than in the young. PM10 and PM2.5 explained 2.82% and 3.33% of the remaining regional variance in models with individual and regional confounders, respectively. These proportions were greater in the older group (PM10 and PM2.5; 4.73% and 5.27%) than those in the younger age group (PM10 and PM2.5, 0.80% and 1.39%). CONCLUSION: PM concentration was associated with recurrent falls even after accounting for other regional variables and individual-level differences. Moreover, there were regional differences in the occurrence of falls, and the PM concentration explained a part of the gap, but the gap was explained more in the older group than in the young.

Body mass index and self-rated oral health in Korean adults in 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between obesity and self-rated oral health (SROH). This study examined the cross-sectional associations between body mass index (BMI) and SROH in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used data from 217 304 adults (100 110 men and 117 194 women aged > 19 years) from the 2017 Korean Community Health Survey. Participants were categorised into six ordinal groups based on BMI: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2 ), normal weight (18.5-22.9 kg/m2 ), overweight (23.0-24.9 kg/m2 ), obese-I (25.0-27.4 kg/m2 ), obese-II (27.5-29.9 kg/m2 ) or obese-III (≥30.0 kg/m2 ). SROH was assessed using responses to the question, "How do you rate your oral health, including your teeth and gums?" rated on a 5-point scale. SROH was categorised as "good" (reported as "fair," "good" or "very good") or "poor" or "very poor." Age- and sex-stratified associations between BMI categories and poor SROH were assessed using ordinal logistic regression analysis with sampling weights. RESULTS: The age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for poor SROH according to BMI levels was lowest in the overweight group in both men and women. In men, the OR for poor SROH was 2.03 (99% confidence interval [CI], 1.72-2.39) in the underweight group, 1.17 (99% CI, 1.17-1.25) in the normal group, 1.05 (99% CI, 0.98-1.13) in the obese-I group, 1.08 (99% CI, 0.98-1.18) in the obese-II group and 1.36 (99% CI, 1.20-1.55) in the obese-III group. In women, the OR was 1.18 (99% CI, 1.07-1.31) in the underweight group, 1.01 (99% CI, 0.95-1.07) in the normal group, 1.07(99% CI, 0.99-1.16) in the obese-I group, 1.16 (99% CI, 1.04-1.30) in the obese-II group and 1.39 (99% CI, 1.20-1.62) in the obese-III group. From the restricted cubic spline models in both sexes, BMI showed a J-shaped association with poor and very poor SROH in men and women. In a stratified analysis by age group and sex, men and older women in the underweight group had poorer SROH than those in overweight group. CONCLUSION: In a nationally representative sample of Korean adults, there was a J-shaped association between BMI and poor SROH, with the highest risk in the underweight group amongst men and in the obese-III group amongst women. Furthermore, in men and women over 65 years of age, underweight and obesity were associated with poorer SROH.

Developing and validating polygenic risk scores for colorectal cancer risk prediction in East Asians.

Several polygenic risk scores (PRSs) have been developed to predict the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in European descendants. We used genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from 22 702 cases and 212 486 controls of Asian ancestry to develop PRSs and validated them in two case-control studies (1454 Korean and 1736 Chinese). Eleven PRSs were derived using three approaches: GWAS-identified CRC risk SNPs, CRC risk variants identified through fine-mapping of known risk loci and genome-wide risk prediction algorithms. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and area under the curve (AUC). PRS115-EAS , a PRS with 115 GWAS-reported risk variants derived from East-Asian data, validated significantly better than PRS115-EUR derived from European descendants. In the Korea validation set, OR per SD increase of PRS115-EAS was 1.63 (95% CI = 1.46-1.82; AUC = 0.63), compared with OR of 1.44 (95% CI = 1.29-1.60, AUC = 0.60) for PRS115-EUR . PRS115-EAS/EUR derived using meta-analysis results of both populations slightly improved the AUC to 0.64. Similar but weaker associations were found in the China validation set. Individuals among the highest 5% of PRS115-EAS/EUR have a 2.52-fold elevated CRC risk compared with the medium (41-60th) risk group and have a 12% to 20% risk of developing CRC by age 85. PRSs constructed using results from fine-mapping and genome-wide algorithms did not perform as well as PRS115-EAS and PRS115-EAS/EUR in risk prediction, possibly due to a small sample size. Our results indicate that CRC PRSs are promising in predicting CRC risk in East Asians and highlights the importance of using population-specific data to build CRC risk prediction models.

Association between alcohol and bone mineral density in a Mendelian randomization study: the Dong-gu study.

INTRODUCTION: Many previous studies have reported a positive relationship between alcohol and bone mineral density (BMD). However, the causality between alcohol and BMD has not been fully evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study enrolled 8892 participants from the Dong-gu study. Mendelian randomization (MR) using two-stage least-squared regression was used to evaluate the association between the genetically predicted amount of alcohol consumption per day and BMD. The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rs671 polymorphism was used as instrumental variables for alcohol consumption. Age, smoking history, and BMI were adjusted in the multivariate model. RESULTS: Self-reported alcohol consumption was positively related to total hip and lumbar spine BMD in both sexes. In multivariate Mendelian randomization analysis, the genetically predicted amount of alcohol consumption was positively associated with both total hip and lumbar spine BMD in men. Total hip BMD and lumbar spine BMD increased by 0.004 g/cm2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.002-0.007) and 0.007 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.004-0.011) with doubling of alcohol consumption. However, in women, genetically predicted alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with BMD. CONCLUSION: In our MR study, genetically predicted alcohol consumption was positively associated with BMD in men. This result suggests that the association between alcohol consumption and BMD is causal.

Cumulative average nut consumption in relation to lower incidence of hypertension: a prospective cohort study of 10,347 adults.

PURPOSE: Maintaining optimal blood pressure (BP) levels can be an effective preventive strategy for reducing disease burden. Nut consumption may play a preventive role against hypertension, which is a lifelong condition. We aimed to prospectively examine the association between cumulative average nut consumption and the incidence of hypertension in Korean adults aged 40 years and older. METHODS: A total of 10,347 participants who were free of hypertension at baseline, were included. Hypertension was defined as having a physician diagnosis and taking antihypertensive medications or having abnormal BP (systolic ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg). As an exposure, cumulative average nut consumption was calculated using repeated food-frequency questionnaires (mean: 2.1). We used a modified Poisson regression model with a robust error estimator to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hypertension. RESULTS: We identified 2047 incident cases of hypertension during 44,614 person-years of follow-up. Among both men and women, an average nut consumption of ≥ 1 serving/week (15 g/week]) was inversely associated with hypertension incidence (IRR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58-0.96, p for trend = 0.013 for men; IRR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.59-0.88, p for trend = 0.002 for women) and these significant associations were consistently observed across the strata of potential confounders. CONCLUSION: An average consumption of at least one serving (15 g) per week of peanuts, almonds, and/or pine nuts may be inversely associated with the risk of hypertension among Korean adults aged 40 years and older, in a dose-response manner.

Genome-wide gene and serum ferritin interaction in the development of type 2 diabetes in adults aged 40 years or older.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Elevated serum ferritin is associated with incident Type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the interactions between serum ferritin and genetic factors which may improve understanding underlying mechanism in the development of T2D are still unclear. We determined the gene-ferritin interactions on the development of T2D by genome-wide gene-ferritin interaction analyses. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 3405 participants from two prospective cohorts of community living residents were included, and the median follow-time was 3.99 years. Genome-wide gene-ferritin interactions were analyzed using the joint test with two degrees of freedom and the interaction test with one degree of freedom. There were 18 SNPs selected in the joint test. Finally, four independent variants [rs355140 (LINC00312), rs4075576 (nearby PDGFA), rs1332202 (PTPRD), and rs713157 (nearby LINC00900)] with low pairwise linkage disequilibrium (r2<0.2) and located at least 1000 kb from the index SNP showed interactions with serum ferritin level. In the association analyses between serum ferritin levels (tertiles of ferritin and ferritin status) and the incidence of T2D according to genotype, the Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) in the highest tertile of ferritin level (vs. the lowest tertile) were greater for participants with heterozygotes of risk alleles of each of the four SNP than IRRs for those with wild type. Compared with the normal group, the elevated ferritin group also had a higher risk of T2D for all genetic variants of risk alleles, particularly its homozygotes. CONCLUSION: Serum ferritin level interacts with genetic variants (rs355140, rs4075576, rs1332202, and rs713157) in the development of T2D.

Bilateral posterior scleritis after sequential bilateral cataract surgery: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Posterior scleritis is a rare, inflammatory ophthalmic disease, leading to severe visual impairment if untreated. Posterior scleritis occurring after surgery, unrelated to systemic inflammatory diseases, is even rarer. This report discusses a case of bilateral posterior scleritis, after cataract surgery in both the eyes, treated with high-dose steroids. CASE PRESENTATION: A 55-year-old man, who had undergone bilateral sequential cataract surgery one week before, presented with sudden loss of vision and ocular pain in both eyes. The patient had no systemic diseases or neurological symptoms. Serous retinal detachment of the macula with optic disc swelling was observed on fundus examination in both the eyes, and bilateral thickening of choroid and sclera was seen in ultrasonography. Under diagnosis of bilateral posterior scleritis due to the increased signal of sclera in both the eyes on magnetic resonance imaging, high-dose steroid therapy was performed. After treatment, improvement in visual acuity and retinal detachment were observed, and thereafter, it has been maintained without relapse. CONCLUSIONS: With high-dose steroid therapy, we successfully treated a rare case of bilateral posterior scleritis following cataract surgery in both eyes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on posterior scleritis occurring after surgery, unrelated to systemic inflammatory diseases.