Phase transition in porous electrodes. III. For the case of a two component electrolyte.

The electrochemical thermodynamics of electrolytes in porous electrodes is qualitatively different from that in the bulk with planar electrodes when the pore size is comparable to the size of the electrolyte ions. In this paper, we discuss the thermodynamics of a two component electrolyte in a porous electrode by using Monte Carlo simulation. We show that electrolyte ions are selectively adsorbed in porous electrodes and the relative concentration of the two components significantly changes as a function of the applied voltage and the pore size. This selectivity is observed not only for the counterions but also for the coions.

Immobilizing highly catalytically active Pt nanoparticles inside the pores of metal-organic framework: a double solvents approach.

Ultrafine Pt nanoparticles were successfully immobilized inside the pores of a metal-organic framework, MIL-101, without aggregation of Pt nanoparticles on the external surfaces of framework by using a "double solvents" method. TEM and electron tomographic measurements clearly demonstrated the uniform three-dimensional distribution of the ultrafine Pt NPs throughout the interior cavities of MIL-101. The resulting Pt@MIL-101 composites represent the first highly active MOF-immobilized metal nanocatalysts for catalytic reactions in all three phases: liquid-phase ammonia borane hydrolysis, solid-phase ammonia borane thermal dehydrogenation, and gas-phase CO oxidation.

Phase transition in porous electrodes. II. Effect of asymmetry in the ion size.

The electrochemical thermodynamics of electrolytes in porous electrodes is qualitatively different from that in the bulk with planar electrodes when the pore size is comparable to the size of the electrolyte ions. In this study, the effect of the ion size asymmetry on the thermodynamics in porous electrodes was studied by using Monte Carlo simulation. We used the electrolyte ions for which the size of the cations and that of anions is different. Due to the asymmetry in the ion size, the ionic structure and the way the surface charge is distributed on the electrode surfaces were found to be qualitatively different in the cathode and in the anode. In particular, for some ranges of applied voltage, the distribution of the surface charge induced on the electrode planes shows inhomogeneity, which is not intrinsic to the structure of the porous electrodes. The transition from the homogeneous to the inhomogeneous distribution of surface charge on changing the voltage is a second order phase transition.

From metal-organic framework to nanoporous carbon: toward a very high surface area and hydrogen uptake.

In this work, with a zeolite-type metal-organic framework as both a precursor and a template and furfuryl alcohol as a second precursor, nanoporous carbon material has been prepared with an unexpectedly high surface area (3405 m(2)/g, BET method) and considerable hydrogen storage capacity (2.77 wt % at 77 K and 1 atm) as well as good electrochemical properties as an electrode material for electric double layer capacitors. The pore structure and surface area of the resultant carbon materials can be tuned simply by changing the calcination temperature.

Magnetically recyclable Fe@Pt core-shell nanoparticles and their use as electrocatalysts for ammonia borane oxidation: the role of crystallinity of the core.

Carbon-supported Fe@Pt core-shell nanoparticle (NP) catalysts with Fe cores in different crystal states have been successfully synthesized by a sequential reduction process. Unexpectedly, in contrast to its crystallized counterpart, iron in the amorphous state exerts a distinct and powerful ability as the core for the Fe@Pt NPs. The resultant NPs are far more active for ammonia borane oxidation (by up to 354%) than the commercial Pt/C catalysts. Furthermore, these NPs combine low cost, long-term stability, and easy recovery functions.

Synthesis of longtime water/air-stable ni nanoparticles and their high catalytic activity for hydrolysis of ammonia-borane for hydrogen generation.

In this paper, two kinds of Ni nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized without and with starch as the "green" protective material and investigated as catalysts for generating hydrogen from ammonia borane (NH(3)BH(3), AB). Experimental investigations have demonstrated that both of the Ni nanoparticles possess high catalytic activities for H(2) generation from aqueous solution of AB. However, the catalytic activities of Ni nanoparticles without starch decrease seriously in the course of the lifetime tests. In contrast, the catalytic activities of the Ni nanoparticles with starch almost keep unchanged even after 240 h. Moreover, the XPS results show that the surface of the Ni nanoparticles in starch solution is still metallic Ni even after 240 h, while that in pure water is nickel oxide. This means that starch can successfully keep the Ni nanoparticles in aqueous solution from the oxidation in air. The present efficient, low-cost, and longtime water/air stable Ni catalyst represents a promising step toward the development of AB as a viable on-board hydrogen storage and supply material.

Metal-organic framework as a template for porous carbon synthesis.

Porous carbon was synthesized by heating the precursor FA within the pores of MOF-5. The resultant carbon displayed a high specific surface area (BET, 2872 m2.g-1) and important hydrogen uptake (2.6 wt % at 760 Torr, -196 degrees C) as well as excellent electrochemical properties as an electrode material for electrochemical double-layered capacitor (EDLC).

Dehydrogenation reaction for Na-O-H system: a first-principles study.

The crystal structures, electronic, dielectric, and vibrational properties of NaH, Na(2)O and NaOH are systematically investigated by first-principles calculations and the quasiharmonic approximation. The phonon dispersion relations and the phonon density of states of the phases and their thermodynamic functions including the heat capacity, the vibrational enthalpy, and the vibrational entropy are calculated using a direct force-constant method. Based on these results, the dehydrogenation reaction, NaH+NaOH-->H(2)+Na(2)O, is predicted to take place at 528 K, which is in agreement with the experimental observed value.