RESUMO
Coffin-Siris Syndrome (CSS) is a rare multi-system dominant condition with a variable clinical presentation mainly characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of the nail and/or distal phalanx of the fifth digit, coarse facies, hirsutism/hypertrichosis, developmental delay and intellectual disability of variable degree and growth impairment. Congenital anomalies may include cardiac, genitourinary and central nervous system malformations whereas congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is rarely reported. The genes usually involved in CSS pathogenesis are ARID1B (most frequently), SMARCA4, SMARCB1, ARID1A, SMARCE1, DPF2, and PHF6. Here, we present two cases of CSS presenting with CDH, for whom Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) identified two distinct de novo heterozygous causative variants, one in ARID1B (case 1) and one in SMARCA4 (case 2). Due to the rarity of CDH in CSS, in both cases the occurrence of CDH did not represent a predictive sign of CSS but, on the other hand, prompted genetic testing before (case 1) or independently (case 2) from the clinical hypothesis of CSS. We provide further evidence of the association between CSS and CDH, reviewed previous cases from literature and discuss possible functional links to related conditions.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas , Deficiência Intelectual , Micrognatismo , Humanos , Face/anormalidades , Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/patologia , Micrognatismo/diagnóstico , Micrognatismo/genética , Micrognatismo/patologia , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/diagnóstico , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/diagnóstico , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/diagnóstico , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/genética , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/patologia , Pescoço/anormalidades , DNA Helicases/genética , Proteínas Nucleares , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop a multi-step workflow for the isolation of circulating extravillous trophoblasts (cEVTs) by describing the key steps enabling a semi-automated process, including a proprietary algorithm for fetal cell origin genetic confirmation and copy number variant (CNV) detection. METHODS: Determination of the limit of detection (LoD) for submicroscopic CNV was performed by serial experiments with genomic DNA and single cells from Coriell cell line biobank with known imbalances of different sizes. A pregnancy population of 372 women was prospectively enrolled and blindly analyzed to evaluate the current workflow. RESULTS: An LoD of 800 Kb was demonstrated with Coriell cell lines. This level of resolution was confirmed in the clinical cohort with the identification of a pathogenic CNV of 800 Kb, also detected by chromosomal microarray. The mean number of recovered cEVTs was 3.5 cells per sample with a significant reverse linear trend between gestational age and cEVT recovery rate and number of recovered cEVTs. In twin pregnanices, evaluation of zygosity, fetal sex and copy number profiling was performed in each individual cell. CONCLUSION: Our semi-automated methodology for the isolation and single-cell analysis of cEVTS supports the feasibility of a cell-based noninvasive prenatal test for fetal genomic profiling.
Assuntos
Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Trofoblastos , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Trofoblastos/metabolismo , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Análise em MicrossériesRESUMO
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs). Most cases are sporadic, whereas 10% are familial. The pathological mechanisms underlying the disease are partially understood, but it is increasingly being recognized that alterations in RNA metabolism and deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression occur in ALS. In this study, we performed miRNA expression profile analysis of iPSC-derived MNs and related exosomes from familial patients and healthy subjects. We identified dysregulation of miR-34a, miR-335 and miR-625-3p expression in both MNs and exosomes. These miRNAs regulate genes and pathways which correlate with disease pathogenesis, suggesting that studying miRNAs deregulation can contribute to deeply investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. We also assayed the expression profile of these miRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of familial (fALS) and sporadic patients (sALS) and we identified a significant dysregulation of miR-34a-3p and miR-625-3p levels in ALS compared to controls. Taken together, all these findings suggest that miRNA analysis simultaneously performed in different human biological samples could represent a promising molecular tool to understand the etiopathogenesis of ALS and to develop new potential miRNA-based strategies in this new propitious therapeutic era.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Exossomos/genética , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/fisiologia , MicroRNAs/genética , Neurônios Motores/fisiologia , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Comunicação Celular/genética , Células Cultivadas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Neurônios Motores/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We describe the prenatal ultrasound findings and autopsy of three fetuses with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) whose diagnostic workup suggested the same genetic etiology. We conducted a literature review to corroborate the molecular results and find evidence that the identified variants are responsible for the phenotype seen. METHODS: Trio-based Exome Sequencing (ES) analysis was performed on chorionic villus samples. We reviewed available reports dealing with prenatal manifestations of genes involved in the Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPI) biosynthesis defects (GPIBDs). RESULTS: Prenatal findings shared by all the three pregnancies included facial dysmorphisms, brain malformations of the posterior fossa, skeletal and genitourinary anomalies. ES analysis identified homozygous variants of uncertain significance in PIGW in the three fetuses. Prenatal findings of the three pregnancies overlapped with those previously described for PIGW variants and with those associated with PIGN, PIGV and PIGA variants. CONCLUSION: Based on the phenotypic overlap between the prenatal findings in our three cases and other cases with pathogenic variants in other genes involved in GPIBDs, we speculate that the variants identified in the three fetuses are likely causal of their phenotype and that the PIGWclinical spectrum might extend to MCA, mainly involving brain, skeletal and genitourinary systems. Moreover, we suggest that also PIGW could be involved in Fryns/Fryns-like phenotypes.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas , Hérnia Diafragmática , Deformidades Congênitas dos Membros , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico por imagem , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Fácies , Feto/diagnóstico por imagem , Feto/anormalidades , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Ultrassonografia Pré-NatalRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To establish the positive predictive values (PPV) of cfDNA testing based on data from a nationwide survey of independent clinical cytogenetics laboratories. METHODS: Prenatal diagnostic test results obtained by Italian laboratories between 2013 and March 2020 were compiled for women with positive non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPT), without an NIPT result, and cases where there was sex discordancy between the NIPT and ultrasound. PPV and other summary data were reviewed. RESULTS: Diagnostic test results were collected for 1327 women with a positive NIPT. The highest PPVs were for Trisomy (T) 21 (624/671, 93%) and XYY (26/27, 96.3%), while rare autosomal trisomies (9/47, 19.1%) and recurrent microdeletions (8/55, 14.5%) had the lowest PPVs. PPVs for T21, T18, and T13 were significantly higher when diagnostic confirmation was carried out on chorionic villi (97.5%) compared to amniotic fluid (89.5%) (p < 0.001). In 19/139 (13.9%), of no result cases, a cytogenetic abnormality was detected. Follow-up genetic testing provided explanations for 3/6 cases with a fetal sex discordancy between NIPT and ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: NIPT PPVs differ across the conditions screened and the tissues studied in diagnostic testing. This variability, issues associated with fetal sex discordancy, and no results, illustrate the importance of pre- and post-test counselling.
Assuntos
Ácidos Nucleicos Livres , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Análise Citogenética , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Trissomia/diagnóstico , Trissomia/genética , Síndrome da Trissomia do Cromossomo 13/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Trissomía do Cromossomo 18/diagnóstico , ItáliaRESUMO
The Hippo pathway is involved in human tumorigenesis and tissue repair. Here, we investigated the Hippo coactivator Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and the kinase large tumor suppressor 1/2 (LATS1/2) in tumors of the parathyroid glands, which are almost invariably associated with primary hyperparathyroidism. Compared with normal parathyroid glands, parathyroid adenomas (PAds) and carcinomas show variably but reduced nuclear YAP1 expression. The kinase LATS1/2, which phosphorylates YAP1 thus promoting its degradation, was also variably reduced in PAds. Further, YAP1 silencing reduces the expression of the key parathyroid oncosuppressor multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1(MEN1), while MEN1 silencing increases YAP1 expression. Treatment of patient-derived PAds-primary cell cultures and Human embryonic kidney 293A (HEK293A) cells expressing the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) with the CASR agonist R568 induces YAP1 nuclear accumulation. This effect was prevented by the incubation of the cells with RhoA/Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors Y27632 and H1152. Lastly, CASR activation increased the expression of the YAP1 gene targets CYR61, CTGF, and WNT5A, and this effect was blunted by YAP1 silencing. Concluding, here we provide preliminary evidence of the involvement of the Hippo pathway in human tumor parathyroid cells and of the existence of a CASR-ROCK-YAP1 axis. We propose a tumor suppressor role for YAP1 and LATS1/2 in parathyroid tumors.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Glândulas Paratireoides/metabolismo , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/genética , Receptores de Detecção de Cálcio/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , 1-(5-Isoquinolinasulfonil)-2-Metilpiperazina/análogos & derivados , 1-(5-Isoquinolinasulfonil)-2-Metilpiperazina/farmacologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Amidas/farmacologia , Núcleo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/metabolismo , Fenetilaminas/farmacologia , Propilaminas/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Piridinas/farmacologia , Interferência de RNA , Receptores de Detecção de Cálcio/agonistas , Receptores de Detecção de Cálcio/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP , Quinases Associadas a rho/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinases Associadas a rho/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence and type of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with first trimester ultrasound anomalies and a low-risk cfDNA test for common trisomies. METHODS: In 486 singleton pregnancies undergoing invasive testing after combined screening, a detailed first trimester ultrasound assessment was carried out and a maternal blood sample was sent for cfDNA analysis. Ultrasound and cfDNA data were analyzed in relation to fetal karyotype. RESULTS: Invasive testing demonstrated a chromosomal abnormality in 157 (32.3%) of 486 fetuses. In 348 cases with a low-risk cfDNA test for common trisomies, NT ≥ 3.5 mm and/or a major structural defect were observed in 92 (26.4%) fetuses. A chromosomal abnormality was found in 17 (18.5%; 95%CI 10.55-26.41) of these pregnancies, including 1 (1.1%) case of trisomy 21 and 16 (17.4%) fetuses with abnormalities different from common trisomies. The respective incidence in the 256 cases with a low-risk cfDNA test result and no ultrasound anomalies was 2.3% (95% CI 0.49-4.20; n = 6). CONCLUSIONS: In fetuses with first trimester ultrasound anomalies and a low-risk cfDNA result for trisomy 21, 18 and 13, diagnostic testing should be offered with the main objective to detect chromosomal abnormalities beyond common trisomies.
Assuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Anormalidades Congênitas/genética , Medição da Translucência Nucal , Adulto , Ácidos Nucleicos Livres/análise , Anormalidades Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Trissomia/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Circulating cell-free DNA, having no procedural risk of miscarriage, is the most suitable sample for a noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Here we report on a boy, who came to our attention for hypotonia and psychomotor delay when he was 16 months old. During the pregnancy his mother performed a NIPT that resulted compatible with the presence of trisomy 18. A confirmatory invasive procedure has been proposed, but not performed, because the family preferred to follow a conservative line. A series of ultrasound excluded the presence of any major malformations. Genetic tests, performed after birth, revealed the presence of a tetrasomy 18p with an extra isochromosome 18p. Our report wants to underline the importance of an invasive procedure and consequent cytogenetic analysis in case of NIPT results indicating autosomal trisomies because under it may hide the presence of other structural chromosomal anomalies. These conditions are normally not visible at prenatal ultrasound or using combined test (CT) and the only identifiable not invasive sign could be the results of high risk at NIPT.
Assuntos
Aneuploidia , Transtornos Cromossômicos/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Cromossomos Humanos Par 18 , Feminino , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Cariotipagem , Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-NatalRESUMO
Rearrangements of the region 1q42.13q43 are rare, with only 7 cases reported to date. The imbalances described are usually the result of inherited translocations with other chromosomes. Moreover, few cases of both inter- and intrachromosomal deletions/duplications detected cytogenetically have been described. We report the molecular cytogenetic characterization of an inverted insertion involving the region 1q42.13q43 and segregating in 2 generations of a family. The deletion and the duplication of the same segment were detected in 2 affected family members. SNP array analysis showed the familial origin of the deletion/duplication due to the occurrence of a crossing-over during meiosis. Our report underlines the importance of determining the correct origin of chromosomal aberrations using different molecular cytogenetic tests in order to provide a good estimation of the reproductive risk for the members of the family.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 1/genética , Troca Genética , Genes Duplicados , Meiose , Mutagênese Insercional , Deleção de Sequência , Adulto , Criança , Cromossomos Humanos Par 1/ultraestrutura , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Face/anormalidades , Feminino , Aconselhamento Genético , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Masculino , Miringoesclerose/genética , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Quadriplegia/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The STAR syndrome is a rare X-linked dominant developmental disorder caused by point mutations in the single FAM58A gene or deletions involving FAM58A and its flanking genes. The STAR phenotype is characterized by a rather homogeneous constellation of facial dysmorphisms and malformations summarized by its acronym, Syndactyly, Telecanthus, Anogenital, and Renal malformations. Here we describe a female patient with STAR syndrome and a 130 kb deletion at Xq28, including the FAM58A gene. She presented with cleft lip palate, omphalocele, and cerebral malformations not previously considered part of the phenotypic spectrum of this syndrome. She died at 6 weeks from respiratory failure.
Assuntos
Canal Anal/anormalidades , Fissura Palatina/genética , Ciclinas/genética , Hipertelorismo/genética , Rim/anormalidades , Sindactilia/genética , Dedos do Pé/anormalidades , Anormalidades Urogenitais/genética , Canal Anal/patologia , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Fissura Palatina/diagnóstico , Fissura Palatina/patologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertelorismo/diagnóstico , Hipertelorismo/patologia , Recém-Nascido , Cariotipagem , Rim/patologia , Mutação Puntual , Sindactilia/diagnóstico , Sindactilia/patologia , Dedos do Pé/patologia , Anormalidades Urogenitais/diagnóstico , Anormalidades Urogenitais/patologiaRESUMO
Parental balanced translocation is one of the traditional indications for invasive prenatal diagnosis. Usually, the diagnostic process is straightforward. Sometimes, however, results are not entirely clear and may reveal unexpected biological processes. We performed chorionic villi sampling for a paternal 8;15 reciprocal translocation in the sixth pregnancy of a Caucasian woman. Cytogenetic analysis of chorionic villi, after both short- and long-term cultures, revealed the presence of the same rearrangement found in the father as well as a trisomy 15. Surprisingly, the trisomy, which was initially expected to derive from aberrant segregation during paternal meiosis, resulted instead from maternal nondisjunction. Although a sonogram of the fetus appeared to be normal, follow-up amniocentesis demonstrated a low-level mosaic trisomy 15 in cells extracted from the amniotic fluid, while 10% of cells from fetal tissues sampled after termination of the pregnancy were also found to be trisomic. Fetal autopsy showed dysmorphic features, confirming the diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 15 and enabled deeper insight into the prenatal phenotype of this rare condition.
Assuntos
Aborto Eugênico , Adulto , Cromossomos Humanos Par 15/diagnóstico por imagem , Cromossomos Humanos Par 15/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mosaicismo , Fenótipo , Gravidez , Trissomia/genética , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Dissomia Uniparental/genéticaRESUMO
The 2q3 duplication and 4q3 deletion are two distinct conditions with variable phenotypes including developmental delay, intellectual disability, Pierre Robin sequence (PRS), and cardiovascular, craniofacial, digital and skeletal anomalies. We describe two cousins, a 37-year-old man (Patient 1) and a 17-year-old girl (Patient 2), with a derivative chromosome leading to a 4q35 deletion-2q35q37 duplication. Conventional karyotype showed in both patients the same rearrangement derived from unbalanced segregation of a parental reciprocal translocation involving the long arms of chromosome 2 and 4. Patient 1's father and Patient 2's mother were identified as the carriers of a balanced translocation t(2;4)(q35;q35). Array-CGH analysis, performed to characterize the rearrangement, documented in both patients the presence of a 26 Mb duplication of the 2q35-q37.3 region of chromosome 2 and a 6.3 Mb deletion of the 4q35.1-q35.2 region of chromosome 4. Both patients showed intellectual disability, minor facial, and digital anomalies, hearing, ocular, and genitourinary abnormalities. The comparison of their features with those of published cases of 2q3 duplication and 4q3 deletion allowed us to further delineate the genotype-phenotype correlation as well as the combined effect of partial 2q duplication and 4q deletion syndromes in adulthood.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Deleção Cromossômica , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Duplicação Cromossômica/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 2/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 4/genética , Fenótipo , Translocação Genética/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Cariotipagem , Masculino , LinhagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Silver-Russell Syndrome (SRS, MIM #180860) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation; SRS is also accompanied by dysmorphic features such as triangular facial appearance, broad forehead, body asymmetry and significant feeding difficulties. The incidence is unknown but estimated at 1:30,000-100,000 live births. The diagnosis of SRS is guided by specific criteria described in the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system (NH-CSS). CASE PRESENTATION: Hereby we describe four patients with syndromic short stature in whom, despite fitting the criteria for SRS genetic analysis (and one on them even meeting the clinical criteria for SRS), molecular analysis actually diagnosed a different syndrome. Some additional features such as hypotonia, microcephaly, developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, and family history of growth failure, were actually discordant with SRS in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical resemblance of other short stature syndromes with SRS poses a risk of diagnostic failure, in particular when clinical SRS only criteria are met, allowing SRS diagnosis in the absence of a positive result of a genetic test. The presence of additional features atypical for SRS diagnosis becomes a red flag for a more extensive and thorough analysis. The signs relevant to the differential diagnosis should be valued as much as possible since a correct diagnosis of these patients is the only way to provide the appropriate care pathway, a thorough genetic counselling, prognosis definition, follow up setting, appropriate monitoring and care of possible medical problems.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Silver-Russell , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Síndrome de Silver-Russell/genética , Síndrome de Silver-Russell/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Criança , Nanismo/genética , Nanismo/diagnóstico , Lactente , Transtornos do Crescimento/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Crescimento/genéticaRESUMO
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common heart disorder caused by genetic and non-genetic etiologies, characterized by left ventricular dilatation and contractile dysfunction. Here, we created a human induced pluripotent stem cell line from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using non-integrating vectors from a patient carrying a heterozygous LMNA variant (c.481G > A, p.Glu161Lys, NM_170707.4). The obtained EURACi015-A line, showed the typical morphology of pluripotent cells, normal karyotype and exhibited pluripotency markers and a trilineage differentiation potential. This cell line can be successfully differentiated into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. This line represents a human in vitro model to study the genetic basis of DCM.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Dilatada , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Humanos , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/genética , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Lamina Tipo A/genética , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , MutaçãoRESUMO
Mutations in the Parkin (PRKN) gene are the most frequent known cause of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Heterozygous mutations might predispose to disease with a highly reduced penetrance. We generated iPSC lines from two individuals carrying a heterozygous deletion of exon 7 in the PRKN gene and two controls from the same family. PBMCs were reprogrammed using non-integrating episomal plasmids. The iPSC lines exhibit expression of pluripotency markers, the potential to differentiate into the three germ layers, and a stable karyotype. These lines will serve to study mechanisms of reduced penetrance in heterozygous PRKN mutation carriers.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Doença de Parkinson , Éxons/genética , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Mutação , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismoRESUMO
The SNCA gene encodes the presynaptic α-synuclein (aSyn) protein, and its mutations are associated with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). We describe the generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line of a patient carrying a pathogenic Ala53Thr missense mutation in the SNCA gene. Human dermal fibroblasts were reprogrammed using a non-integrating episomal method. The generated iPSC line (EURACi014-A; iPS-1.1) shows expression of pluripotency markers, the potential to differentiate into all three germ layers, and a stable karyotype. Hence, this line represents a valuable resource for the study and modeling of the processes directly controlled by aSyn.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Mutação/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , alfa-Sinucleína/genética , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismoRESUMO
Tumors of the parathyroid glands are the second most common endocrine neoplasia. Epigenetic studies revealed an embryonic signature involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the expression of the stem core genes SOX2, POU5F1/OCT4, and NANOG. Rare cells within normal parathyroid glands expressed POU5F1/OCT4 and NANOG, while SOX2 was undetectable. Nuclear SOX2 expression was detectable in 18% of parathyroid adenomas (PAds, n = 34) involving 5-30% of cells, while OCT4 and NANOG were expressed at the nuclear level in a more consistent subset of PAds involving 15-40% of cells. Most parathyroid carcinomas expressed the core stem genes. SOX2-expressing cells co-expressed parathormone (PTH). In PAds-derived primary cultures, silencing of the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 induced the expression of SOX2, likely through a MEN1/HAR1B/SOX2 axis, while calcium-sensing receptor activation increased SOX2 mRNA levels through YAP1 activation. In addition, inducing nuclear ß-catenin accumulation in PAds-derived primary cultures by short-term incubation with lithium chloride (LiCl), SOX2 and POU5F1/OCT4 expression levels increased, while NANOG transcripts were reduced, and LiCl long-term incubation induced an opposite pattern of gene expression. In conclusion, detection of the core stem genes in parathyroid tumors supports their embryogenic signature, which is modulated by crucial genes involved in parathyroid tumorigenesis.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is one of the most common genomic disorders, characterized by the variable presence of facial dysmorphisms, congenital cardiac defects, velopharyngeal insufficiency/cleft palate, thymic hypoplasia/aplasia, immunodeficiency, parathyroid hypoplasia, developmental delay, learning disabilities, psychiatric disorders, renal, ocular, and skeletal malformations, hearing loss and laryngeal abnormalities. Chromosomal microarray (CMA) hybridization is one of the most performed diagnostic tests but as a genome wide analysis, it can point out relevant incidental copy number variations. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 2-year-old boy that came to our attention for mild psychomotor delay, poor growth, and minor facial anomalies. Considering a diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, we performed CMA that not only confirmed our diagnosis, but also pointed out an additional de novo 5q21.3q22.2 microdeletion, encompassing APC gene. As a result of the genetic testing we enrolled the patient in a tailored surveillance protocol that enabled the early detection of a hepatoblastoma. The child underwent surgical and chemotherapic treatments with complete cancer eradication. CONCLUSIONS: The concurrent finding of an expected result and an additional deletion of APC gene represents an example of a relevant issue about the health and ethical management of secondary findings revealed by genome-wide tests. Furthermore, this report highlights the need to develop dedicated surveillance guidelines for children with APC-related polyposis and raise the question whether to suspect and screen for APC-related conditions in cases of sporadic hepatoblastomas.
Assuntos
Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Par 22/genética , Síndrome de DiGeorge/genética , Genes APC , Achados Incidentais , Abdome/diagnóstico por imagem , Pré-Escolar , Síndrome de DiGeorge/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Ultrassonografia/métodosRESUMO
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetically based cardiomyopathy associated with ventricular arrhythmias and fibro-fatty substitution of cardiac tissue. It is characterized by incomplete penetrance. We generated human iPSCs by episomal reprogramming of blood cells from three members of the same family: the proband, affected by ACM and carrying the heterozygous plakophillin2 p.N346Lfs*12 mutation, one asymptomatic carrier of the same mutation and one apparently healthy control. hiPSCs were characterized according to standard protocols including karyotyping, pluripotency marker expression and differentiation towards the three germ layers. These hiPSC lines can be used to study the mechanisms of ACM incomplete penetrance in vitro.