Immune response in nonspecific mastitis: What can it tell us?

We analyzed a large number of immune response parameters from quarter milk samples with distinct bacteriological and quarter somatic cell count (qSCC) statuses. Furthermore, we sought to explore and identify displayed immune response patterns in milk samples from mammary glands with nonspecific mastitis. Thus, 92 quarter milk samples from 28 cows were stratified into 4 groups, as follows: (1) 49 culture-negative control quarters with a low qSCC (<1 × 105 cells/mL) from 19 dairy cows (so-called healthy quarters); (2) 15 culture-negative quarters with high qSCC (>2 × 105 cells/mL; so-called quarters with nonspecific mastitis) from 10 dairy cows; (3) 8 culture-positive quarters with low qSCC (noninflammatory quarters with low qSCC) from 5 dairy cows; and (4) 20 culture-positive quarters with high qSCC (so-called truly infected quarters) from 8 dairy cows. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the percentage of milk neutrophils and their viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, phagocytosis, and the expression of CD62L, CD11b, and CD44 for each of the 4 quarter strata. Furthermore, the percentage of monocyte/macrophages, B cells, and T lymphocyte subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. Milk samples from bacteriologically negative quarters (both with a low and elevated qSCC) had a lower qSCC than those with bacteriologically positive outcomes (both with a low and elevated qSCC). As expected, the healthy quarters showed the lowest percentage of neutrophils and also showed a higher percentage of milk monocytes/macrophages and lower percentage of T lymphocytes than truly infected quarters. The most prominent result of the present study is that quarters with nonspecific mastitis showed the highest percentage of milk CD4+ T lymphocytes. The healthy quarters had a lower percentage of apoptotic neutrophils than noninflammatory and truly infected quarters, although it did not differ from those from the quarters with nonspecific mastitis. Our study supports the role of differential cell counting in the diagnosis of mastitis, as the milk leukocyte populations markedly fluctuate under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, an increase in milk CD4+ T cells was associated with nonspecific mastitis, suggesting an increase in this leukocyte subpopulation is correlated with low bacterial shedding. Our study allows us to go further in our understanding of mammary gland immunity, providing further insights on potential protective mammary gland immunity, which we hypothesize can open new avenues for the development of novel targets that can promote bovine udder health.

Flow cytometric analysis: Interdependence of healthy and infected udder quarters.

An important question about intramammary infections that is still debated in the literature is the independence or interdependence of the quarters of dairy cows. The present study sought to explore milk neutrophil function and the milk lymphocyte profile of uninfected quarters from uninfected and infected (one infected quarter per cow) udders to evaluate interdependence of the quarters. Thus, 32 (8 cows) and 18 (6 cows) uninfected quarters from uninfected and infected udders were used, respectively. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the percentage of milk neutrophils and their expression of adhesion molecules L-selectin (CD62L), ß2-integrin (CD11b), and an endothelial-selectin ligand (CD44); levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS); phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by milk neutrophils; and neutrophil viability. Furthermore, we assessed the percentage of B-cell (CD21(+)) and T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD8(-), CD3(+)/CD8(+)/CD4(-), CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD25(-), CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD25(+), and CD3(+)/CD4(-)/CD25(-)) using flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies. The infected quarter did not affect somatic cell count or the percentage of neutrophils in the neighboring uninfected quarters. Furthermore, the infected quarter did not influence neutrophil viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, or phagocytosis of S. aureus by milk neutrophils. Conversely, the expression of adhesion molecules CD11b, CD62L, and CD44 by milk neutrophils differed between uninfected quarters from infected versus uninfected udders. The lymphocyte subsets did not differ between groups, except for a higher percentage of B cells in uninfected quarters from infected udders than in those from uninfected udders. Thus, our study strongly supports the hypothesis of interdependence of quarters based on the influence of infection on both the percentage of B cells and the expression of adhesion molecules by milk neutrophils in the neighboring uninfected quarters.

Stability of neutral molecular polynitrogens: energy content and decomposition mechanisms.

The potential application of all-nitrogen molecules as high energy density materials (HEDMs) has been attracting considerable scientific effort. If stable enough to be synthesized and stored, these systems may be used as a green source of energy. However, it is very difficult to obtain these structures under mild experimental conditions. Theoretical chemistry may aid in the search for polynitrogens that are more likely to have experimental usability. The barriers towards decomposition are an effective way to assess their stability, but these have not been thoroughly studied. Most of the previous effort in this direction focus on a single N x case, each employing different accuracy levels, and the decomposition of caged structures has been little explored. Here we explore the stability and decomposition of several neutral molecular polynitrogens of different sizes and shapes using a common and accurate theoretical framework in order to compare among them, search for patterns and identify potential candidates for synthesis. We focus especially on new caged geometries, and our results indicate that the prismatic ones can be expected to present higher energy densities and be very stable with respect to unimolecular decomposition. It is shown that the energy content can be clearly stratified between chain, ring, cage and prismatic cage structures.

Isolation of clinically relevant fungal species from solid waste and environment of dental health services.

AIMS: This study was undertaken to detect, identify and determine antifungal susceptibility of yeast strains isolated from dental solid waste and to evaluate airborne fungi in the Brazilian dental health care environment and in the waste storage room. METHODS AND RESULTS: A group of 17 yeast strains were identified by macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, API 20C Aux system and Multiplex PCR. All 104 airborne fungal colonies were identified by macroscopic and microscopic morphology. The CLSI broth microdilution method was utilized as the susceptibility test. Candida parapsilosis was the prevailing yeast species recovered from waste, followed by Rhodotorula glutinis. Three strains of Candida guilliermondii presented minimal inhibitory concentration values considered to be susceptible dose dependent (2 µg ml(-1)) to voriconazole. Of all airborne fungal species, 69% were recovered from the waste storage room and 31% were recovered from the clinical/surgical environment. Most of them were identified as Cladosporium spp. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reinforce the potential risk of waste handling and point out the need for safe management to minimize the spread of these agents to the environment. Filamentous fungi isolation in almost all sampled environments indicates that a periodic monitoring of airborne microbiota in the dental health care service environment is required. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The survival of yeast strains for 48 h suggests that dental waste should be carefully controlled and monitored.

Site of intrauterine artificial insemination in the bitch does not affect sperm distribution within the uterus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of frozen-thawed spermatozoa within the uterine lumen and oviducts following intrauterine laparoscopic deposition at two sites. Twelve bitches of unknown reproductive history were randomly distributed into two groups. Semen (3 ml containing 300 × 10(6) frozen-thawed spermatozoa) was infused at the uterine body (UB group) or at the cranial tip of the left uterine horn. A 22-G catheter was used to access the uterine lumen. Sperm cell distribution was evaluated after ovariohysterectomy performed 3 h after artificial insemination (AI). There was no difference between groups in mean time to perform AI. Spermatozoa were detected in all uterine segments, including the tip of both horns, but none was detected in the oviduct. The 22-G catheter facilitated deposition of semen in the uterine lumen, particularly at the UB site. Sperm cell distribution occurred evenly along both horns, independent of the site of semen deposition.

Parasitological assessment of wild ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest.

Image 1.

A genetic algorithm survey on closed-shell atomic nitrogen clusters employing a quantum chemical approach.

The DFT potential energy hypersurfaces of closed-shell nitrogen clusters up to ten atoms are explored via a genetic algorithm (GA). An atom-atom distance threshold parameter, controlled by the user, and an "operator manager" were added to the standard evolutionary procedure. Both B3LYP and PBE exchange-correlation functionals with 6-31G basis set were explored using the GA. Further evaluation of the structures generated were performed through reoptimization and vibrational analysis within MP2 and CCSD(T) levels employing larger correlation consistent basis set. The binding energies of all stable structures found are calculated and compared, as well as their energies relative to the dissociation into N2, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] molecules. With the present approach, we confirmed some previously reported polynitrogen structures and predicted the stability of new ones. We can also conclude that the energy surface profile clearly depends on the calculation method employed.

Immunological implications of bovine leukemia virus infection.

This study examined neutrophil and monocyte functions and the blood lymphocyte profile of naturally BLV-infected cows with or without persistent lymphocytosis (PL). The percentage of neutrophils and monocytes that phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus was lower in BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL. The relative percentage of CD44+ monocytes and neutrophils and CD11b expression by neutrophils was also lower in BLV-infected dairy cows with PL. A correlation between the percentage of CD11b+ neutrophils and that produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found. Furthermore, the percentage of CD44+ monocytes was positively correlated with the percentage of monocytes that phagocytosed S. aureus and the same phenomenon was observed for neutrophils. In BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL, inhibition of monocyte and neutrophil apoptosis was observed. Additionally, the percentage of neutrophils producing ROS was lower in BLV-infected cows with PL, in contrast to higher intensity of intracellular production of ROS by monocytes. The result from the lymphocyte immunophenotyping of BLV-infected cows with PL was an increase in B cells, mainly B CD5+ CD11b+, due to the apoptosis inhibition. In conclusion, this study provides novel insight into the implications of BLV infection for cattle, which can include the dysfunction of blood monocytes and neutrophils.

Growth analysis of sodium-potassium alloy clusters from 7 to 55 atoms through a genetic algorithm approach.

The potential energy hypersurface associated with sodium-potassium alloy clusters is explored via an enhanced genetic algorithm, where two different operators are added to the standard evolutionary procedure. Based on the recent result that the empirical Gupta many-body potential yields reasonable results for clusters with more than seven atoms, we have employed this function in the evaluation of the energies. Agglomerates from seven to the well-established 55-atom structure are studied, and their second-order energy difference and excess energies are calculated. It is found that the most stable alloys (compared to the homonuclear counterparts) are found with the proportion of sodium atoms in the range of 30 to 40%. The experimental propensity of core-shell segregation is successfully predicted by the current approach.

Detection of A/B toxin and isolation of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens from foals.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY: Toxin detection and screening could contribute to knowledge of the transmission patterns, risk factors and epidemiology of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens. OBJECTIVE: To isolate C. difficile and C. perfringens and to detect A/B toxins in faecal samples from diarrhoeic and nondiarrhoeic foals. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: A total of 153 samples from foals were collected: 139 samples from farms and 14 samples from diarrhoeic foals admitted to a veterinary hospital. The A/B toxins were detected by cytotoxicity assay. All suspected colonies of C. perfringens were subjected to polymerase chain reaction for detection of the major toxin genes (α, ß, ε and ι) and for detection of ß2-, NetB- and enterotoxin-encoding genes. Furthermore, C. difficile and C. perfringens isolates were evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: Seven of 153 (4.6%) samples, all from diarrhoeic foals, were positive for C. difficile A/B toxin. Of these, 5 of 14 (35.7%) were from hospitalised foals, and only 2 of 63 (3.2%) diarrhoeic foal samples were from farms (P = 0.002). Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 31 (20.3%) foals, of which 21 of 76 (27.6%) were diarrhoeic and 10 of 76 (13.2%) were nondiarrhoeic, demonstrating a difference between these 2 groups (P = 0.045). Only 4 strains were positive for the ß2-encoding gene (cpb2). All C. difficile and C. perfringens isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS: The present report highlights the need for laboratory diagnostics to differentiate C. difficile-associated infection in foals from other causes of diarrhoea to facilitate adequate antimicrobial therapy. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: More studies are needed to clarify the role of C. perfringens as a primary agent of diarrhoea in foals.

Hepatic photosensitization in buffaloes intoxicated by Brachiaria decumbens in Minas Gerais state, Brazil.

The aim of this paper is to report the study of hepatogenous photosensitization in buffaloes during two outbreaks provoked by ingestion of Brachiaria decumbens in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Ten young buffaloes in outbreak 1 and seven buffaloes in outbreak 2 were intoxicated by B. decumbens. Nine clinically healthy buffaloes raised under the same conditions as the sick animals served as the control group. All animals were subjected to clinical examination, and serum was collected to measure gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), direct bilirubin (DB), indirect bilirubin (IB) and total bilirubin (TB) as indicators of liver function and urea and creatinine as indicators of renal function. Histopathology of liver fragments from five different animals was carried out. During the outbreaks and every two months for one year, samples of grass from paddocks where the animals got sick were collected for quantitative evaluation of the saponin protodioscin, combined with observations of pasture characteristics and daily rainfall. Clinical signs included apathy, weight loss, restlessness, scar retraction of the ears and intense itching at the skin lesions, mainly on the rump, the tail head, neck and hindlimbs, similar to the signs observed in other ruminants. Only the GGT enzyme presented significantly different (P < 0.01) serum levels between intoxicated animals (n = 17) and healthy animals (n = 9), indicating liver damage in buffaloes bred in B. decumbens pastures. Microscopy of the liver showed foamy macrophages and lesions of liver disease associated with the presence of crystals in the bile ducts, which have also been found in sheep and cattle poisoned by grasses of the genus Brachiaria. During the outbreaks, protodioscin levels were higher than 3%, and shortly after, these levels were reduced to less than 0.80%, suggesting a hepatic injury etiology. The outbreaks took place at the beginning of the rainy season, and there was a positive correlation between saponin and the amount of rainfall, as well as between saponin and the amount of green leaves in the pasture. These findings indicate that the grass was more toxic in this period. This is the first report of photosensitization by B. decumbens in buffalo.

Cholesterol addition protects membrane intactness during cryopreservation of stallion sperm.

Addition of cholesterol to sperm membranes improved equine sperm stability during semen cryopreservation; however, it also reduced in vivo fertility. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of adding cholesterol to stallion sperm prior to freezing, and subsequently removing it from frozen-thawed sperm. Semen from 12 stallions was subjected to four treatments: (T1) control, semen was diluted with Kenney extender, centrifuged, and resuspended to 100 x 10(6)spermatozoa/mL in INRA 82 freezing extender, packaged into 0.5-mL straws, cooled to 5 degrees C, and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen; (T2) T1 with the addition of cholesterol before cooling (the cholesterol was incorporated to the sperm membranes with the methyl-beta-cyclodextrin-cholesterol complex); (T3) T2 with post-thaw removal of the cholesterol with 0.052 mg methyl-beta-cyclodextrin/50 x 10(6) sperm; and (T4) T3 with 0.156 mg methyl-beta-cyclodextrin/50 x 10(6) sperm. Sperm progressive motility and functional integrity of sperm plasma membranes were evaluated microscopically and by the hyposmotic swelling test, respectively. Using flow cytometry, physical integrity of sperm plasma membranes was assessed with propidium iodide, acrosomal integrity with fluoresceinated lectin peanut agglutinin, and rate of sperm acrosome reaction induced with of the calcium ionophore A23187. Cholesterol inclusion (T2) increased the proportion of frozen-thawed sperm with intact plasma membrane. Nevertheless, sperm from T2 (9.3+/-5.9%) had a lower rate of acrosome reaction after induction, compared to the control group (16.5+/-11.0%). After cholesterol removal, there was no increase in the induced acrosome reaction rate (T3: 11.3+/-7.1% and T4: 11.8+/-9.9%). Perhaps the cyclodextrin concentrations used were too low to remove sufficient cholesterol from sperm membranes to restore the ability of cryopreserved sperm to undergo an acrosome reaction. Regardless, the addition of cholesterol to improve post-thaw sperm integrity, and its subsequent removal, still has potential for cryopreservation of stallion sperm.

Avaliação hemogasométrica em cadelas com piometra / Hemogasometric evaluation in bitches with pyometra

A piometra é uma afecção comum em cadelas com uma etiologia hormonal associada à infecção bacteriana, levando ao acúmulo de exsudato uterino. Desequilíbrios ácido-base e hidroeletrolíticos são complicações que contribuem para a progressão da doença, o que piora o estado geral da paciente e pode levá-la ao óbito. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar os distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos em cadelas com piometra, além de avaliar se a terapia hídrica pré-cirúrgica (Ringer lactato) é efetiva na correção desses desequilíbrios. Vinte cadelas com piometra foram submetidas à hemogasometria em oito tempos preestabelecidos. Concluiu-se que o distúrbio ácido-base mais frequente foi a alcalose respiratória e que a terapia hídrica no pré-cirúrgico com solução Ringer lactato foi efetiva na correção da acidose metabólica e proporcionou melhora na alcalose respiratória, embora não tenha corrigido quadros de alcalose metabólica.

Pyometra is a common disease in dogs with a hormonal etiology associated with a bacterial infection and leading to accumulation of uterine exudates. Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances are complications that contribute to disease progression, worsening the condition of the patient, possibly leading death. The aim of this study was to characterize the acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in dogs with pyometra, and to evaluate whether preoperative fluid therapy (Ringer's lactate) is effective in correcting these imbalances. Twenty bitches with pyometra were subjected to blood gas analysis in eight pre-set times. It was concluded that the acid-base disorder was the most frequent respiratory alkalosis and fluid therapy in the preoperative Ringer 's lactate solution was effective in the correction of metabolic acidosis, although this has not corrected metabolic alkalosis frames and has provided improved alkalosis breathing .

Trânsito de suídeos em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Swine industry animal network in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Minas Gerais ocupa a quarta posição entre os estados brasileiros com maior produção de suídeos. A suinocultura envolve intenso trânsito de animal e, consequentemente, forma complexas redes de fluxo. Com a movimentação, esses animais podem carrear agentes patogênicos que podem ser disseminados por meio dessa rede de contatos. Diante disso, este estudo tem como objetivo descrever e analisar o trânsito de suídeos em Minas Gerais para compreender os caminhos mais prováveis para a disseminação de possíveis surtos. Os dados foram fornecidos pelo Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, originados das 56.823 Guias de Trânsito Animal emitidas no ano de 2009. A movimentação dos 5.354.735 suídeos foi analisada segundo a sua finalidade. O trânsito mais intenso ocorreu com a finalidade de abate (79,95%), seguida pelas finalidades de engorda (10,64%) e de reprodução (9,38%). A movimentação de animais para exposições e leilões representou apenas 0.03% dos transportes realizados. O trânsito em Minas Gerais é heterogêneo e concentra-se, principalmente, nas regiões do Triângulo Mineiro, Alto Paranaíba e Zona da Mata. As características do fluxo de animais tornam a utilização da estratégia das redes ideal para a elaboração das medidas de vigilância e controle das doenças dos suídeos em Minas Gerais.

Minas Gerais is the fourth largest Brazilian state in swine production. This activity involves the intense animal movement producing a complex network. In this context animals can carry on infectious agents and transmit them among the population. The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the movement of swine in Minas Gerais and to understand the most likely paths to spread possible outbreaks. Data were provided by the Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, derived from 56.823 Transit Animal Guides issued in 2009. The movement of 5.354.735 swine was analyzed according to its purpose. The traffic was more intense for slaughter (79.95%) followed by finishing (10.64%) and reproduction purposes (9.38%). The fairs and auction purposes represented only 0.03%. Movement of animals in Minas Gerais is heterogeneous and is mainly concentrated in same regions such as Alto Paranaíba and Zona da Mata. It also occurs in the Central and South regions. The network approach, based on graph theory, can be used more efficiently for the development of swine disease control programs and crisis management in Minas Gerais.

Desmopatia degenerativa em equinos: métodos de diagnóstico em animais vivos / Equine degenerative desmopathy: diagnostic methods in live animals

A desmopatia degenerativa (DD) possui caráter sistêmico e manifesta-se por acúmulos de proteoglicanos (PG) na matriz extracelular (MEC) de tecidos que contenham colágeno. Este estudo teve o objetivo de diagnosticar equinos suspeitos de serem acometidos por DD, em um plantel de animais de raça nacional, segundo o ângulo da articulação metatarsofalangiana (AMF) e a presença de acúmulos de PG em amostras de ligamento da nuca (LN). Analisaram-se 123 equinos clinicamente sadios e somente três (2,7 por cento) deles, segundo o ângulo AMF < 146(0), foram considerados suspeitos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Quinze éguas foram submetidas ao exame do ângulo da AMF e à biópsia do LN, das quais sete (47,7 por cento) foram consideradas suspeitas, segundo ângulo da AMF, enquanto seis (40 por cento) apresentaram acúmulos de PG. Foram encontrados acúmulos de PG em três (20 por cento) éguas não suspeitas. Um animal suspeito não apresentou alterações histológicas compatíveis de DD.

The prevalence of degenerative desmopathy (DD) was studied in equines of national breeds, according to the metatarsophalangeal joint angle (MPA) and the presence of accumulation of proteoglycans (PG) in samples of nucal ligament (NL) from live animals, according to their age. One hundred twenty three clinically healthy horses were used. Only three (2.7 percent), that had their angle rate MPA<146º were considered suspect, with no significant difference between groups. Fifteen mares were subjected to examination of the angle of the MPA and biopsy of NL as well had reduction of the MPA angle, and six (40 percent) showed accumulation of PG. Accumulation of PG was found in three (20 percent) not suspected mares. A suspected animal showed no histological changes compatible to DD.

Caracterização demográfica e epidemiológica de cães e gatos domiciliados em Barbacena, MG / Demographic and epidemiologic characterization of dogs and cats domiciled in Barbacena-MG, Brazil

The characterization of demographic and epidemiologic aspects of dogs and cats domiciled in households in Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is imperative to understand the dynamics of animal populations for the purpose of planning actions in public health and zoonosis control. A total of 840 semi-structured questionnaires were applied. Respondents were randomly selected owners from urban and rural areas. The results revealed 0.22 per capita dog, 0.051 per capita cat, 0.81 dog per house, and 0.19 cat per house. Dogs were present in 51.3% of the properties, distributed as 77.9% in rural and 48.6% in urban areas (47.3% in houses and 16.5% in apartments). The average age was 4.47 years for dogs, with odds male/female of 1.58. For the cats, the average age was 2.9 years and odds male/female of 0.91. The mortality rate before weaning was 13.4% for dogs and 22.8% for cats. The breeding purpose rate was 68.3% of dogs while cats as pets were 99.4%. The main form of animals acquisition was by donation (65.8%) and only 4.14% came from other cities. About the type of feeding, 55.9% of dogs and 46.3% of cats ate manufactured products. Only 29.6% of dogs and 16.5% of cats had some type of veterinary care. The rabies vaccination covers 89.2% and 68.1% of dogs and cats, respectively. Castration or use of contraceptive was found in 18.7% of dogs and 17.9% of cats. These numbers could be used for measures of control in dogs and cats population of the municipality, as well in programs for the control of zoonotic diseases.

Prevalência de mineralização aórtica detectada no abate de bovinos no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Prevalence of aortic mineralization in slaughtered bovine from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Descreve-se a prevalência da mineralização aórtica em bovinos abatidos em frigorífico de Belo Horizonte, MG. Foram examinados 783 fragmentos de aorta torácica de bovinos de diferentes grupos raciais, sexo e idades. As lesões foram caracterizadas em: grau I, grau II, grau III ou grau IV, baseado na intensidade das alterações macroscópicas. Duzentas e noventa e oito (38,1 por cento) aortas foram classificadas com algum tipo de lesão: 180 com grau I (23,0 por cento), 59 com grau II (7,5 por cento), 35 com grau III (4,5 por cento) e 24 com grau IV (3,1 por cento). Houve diferenças nas freqüências de mineralização aórtica quanto ao sexo, a idade e a raça. Fêmeas e machos castrados (54,6 por cento e 50,7 por cento, P<0,00001 e P<0,0001, respectivamente) comparados a machos inteiros (27,5 por cento), mestiços zebuínos de dupla aptidão e animais sem raça definida (59,3 por cento e 47,8 por cento, P<0,02 e P<0,05, respectivamente) comparados a zebus puros (37,4 por cento) e animais acima de três anos de idade (59,4 por cento, P<0,0001) comparados a animais com 2-3 anos ou menos de dois anos de idade (21,7 por cento e 13,9 por cento) foram mais freqüentemente acometidos por mineralização aórtica.

This study describes the prevalence of aortic mineralization in slaughtered bovine in the state of Minas Gerais. Fragments of thoracic aorta from 783 animals from different origin, breed, gender and age were evaluated macroscopically. All lesions were characterized and divided in, grade I, grade II, grade III and grade IV, depending on the severity of the lesions. A total of 298 (38.1 percent) aortas had lesions, as follow: 180 grade I (23.0 percent), 59 grade II (7.5 percent), 35 grade III (4.5 percent) and 24 grade IV (3.1 percent). Differences concerning age, breed and sex were observed. Females and castrated males (54.6 percent and 50.7 percent, P<0.00001 and P<0.0001, respectively) compared to intact males, zebu-crossbred and mixed bred (59.3 percent and 47.8 percent, P<0.02 and P<0.05, respectively) compared to pure zebu (37,4 percent) and animals older then 3 years (59.4 percent, P<0.0001) compared to animals 2-3 years or under 2 years of age (21.7 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively) were more frequently affected by aortic mineralization.