Strengthening Self-Care and Child Care of Adolescent Mothers Through an Event History Calendar.

PURPOSE: To identify events and experiences of adolescent mothers relevant to their own care and the care of their children so as to support the elaboration of a future Event History Calendar (EHC) tool. DESIGN AND METHODS: Qualitative study was conducted based on the Grounded Theory, from the constructivist perspective. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 11 Brazilian adolescent mothers. Initial and focused coding was applied in the data analysis. RESULTS: The results present events that demarcate the adolescent mothers' perspectives of child care. Self-care and child care are related to everyday learning, ways of coping, strengthening of various support sources, mastery of gaps in health care, and sensory events. CONCLUSIONS: The different events for adolescents are related to the transience of life, strategies of the moment, and the process of support for pregnancy-motherhood, which is dependent on a network of people and institutions that provide cooperation and participation in the reengagement of the adolescents while encouraging quality of life and development. The events identified can contribute to a list of relevant elements to structure a tool using EHC to guide the clinical practice of nurses so as to strengthen the adolescent's self-care and child care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: In the context of fragility in the communicative process between adolescent mothers and nurses, the strategy of an EHC can contribute to the expansion of nursing care, aid in developing new coping strategies addressing vulnerabilities, recognize multidimensional needs, strengthen the potentialities and confidence of mothers, and encourage involvement, advocacy and empowerment.

The care network of the families involved in violence against children and adolescents: the Primary Health Care perspective.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To contribute the understanding of the network care provided to families involved in family violence against children and adolescents (FVACA), from the Primary Health Care (PHC) perspective. BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents figure among the main victims of violence around the world, which occurs predominantly in the family context. PHC-guided network care has emerged as a new process that contrasts with traditional approaches, which rely on fragmented, punctual and compensatory actions and produce simplified and segmented interventions in response to complex phenomena like violence. The Paradigm of Complexity interacts with the network care approach and, by articulating the multiple dimensions of the research phenomenon, contributes to its understanding. DESIGN: Qualitative research, based on the Paradigm of Complexity. METHODS: Data were collected through minimal maps of the external institutional social network, focus groups and semi-structured interviews held with 41 PHC professionals in Brazil. The notions of comprehension and contextualisation as well as dialogical, recursive and holographic principles from complexity theory guided the data analysis. RESULTS: The two thematic categories that emerged revealed reduced institutional networks, with low-density and homogeneous bonds, which resulted in fragmented care in all stages of the care process. CONCLUSIONS: Although the network organisation of care for the families involved in FVACA is fundamental, the construction of these networks still represents a great challenge, as it requires the joint work of a multiprofessional team. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: For nursing to respond to the contemporary care demands in a contemplative and pertinent manner, a perspective and a reference framework need to be developed, leading to broader and more contextualised actions, with a multidimensional approach to the families and communities of which child and adolescent victims of violence are a part.

The context of alcohol consumption among adolescents and their families.

AIMS: Alcohol consumption in adolescence has been an important topic in the study of public health policies. This study aimed to analyze and interpret the influence of the family in teenage alcohol consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative research was undertaken, using interviews, observation, genogram and eco-map, in order to investigate 22 participants at a Family Health Unit in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The family structure, composition, interaction, communication, and religion of the participants were considered. RESULTS: The results were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis and indicated three themes, namely, the internality of the family: fragility and conflicts; among us: limits, responsibilities and hope; and the decision to drink: fun permeated by risks. CONCLUSION: The family and sociocultural context of adolescents can positively and negatively influence the use and abuse of alcohol and, therefore, can be a target of intervention in nursing.

[The view of teachers on bullying and implications for nursing]. / O olhar de professors sobre o bullying e implicações para a atuação da enfermagem.

OBJECTIVE: To understand school bullying from the perspective of teachers and reflect about the possible actions of the health area when coping with it. The guidelines of the School Health Program of the Ministries of Health and Education were used to reach that purpose. METHOD: A qualitative study carried out with teachers of a public school in Minas Gerais. Focus groups were used to collect data and the empirical material was decoded from thematic analysis of content, resulting in an analytical category: conceptions and experiences of teachers on bullying. RESULTS: Specific perceptions about the phenomenon and the use of ineffective intervention resources were identified. In the interpretive plan were problematized the health and nursing contributions with resizing the interventions and the continuing training process of teachers. CONCLUSION: The results point to the construction of intersectoral practices for coping with bullying.

Associations between bullying and risk for eating disorders in adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the associations between bullying participation profiles (victims, bullies, and bully-victims) and the risk for eating disorders in adolescents. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 491 students, aged 10 to 18 years. Data were collected through the application of the Peer Victimization and Aggression Scale and the Eating Attitudes Test, and were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Spearman correlation. RESULTS: the risk for eating disorders was higher for the victim profile, both for boys and girls. For both sexes, physical victimization, verbal victimization, and relational victimization were significantly associated with variables related to the risk for eating disorders. For boys, there were also significant associations related to aggression. CONCLUSIONS: student victims, especially boys, are more vulnerable to the consequences of bullying in relation to the risk for eating disorders.

[The production of critical-reflexive narratives and their effect on nursing students' portfolios]. / A produção de narrativas crítico-reflexivas nos portfólios de estudantes de enfermagem.

The objective of this study is to analyze the process of producing reflexive narratives on nursing students' portfolios. This qualitative study performed an analysis of the portfolios of the class discipline Health Promotion in Primary Education, taught in the fourth semester of the Nursing Licensure Course. Results showed an initial predominance of descriptive records, with the incipient approach of theoretical aspects associated with the aspects regarding their experience. Further, in the group and experience discussions, there were narratives containing more critical and reflexive elements, with justifications for the described actions and the relationships with the theoretical-practical aspects studied in the class and in the course. In conclusion, there is a process of producing critical-reflexive narratives in portfolios that could include a summarized description, using common sense and idealization which allows for including the differences and the theoretical review.

Bullying among Brazilian adolescents: evidence from the National Survey of School Health, Brazil, 2015 and 2019. / Bullying entre adolescentes brasileiros: evidências das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde do Escolar, Brasil, 2015 e 2019.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence rate of indicators related to bullying among Brazilian students aged 13 to 17 years and compare its occurrence between 2015 and 2019. METHOD: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study, with data from the National Survey of School Health, carried out in all Brazilian states. The prevalence rate and confidence intervals (95%CI) of the indicators were estimated in 2019. Student's t test was used (p ≤ 0.01) to test the differences between editions. RESULTS: the prevalence rate of bullying decreased from 20.4% (95%CI: 19.2 - 21.5) in 2015 to 12.0% (95%CI: 11.6 - 12.5) in 2019. The reasons cited for being bullied were similar in both editions: bodily appearance, facial appearance, and color/race. Prevalence rates were similar between states. The state of Tocantins presented the highest number of bully-victims; states of Mato Grosso and Amapá had the highest number of adolescents being involved in cyberbullying situations, and the state of Rio de Janeiro presented the highest number of bullies. CONCLUSION: there was a reduction by half in bullying and in the report on not being treated well among Brazilian adolescents; however, the prevalence rate of being bullied and cyberbullying are high in the country. Therefore, attention should be paid to policies to reduce and confront this issue on the national scene.(1) Bullying is still significantly present among Brazilian students. (2) The occurrence among boys from private schools stands out. (3) Similar motivation in both editions: bodily and facial appearance, and color/race. (4) Evidence for the implementation of actions and policies in the national territory. (5) Contribution to the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda in the country.

Traffic accidents in childhood: prevention from the nurse's perspective.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the perception of nurses in primary health care on the prevention of traffic accidents with children as a component of care. METHOD: study of a qualitative approach, with ten nurses from a municipality in Paraná. The data collected in 2017, through semi-structured interviews, analyzed according to the modality of the inductive theme. RESULTS: two themes were identified: "prevention actions are secondary to cure"; "Indicating the way to prevent traffic accidents: nursing care". the reports explained that care usually occurs only after the accident, showing that preventive interventions are still insufficient. Intersectoral actions were identified as the path to care, with the school being especially recommended. CONCLUSION: it was identified that the care in accident prevention is performed by the nurse, expanding the possibility of interaction and communication with the individual seeking the integrality and equity of health care.

Experience-Based Perception of Vulnerability Factors to Child Sexual Abuse by Health Care Professionals in Nigeria: A Qualitative Approach.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) remains a major public health concern worldwide. In Africa, particularly, Nigeria, CSA is a silent, but lethal public health menace with prevalence reaching as high as 56% for different child sexual violence. Understanding the vulnerability factors of CSA promotes the creation of strategies toward prevention of CSA. Due to social stigmatization of victims and their families in Nigeria, it is difficult for researchers and policymakers to have access to firsthand information about predisposing factors to CSA, which negatively impacts efforts toward prevention of CSA. Health care professionals are sources of experience-based, anonymous information about various public health issues. This study aims to understand qualitatively health care professionals' perception of vulnerability factors of CSA. The study presents a thematic content analysis of a semi-structured interview of 14 health care professionals working with sexually abused children in Nigeria, on their perception of vulnerability factors of CSA, while aligning the factors with known models of violence. Participants in the study reported several interrelated vulnerability factors involving the individual, sexual abuse perpetrator, family, environment, socioeconomic situations, and the lack or nonimplementation of policies against CSA. The study concludes that identifying these factors can assist health care professionals, parents, and family to better respond to child sexual violence cases and policymakers to create new strategies of preventing CSA, thereby improving the health and safety of children in Nigeria.

Dating violence among adolescents from a region of high social vulnerability.

OBJECTIVE: to know and analyze the perceptions of adolescents with high social vulnerability regarding the establishment of dating violence. METHOD: a qualitative research study carried out with 19 adolescents from a central municipality São Paulo, Brazil. Data collection took place by means of focus groups and field diaries, with the data being analyzed thematically. RESULTS: two categories emerged: "A new female posture in a context of traditional gender norms" and "Violence in intimate relationships: the (non)perception of adolescents". Traditional gender norms still occupy a significant place in the design of dating violence among adolescents. Such behaviors are more visible in these relationships, when commitment and exclusivity are seen as the main characteristics, authorizing possession and control. Jealousy emerges as the main trigger for violence and the technologies appear as contemporary resources to reinforce it. CONCLUSION: the need for early interventions with adolescents is reiterated, with a focus on actions that promote gender equality.

[Profile of care delivered to children and adolescents victims of external causes of morbimortality, 2000-2006]. / Perfil dos atendimentos a crianças e adolescentes vítimas de causas externas de morbimortalidade, 2000-2006.

External causes are important factors of infant morbimortality and permanent impairments around the world. This quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to characterize emergency care for children and adolescents, aged from zero to 19 years old, victims of external causes of morbimortality in a university hospital in the countryside of São Paulo, Brazil, between the years of 2000 and 2006. By the end of the study, researchers found 6302 emergency attendances and most of the reported cases occurred among 15 to 19-year-old males adolescents, between Saturday and Monday, and from 7 to 12 pm. The main diagnoses of external causes were transport accidents, followed by assault. As a conclusion, it was found that the nurses' role in caring for patients who are recovering from accidents, violence and aggression is of fundamental importance for the families and community. It is essential in order to contribute to the planning and development of preventive and assisting actions.

Nurse to adolescent health communication process: approach to Event History Calendar.

OBJECTIVES: comprehend the Event History Calendar components that are relevant for the nurse to adolescent communicative process, in the context of Primary Health Care. METHODS: reflective study, based on the Event History Calendar approach, in the relational, communicative, and educational dimensions. RESULTS: best practices for adolescent health promotion are vital and constitute a challenge to nurses. The Event History Calendar is a potential tool for research and care practices to comprehend the needs of adolescents, with reminder of key personal events, culturally and socially specific. The comprehension of retrospective data referring to activities, behaviors, experiences and transitions of life, in certain periods of time, enables dialogue and new understandings about the history of adolescents. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the Event History Calendar provides nursing professionals with an expansion of their practice in educational, relational, and communicative dimensions, as well as to instruct care planning and management.

Adolescents' health in times of COVID-19: a scoping review. / A saúde do adolescente em tempos da COVID-19: scoping review.

COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus), emerged in China in December 2019 and spread quickly throughout the world. In this scenario, the current study aimed to identify the impact or effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents' health. This is a scoping literature review based on the following databases: Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SciELO, and PUBCOVID19. The study adopted the stages proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute for scoping reviews, and the question orienting the procedures consisted of the acronym PCC (population; concept; context). Eleven articles were included in the review. Clinically, adolescents present the same COVID-19 symptoms as adults. The pandemic and the health measures taken to control transmission were found to be associated with mental health problems in adolescents. Specifically, adolescents have a negative experience with social distancing measures and closing of schools. These measures can also favor situations of violence or aggressive behaviors in the home environment. Healthcare services that treat the adolescent population had to reorient their practices, adopting a virtual model to replace face-to-face care, and even research projects involving adolescence had to be rethought. This scoping review addressed an emerging theme in relation to a population that has received little attention in studies on COVID-19. The results suggest that the pandemic can be considered a determinant that affects different dimensions of adolescents' lives.

Construction of professional identity in nursing students: qualitative research from the historical-cultural perspective.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the process of professional identity construction in undergraduate nursing students during their education. METHOD: qualitative research, anchored in the Historical-Cultural framework. Twenty-three undergraduate nursing students took part. Data were collected through individual interviews, with a semi-structured script. Thematic Analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: the following four themes were obtained, "The subject in movement to become a nurse: from previous experiences to entering the courses"; "The nursing professor in the construction of the undergraduate's professional identity: a two-way mirror"; "Pedagogical relationship: instrument for constructing the student's professional identity" and "Historical-cultural conditions: space for the construction of the student's professional identity". CONCLUSION: the construction of the students' professional identity is limited to the material conditions of existence, translating appropriation to the intrapsychic scope of elements that occur, first, in the inter-psychological space of interactions. Nursing professors can become a paradoxical mirror, with one face to be imitated and the other, which materializes meanings of a model not to be followed. This construction is also influenced by the conditions of professional practice and university education.

Theater of the Oppressed and bullying: nursing performance in school adolescent health.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the effects of an intervention based on the Theater of the Oppressed in reducing school bullying. METHOD: a quasi-experimental study with 232 first-year high school students from two public schools in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. An intervention was performed with the Theater of the Oppressed, a theatrical methodology created by Augusto Boal and inspired by Paulo Freire's "Pedagogy of the Oppressed", in which one school composed the intervention group, and another school, the comparison group. Both groups were assessed for involvement in bullying situations before and after intervention. For data analysis, Poisson Regression models with random effect were used. RESULTS: intervention group presented a significant decrease in direct victimization (physical and verbal aggression). CONCLUSION: the Theater of the Oppressed represents an important strategy in reducing bullying victimization among school adolescents.

Self-Justification Processes Related to Bullying Among Brazilian Adolescents: A Mixed Methods Study.

This study aims to investigate the associations between bullying and moral disengagement in a Brazilian sample, using a mixed method design. Two-thousand three hundred and thirty-four adolescents (11-19 years; 42.9% girls) answered self-report measures on bullying and moral disengagement in response to bullying situations. Fifty-five participants were randomly selected and interviewed on their experiences on bullying at school. Results allowed to identify specific mechanisms of moral disengagement associated with bullying behavior among Brazilian adolescents. Qualitative analysis highlighted how moral disengagement mechanisms were spontaneously used by the adolescents to explain both the bullying and the bystander behaviors. Findings support the relevance of moral disengagement mechanisms in explaining bullying behaviors. The value of addressing these mechanisms when designing anti-bullying interventions is discussed.

Prevalence of practice of bullying reported by Brazilian students: data from the National School Health Survey, 2015. / Prevalência da prática de bullying referida por estudantes brasileiros: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, 2015.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the practice of bullying reported by Brazilian students, according to sex, age and geographical location. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study based on two national samples from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE), 2015; a total of 102,301 students participated in the study forming a nationally representative sample; data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: bullying prevalence was 19.8% (95%CI - 19.2;20.3), with higher prevalence in the Southeast region of the country (22.2% - 95%CI 21.1;23.4), and in the State of São Paulo (24.2% - 95%CI 22.3;26.2), however the city with the highest prevalence was Boa Vista (25.5% - 95%CI 22.9;28.1), capital of the State of Roraima; boys (24.2% - 95%CI 23.4;25.0) practiced more bullying than girls (15.6% - 95%CI 14.9;16.2), as did younger students aged 13 to 15 years (22.0% - 95%CI 20.4;23.6). CONCLUSION: higher rates of reported bullying practices were found among adolescents from the Southeast region, among male and younger students.

Prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren in 2015. / Prevalência de bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros, 2015.

This study analyzed the prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren using data produced by the 2015 National School Health Survey (PeNSE, acronym in Portuguese) consisting of a national sample of 102,301 eighth grade students. The prevalence of bullying was calculated and bivariate analysis was performed using a 95% confidence level to determine the association between victimization and socio-demographic variables and other variables relating to family background, mental health, and risk behaviors. Multivariate analysis was then conducted using the biologically plausible variables of interest. For the final model, variables that obtained p-values of < 0.05 were maintained. The prevalence of bullying was found to be 7.4%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that boys aged 13 years studying in public schools who worked and whose mother did not have any schooling were more likely to be bullied, as were schoolchildren who felt lonely, had no friends, suffered from insomnia, skipped lessons without parental permission, and who smoked. Victims of bullying were predominantly 13-year-olds from an unfavorable social and family background, painting a picture of vulnerability that calls for support from social protection networks, schools and families alike .

O estudo analisou a prevalência de sofrer bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros. Trata-se de análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2015 em amostra nacional com 102.301 alunos do 9º ano. Foi calculada a prevalência de sofrer bullying e foi feita inicialmente análise bivariada com estimativas de razões de chance (OR) e IC95% para estimar as associações entre vitimização e variáveis sociodemográficas, contexto familiar, violência familiar, saúde mental e comportamentos de risco. Posteriormente, procedeu-se ao modelo de regressão logística múltipla, inserindo as variáveis de interesse com (p < 0,20). No modelo final ajustado (ORa) permaneceram variáveis com p < 0,05. A prevalência de bullying foi de 7,4%. A análise multivariada mostrou que quem tem maior chance de sofrer bullying são os escolares do sexo masculino, com 13 anos, da escola pública, filhos de mães sem escolaridade, que trabalham, com relato de solidão, sem amigos, com insônia; que sofreram agressão física dos familiares, faltaram as aulas sem avisar aos pais, usaram tabaco. Predominaram vítimas de 13 anos, com contexto social e familiar desfavorável, mostrando cenário de vulnerabilidades, demandando apoio de redes de proteção social, escolar e famíliar.

Intrafamily violence and justice.

This study aimed to analyze the structural, developmental and functional dimensions of families in situations of violence, under judicial intervention in the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The theoretical reference utilized was centered on the perspective of the ecological context of human development. A qualitative methodology was adopted. Data collection was constituted in the analysis of the judicial lawsuits, census maps, semi-structured interviews, free observation and photographs produced by the subjects. Data analysis was inspired by dialectic hermeneutics. "I did not have" and "In the streets" were empirical categories emerging from the subjects' statements, evidencing situations of insecurity and despair, the insertion in perverted relations, established in the universe of drug dealing, exploitation, violation of rights and economic privations. Families showed changes from one historical moment to another, under distinct variables and with a specific complexity, regarding their capacity of discovering, maintaining or altering their development in the environment.

Perceptions of adolescents students on the consumption of drugs: a case study in Lima, Peru.

The consumption of drugs has increased worldwide and has become a public health problem, affecting particularly adolescents. This study aimed to identify the opinions of adolescent students on the use of drugs and drug users, in a school in Lima, Peru. It is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with a questionnaire self-applied to 386 students. Data collected comprised students' personal data, their perception on the risk of drugs consumption, motivations, information on preventive interventions, drugs availability, opinion regarding drug users and their family, and social acceptance. Male gender was predominant. Most of the participants were unfavorable regarding risk perception and consumption motives, though, they were favorable towards information. We have a relevant role in explaining behaviors and also in implementing appropriate and efficient preventive and treatment programs.