Eliciting the impacts of cellular noise on metabolic trade-offs by quantitative mass imaging.

Optimal metabolic trade-offs between growth and productivity are key constraints in strain optimization by metabolic engineering; however, how cellular noise impacts these trade-offs and drives the emergence of subpopulations with distinct resource allocation strategies, remains largely unknown. Here, we introduce a single-cell strategy for quantifying the trade-offs between triacylglycerol production and growth in the oleaginous microorganism Yarrowia lipolytica. The strategy relies on high-throughput quantitative-phase imaging and, enabled by nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses and dedicated image processing, allows us to image how resources are partitioned between growth and productivity. Enhanced precision over population-averaging biotechnologies and conventional microscopy demonstrates how cellular noise impacts growth and productivity differently. As such, subpopulations with distinct metabolic trade-offs emerge, with notable impacts on strain performance and robustness. By quantifying the self-degradation of cytosolic macromolecules under nutrient-limiting conditions, we discover the cell-to-cell heterogeneity in protein and fatty-acid recycling, unmasking a potential bet-hedging strategy under starvation.

Origins of Cell-to-Cell Bioprocessing Diversity and Implications of the Extracellular Environment Revealed at the Single-Cell Level.

Bioprocess limitations imposed by microbial cell-to-cell phenotypic diversity remain poorly understood. To address this, we investigated the origins of such culture diversity during lipid production and assessed the impact of the fermentation microenvironment. We measured the single-cell lipid production dynamics in a time-invariant microfluidic environment and discovered that production is not monotonic, but rather sporadic with time. To characterize this, we introduce bioprocessing noise and identify its epigenetic origins. We linked such intracellular production fluctuations with cell-to-cell productivity diversity in culture. This unmasked the phenotypic diversity amplification by the culture microenvironment, a critical parameter in strain engineering as well as metabolic disease treatment.

Mood and behaviour problems following the relocation of elderly patients with mental illness.

A prospective case-controlled study was carried out to evaluate the effect of an enforced move of elderly dementia sufferers from a large psychiatric hospital to smaller units in two general district hospitals. Changes in behaviour and nursing dependency, and mortality rate were used as outcome variables. The main finding was that a large proportion of the sample showed significant depressive behaviour following transfer. A significant degree of disturbed behaviour and disorientation remained 3 months after the move. There was some increase in the mortality rate of the group transferred relative to a comparison group but this did not reach statistical significance.

Beneficial effects of felodipine on myocardial and coronary function during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion.

An acute coronary occlusion causes severe low-flow ischemia in the occluded region. Calcium antagonists have the potential to reduce the rate of ischemic injury by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand, as well as by other mechanisms, especially when given prior to the onset of ischemia. However, their clinical use may be limited by their negative inotropic effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of felodipine as a potentially protective agent against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury, independent of any negative inotropic actions, when given after the onset of low-flow ischemia. Isolated isovolumic (balloon-in-LV), blood-perfused rabbit hearts, paced at a constant heart rate, were subjected to 90 minutes of low-flow ischemia at a coronary perfusion pressure of 10 mmHg, which reduced coronary blood flow to 22-24% of baseline. After 15 minutes of low-flow ischemia, hearts received 2 x 10(-6) M felodipine (n = 7) or no drug (controls, n = 8). Felodipine was given until 15 minutes of reperfusion. During low-flow ischemia both groups of hearts had identical coronary blood flow, heart rate, left ventricular (LV) developed pressure, lactate production, and O2 consumption. However, felodipine markedly protected against ischemic diastolic dysfunction. At the end of low-flow ischemia, LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) had increased from 10 +/- 1 to 28 +/- 5 mmHg in the felodipine group, while in the controls LVEDP increased to 48 +/- 8 mmHg (p < 0.05). During 30 minutes of reperfusion, felodipine had a beneficial effect upon coronary blood flow (initial postischemic hyperemia 245 +/- 38% of baseline in the felodipine group vs. 124 +/- 18% in the controls; p < 0.01) Felodipine markedly improved the recovery of contractile function [LV developed pressure recovered from a baseline of 104 +/- 4 to 75 +/- 6 mmHg (72%) in the felodipine group vs. 34 +/- 10 mmHg (32%) in the control group; p < 0.01], as well as diastolic function (LVEDP = 25 +/- 4 mmHg in the felodipine group vs. 61 +/- 10 mmHg in the controls; p < 0.05), and ATP levels (8.5 +/- 1.4 mumoles/g d.w. in the felodipine group vs. 3.9 +/- 1.4 mumoles/g d.w. in the control group, p < 0.05). Felodipine, given after the onset of low-flow ischemia, protects the myocardium during both ischemia and reperfusion by mechanisms other than reducing myocardial oxygen demand.