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OBJECTIVE: Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is a passively acquired autoimmune disease in infants born to anti-Ro and/or anti-La autoantibody-positive mothers. Genetics may affect NLE risk. We analyzed the genetics of infants and anti-Ro antibody-positive mothers, with NLE and NLE-specific manifestations. METHODS: Infants and mothers from a tertiary care clinic underwent genotyping on the Global Screening Array. We created additive non-HLA and HLA polygenic risk scores (PRS) for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), from one of the largest genome-wide association studies. Outcomes were any NLE manifestations, cardiac NLE, and cutaneous NLE. We tested the association between SLE-PRS in the infant, mother, and the PRS difference between the mother and infant with NLE outcomes, in logistic regression and generalized linear mixed models (Bonferroni P < 0.02). We also performed HLA-wide analyses for the outcomes (P < 5.00 × 10-8). RESULTS: The study included 332 infants, 270 anti-Ro antibody-positive mothers, and 253 mother-infant pairs. A large proportion of mothers (40.4%) and infants (41.3%) were European, and 50% of infants were female. More than half of the infants had NLE (53%), including 7.2% with cardiac NLE and 11.7% with cutaneous NLE. We did not identify significant associations between infant PRS, maternal PRS, or maternal-infant PRS difference and any NLE outcomes. HLA-wide analyses did not identify NLE risk alleles. CONCLUSION: In a multiethnic cohort of infants and anti-Ro antibody-positive mothers, we did not identify a significant association between SLE genetics and risk of NLE outcomes.
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In 1979, it became recognized in the literature that what we call hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was a nonmalignant disease of histiocytes. Subsequently a familial form and a secondary form of HLH were differentiated. When HLH is secondary to an autoimmune disease, rheumatologists refer to this entity as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) to differentiate it from HLH itself. Although the first cases of MAS likely appeared in the literature in the 1970s, it was not until 1985 that the term activated macrophages was used to describe patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) complicated by MAS and the term macrophage activation syndrome first appeared in the title of a paper in 1993.MAS is one of the many types of secondary HLH and should not be confused with primary HLH. Experience has taught that MAS secondary to different autoimmune diseases is not equal. In the 30 years since initial description in patients with sJIA, the clinical spectrum, diseases associated with MAS, therapy, and understanding the pathogenesis have all made significant gains. The diagnostic/classification criteria for MAS secondary to sJIA, SLE, RA, and KD differ based on the different laboratory abnormalities associated with each (Ahn et al., J Rheumatol 44:996-1003, 2017; Han et al., Ann Rheum Dis 75:e44, 2016; Ravelli et al., Ann Rheum Dis 75:481-489, 2016; Borgia et al., Arthritis Rheumatol 70:616-624, 2018). These examples include the thrombocytosis associated with sJIA, a chronic generalized activation of the immune system, leading to elevations of fibrinogen and sIL-2R, low platelet count associated with SLE, and more acute inflammation associated with KD. Therefore, individual diagnostic criteria are required, and they all differ from the diagnostic criteria for HLH, which are based on a previously non-activated immune system (Ahn et al., J Rheumatol 44:996-1003, 2017; Han et al., Ann Rheum Dis 75:e44, 2016; Ravelli et al., Ann Rheum Dis 75:481-489, 2016; Borgia et al., Arthritis Rheumatol 70:616-624, 2018; Henter et al., Pediatr Blood Cancer 48:124-131, 2007). This helps to explain why the HLH diagnostic criteria do not perform well in MAS.The initial treatment remains high-dose steroids and IVIG followed by the use of a calcineurin inhibitor for resistant cases. IVIG can be used if there is a concern about malignancy to wait for appropriate investigations or with steroids. Interluekin-1 inhibition is now the next therapy if there is a failure to respond to steroids and calcineurin inhibitors. Advances in understanding the mechanisms leading to MAS, which has been greatly aided by the use of mouse models of MAS and advances in genome sequencing, offer a bright future for more specific therapies. More recent therapies are directed to specific cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of MAS and can lead to decreases in the morbidity and mortality associated with MAS. These include therapies directed to inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway and/or specific cytokines, interleukin-18 and gamma interferon, which are currently being studied in MAS. These more specific therapies may obviate the need for nonspecific immunosuppressive therapies including high-dose prolonged steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and etoposide.
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Doenças Autoimunes , Síndrome de Ativação Macrofágica , Humanos , Síndrome de Ativação Macrofágica/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Ativação Macrofágica/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/imunologia , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/diagnóstico , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/terapiaRESUMO
Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients are unique, with hallmarks of Mendelian disorders (early-onset and severe disease) and thus are an ideal population for genetic investigation of SLE. In this study, we use the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), a family-based genetic association analysis that employs robust methodology, to analyze whole genome sequencing data. We aim to identify novel genetic associations in an ancestrally diverse, international cSLE cohort. Forty-two cSLE patients and 84 unaffected parents from 3 countries underwent whole genome sequencing. First, we performed TDT with single nucleotide variant (SNV)-based (common variants) using PLINK 1.9, and gene-based (rare variants) analyses using Efficient and Parallelizable Association Container Toolbox (EPACTS) and rare variant TDT (rvTDT), which applies multiple gene-based burden tests adapted for TDT, including the burden of rare variants test. Applying the GWAS standard threshold (5.0 × 10-8) to common variants, our SNV-based analysis did not return any genome-wide significant SNVs. The rare variant gene-based TDT analysis identified many novel genes significantly enriched in cSLE patients, including HNRNPUL2, a DNA repair protein, and DNAH11, a ciliary movement protein, among others. Our approach identifies several novel SLE susceptibility genes in an ancestrally diverse childhood-onset lupus cohort.
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Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genoma Humano , Idade de Início , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Variação GenéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Cardiac involvement in neonatal lupus erythematosis (NLE) can present as myocarditis/endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE). It is unknown whether high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) is useful in identifying subclinical myocardial inflammation in infants exposed prenatally to anti-Ro antibodies. This study reports hs-cTnT levels in infants exposed to anti-Ro antibodies with/without cardiac NLE and reports cardiac MRI (CMR) findings in a subset of these children. METHODS: The study included 45 consecutive infants exposed prenatally to anti-Ro antibodies with (n = 7) or without (n = 38) cardiac NLE, who were seen at the SickKids NLE Clinic between 2012 and 2014. Hs-cTnT levels were measured at least once, and those infants with values of ≥30 ng/l were offered the opportunity to undergo CMR. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS: Of 38 infants without cardiac NLE, 25 had a hs-cTnT level of ≥30 ng/l (including 1 of >113 ng/l); of these, 8 underwent CMR (all without myocarditis/EFE). All 7 infants with cardiac NLE had at least one hs-cTnT level of ≥30 ng/l, but only 2/7 had a level of >113 ng/l; 4/7 infants with cardiac NLE had CMR (all without myocarditis/EFE); 6/7 infants with cardiac NLE had their steroid treatment adjusted based on the trend in their hs-cTnT levels. CONCLUSION: Only 3/45 anti-Ro antibodies-exposed infants had hs-cTnT values outside the reference range reported in healthy infants. None of 12 infants who had CMR had subclinical myocarditis/EFE. Routine measurement of hs-cTnT in every anti-Ro antibody-exposed infant is not indicated. Further studies are needed to define the role of hs-cTnT as a biomarker for cardiac NLE.
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Miocardite , Troponina T , Recém-Nascido , Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Coração , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Genetics plays an important role in SLE risk, as well as osteonecrosis (ON), a significant and often debilitating complication of SLE. We aimed to identify genetic risk loci for ON in people with childhood-onset (cSLE) and adult-onset (aSLE) SLE. METHODS: We enrolled participants from two tertiary care centres who met classification criteria for SLE. Participants had prospectively collected clinical data and were genotyped on a multiethnic array. Un-genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were imputed, and ancestry was inferred using principal components (PCs). Our outcome was symptomatic ON confirmed by imaging. We completed time-to-ON and logistic regression of ON genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with covariates for sex, age of SLE diagnosis, five PCs for ancestry, corticosteroid use and selected SLE manifestations. We conducted separate analyses for cSLE and aSLE and meta-analysed results using inverse-variance weighting. Genome-wide significance was P < 5 × 10-8. RESULTS: The study included 940 participants with SLE, 87% female and 56% with cSLE. ON was present in 7.6% (n = 71). Median age of SLE diagnosis was 16.9 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 13.5, 29.3), with median follow-up of 8.0 years (IQR: 4.2, 15.7). Meta-GWAS of cSLE and aSLE time-to-ON of 4 431 911 SNPs identified a significant Chr.2 SNP, rs34118383 (minor allele frequency = 0.18), intronic to WIPF1 (hazard ratio = 3.2 [95% CI: 2.2, 4.8]; P = 1.0 × 10-8). CONCLUSION: We identified an intronic WIPF1 variant associated with a 3.2 times increased hazard for ON (95% CI: 2.2, 4.8; P = 1.0 × 10-8) during SLE follow-up, independent of corticosteroid exposure. The effect of the SNP on time-to-ON was similar in cSLE and aSLE. This novel discovery represents a potential ON risk locus. Our results warrant replication.
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Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Feminino , Adolescente , Masculino , Idade de Início , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/diagnóstico , Genótipo , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Few LN risk loci have been identified to date. We tested the association of SLE and eGFR polygenic risk scores (PRS) with repeated eGFR measures from children and adults with SLE. METHODS: Patients from two tertiary care lupus clinics that met ≥4 ACR and/or SLICC criteria for SLE were genotyped on the Illumina MEGA or Omni1-Quad arrays. PRSs were calculated for SLE and eGFR, using published weighted GWA-significant alleles. eGFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI and Schwartz equations. We tested the effect of eGFR- and SLE-PRSs on eGFR mean and variance, adjusting for age at diagnosis, sex, ancestry, follow-up time, and clinical event flags. RESULTS: We included 1158 SLE patients (37% biopsy-confirmed LN) with 36 733 eGFR measures over a median of 7.6 years (IQR: 3.9-15.3). LN was associated with lower within-person mean eGFR [LN: 93.8 (s.d. 26.4) vs non-LN: 101.6 (s.d. 17.7) mL/min per 1.73 m2; P < 0.0001] and higher variance [LN median: 157.0 (IQR: 89.5, 268.9) vs non-LN median: 84.9 (IQR: 46.9, 138.2) (mL/min per 1.73 m2)2; P < 0.0001]. Increasing SLE-PRSs were associated with lower mean eGFR and greater variance, while increasing eGFR-PRS was associated with increased eGFR mean and variance. CONCLUSION: We observed significant associations between SLE and eGFR PRSs and repeated eGFR measurements, in a large cohort of children and adults with SLE. Longitudinal eGFR may serve as a powerful alternative outcome to LN categories for discovery of LN risk loci.
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Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Nefrite Lúpica , Humanos , Adulto , Criança , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Genótipo , Rim , Nefrite Lúpica/genética , Nefrite Lúpica/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are no validated screening measures for depressive or anxiety disorders in childhood Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (cSLE). We investigated cross-sectionally (1) the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorder in cSLE. (2) the validity of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) and the Screen for Childhood Anxiety and Related Disorders (SCARED) measures in identifyingthese disorders. METHODS: Participants 8-18 years with cSLE/incipient cSLE completed CES-DC, SCARED, and Quality OfMy Life (QOML) measures. Parents completed the SCARED-Parent measure. Diagnosis was by gold-standard psychiatric interview and determined prevalence of psychiatric disorder. Receiver Operating Characteristics Area under the Curve (ROCAUC) evaluated screening measure diagnostic performance. RESULTS: Ofseventy-two parent-child dyads, 56 interviews were completed. Mean screen scores were: CES-DC = 15 (range 1-49, SD 12), SCARED-C = 22 (range 2-61, SD 14), SCARED-P = 13 (range 0-36, SD 8). Depressive disorder screen positivity (CES-DC ≥ 15) was 35% (vs. prevalence 5%). Anxiety disorder screen positivity (SCARED ≥ 25) was 39% (vs. prevalence 16%). CES-DC ROCAUC = 0.98 and SCARED-C ROCAUC = 0.7 (cut-points 38 and 32 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic thresholds for depressive and anxiety disorderscreening measures are high for both CES-DC and SCARED-C in cSLE. Brief focused interview should follow to determine whether psychiatric evaluation is warranted.
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Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Adolescente , Ansiedade , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/diagnóstico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/epidemiologia , Programas de Rastreamento , AutorrelatoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: LN is one of the most common and severe manifestations of SLE. Our aim was to test the association of SLE risk loci with LN risk in childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) and adult-onset SLE (aSLE). METHODS: Two Toronto-based tertiary care SLE cohorts included cSLE (diagnosed <18 years) and aSLE patients (diagnosed ⩾18 years). Patients met ACR and/or SLICC SLE criteria and were genotyped on the Illumina Multi-Ethnic Global Array or Omni1-Quad arrays. We identified those with and without biopsy-confirmed LN. HLA and non-HLA additive SLE risk-weighted genetic risk scores (GRSs) were tested for association with LN risk in logistic models, stratified by cSLE/aSLE and ancestry. Stratified effect estimates were meta-analysed. RESULTS: Of 1237 participants, 572 had cSLE (41% with LN) and 665 had aSLE (30% with LN). Increasing non-HLA GRS was significantly associated with increased LN risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.26; 95% CI 1.09, 1.46; P = 0.0006], as was increasing HLA GRS in Europeans (OR = 1.55; 95% CI 1.07, 2.25; P = 0.03). There was a trend for stronger associations between both GRSs and LN risk in Europeans with cSLE compared with aSLE. When restricting cases to proliferative LN, the magnitude of these associations increased for both the non-HLA (OR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.10, 1.52; P = 0.002) and HLA GRS (OR = 1.99; 95% CI 1.29, 3.08; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: We observed an association between known SLE risk loci and LN risk in children and adults with SLE, with the strongest effect observed among Europeans with cSLE. Future studies will include SLE-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms specific to non-European ancestral groups and validate findings in an independent cohort.
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Idade de Início , Loci Gênicos/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Nefrite Lúpica/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/etnologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/etnologia , Nefrite Lúpica/etnologia , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Fatores de Risco , População Branca/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) manifests differently than adult-onset SLE (aSLE). This study determined whether ethnic differences contribute to the differences in clinical presentation between the two groups. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from a multi-centred registry from eight adult and four paediatric Canadian centres gathered at study entry. We compared the frequency of clinical manifestations and autoantibodies between aSLE and cSLE. For those with a significant difference, a multivariable logistic regression was performed, adjusting for ethnicity, SLE onset (cSLE vs aSLE), disease duration and centre. Disease activity and damage between aSLE and cSLE were compared after stratifying by disease duration. RESULTS: Of 552 aSLE subjects, 502 (90.9%) were female and 381 (69.0%) were Caucasian. Mean age at diagnosis was 37.0 ± 13.6 years and disease duration 10.9 ± 9.6 years. Of 276 cSLE subjects, 231 (83.7%) were female and 101 (36.6%) were Caucasian. Mean age at diagnosis was 12.7 ± 3.3 years and disease duration 5.6 ± 8.2 years. In multivariable regression analysis, aSLE was associated with decreased odds of having a neurologic disorder (odds ratio = 0.49) and increased odds of having aCL antibodies (odds ratio = 1.85). Disease activity and damage accrual scores were higher in aSLE than cSLE within the same disease duration strata, although the differences were not clinically significant. Ethnicity was not associated with any differences in clinical manifestations or autoantibody frequency between aSLE and cSLE. CONCLUSIONS: Although a crude comparison of aSLE and cSLE yielded several differences in clinical symptoms and autoantibodies, this difference was not attributable to ethnic differences between aSLE and cSLE.
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OBJECTIVE: Cutaneous neonatal lupus (cNL) occurs in possibly 5%-16% of anti-Ro±anti-La antibody-exposed infants. Data suggest in utero exposure to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) may prevent cardiac NL. The aim was to assess whether in utero exposure to HCQ decreases the risk of cNL and/or delays onset. METHODS: A multicentre case-control study was performed with 122 cNL cases and 434 controls born to women with a rheumatological disease who had documentation of maternal anti-Ro±anti-La antibodies at pregnancy and confirmation of medication use and the child's outcome. A secondary analysis was performed on 262 cNL cases, irrespective of maternal diagnosis, to determine if HCQ delayed time to cNL onset. RESULTS: Twenty (16%) cNL cases were exposed to HCQ compared with 146 (34%) controls (OR 0.4 (95% CI 0.2 to 0.6); p<0.01). Exposure to HCQ was associated with a reduced risk of cNL; exposure to anti-La antibody and female gender were associated with an increased risk of cNL. Exposure to HCQ remained significantly associated with a reduced cNL risk in the analyses limited to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus and those who developed rash ≤1 month. When analysing all 262 cNL cases, HCQ-exposed infants were older (6.0 (95% CI 5.7 to 6.3) weeks) at cNL onset versus HCQ-non-exposed infants (4.4 (95% CI 3.9 to 5.0) weeks), but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.21). CONCLUSION: Exposure to HCQ was associated with a reduced risk of cNL. Among cNL cases, those exposed to HCQ tend to have later onset of rash. Both findings suggest a protective effect of HCQ on cNL.
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Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/congênito , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Lúpus Eritematoso Cutâneo/etiologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/etiologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças Reumáticas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This report aims to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy of subcutaneous golimumab in active polyarticular-course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (polyJIA). METHODS: In this three-part randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled withdrawal trial, all patients received open-label golimumab (30 mg/m2 of body surface area; maximum: 50 mg/dose) every 4 weeks together with weekly methotrexate during Part 1 (weeks 0-16). Patients with at least 30% improvement per American College of Rheumatology Criteria for JIA (JIA ACR30) in Part 1 entered the double-blinded Part 2 (weeks 16-48) after 1:1 randomisation to continue golimumab or start placebo. In Part 3, golimumab was continued or could be restarted as in Part 1. The primary outcome was JIA flares in Part 2; secondary outcomes included JIA ACR50/70/90 responses, clinical remission, PK and safety. RESULTS: Among 173 patients with polyJIA enrolled, 89.0% (154/173) had a JIA ACR30 response and 79.2%/65.9%/36.4% demonstrated JIA ACR50/70/90 responses in Part 1. At week 48, the primary endpoint was not met as treatment groups had comparable JIA flare rates (golimumab vs placebo: 32/78=41% vs 36/76=47%; p=0.41), and rates of clinical remission were comparable (golimumab vs placebo: 10/78=12.8% vs 9/76=11.8%). Adverse event and serious adverse event rates were similar in the treatment groups during Part 2. Injection site reactions occurred with <1% of all injections. PK analysis confirmed adequate golimumab dosing for polyJIA. CONCLUSION: Although the primary endpoint was not met, golimumab resulted in rapid, clinically meaningful, improvement in children with active polyJIA. Golimumab was well tolerated, and no unexpected safety events occurred. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01230827; Results.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Artrite Juvenil/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Metotrexato/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Artrite/patologia , Artrite Juvenil/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Indução de Remissão , Exacerbação dos Sintomas , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Objective: Recent studies have suggested that prenatal exposure to HCQ reduces the risk of cardiac neonatal lupus. The aim of this study is to assess if maternal intake of antimalarials (AMs) throughout pregnancy lowered the risk of cardiac and non-cardiac neonatal lupus. Methods: Consecutive children seen between 1 January 1984 to 1 October 2013 born to women with a CTD and positive anti-Ro and/or anti-La antibodies were eligible for this single-centre retrospective cohort study. A total of 315 individuals were screened and 268 participants were included. Exposure to AMs was defined as HCQ or chloroquine throughout pregnancy. Outcomes were cardiac and non-cardiac neonatal lupus. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses were performed. We hypothesized that prenatal AM exposure would decrease the risk of cardiac but not non-cardiac neonatal lupus. Results: A total of 268 pregnancies were included; 73 were exposed to AMs throughout pregnancy. Ninety-nine children developed neonatal lupus, 117 remained unaffected and 52 children did not develop cardiac neonatal lupus but could not be categorized as unaffected since their full non-cardiac neonatal lupus status was unknown. Logistic regression suggested a protective effect of AM on cardiac neonatal lupus, but results were not statistically significant [odds ratio (OR) 0.21; P = 0.07]. Bayesian analysis showed that the probability of obtaining a protective effect (OR < 1.0) for cardiac neonatal lupus was significant (98.7%). The effect of AMs on non-cardiac neonatal lupus was not significant (OR 0.78; P = 0.21). Conclusion: In this large single-centre cohort study, exposure to AMs throughout pregnancy was associated with a decreased probability of developing cardiac but not non-cardiac neonatal lupus.
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Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Tecido Conjuntivo/tratamento farmacológico , Bloqueio Cardíaco/congênito , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/congênito , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Teorema de Bayes , Feminino , Bloqueio Cardíaco/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Troca Materno-Fetal , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal/métodos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Mothers carrying anti-Ro antibodies are frequently referred for weekly echocardiograms to early detect and treat antibody-mediated fetal heart disease. We tested a surveillance strategy based on anti-Ro antibody titers. METHODS: From 2009 to 2014, 232 pregnancies were referred for maternal anti-Ro antibodies. At the baseline echocardiogram, anti-Ro titers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent essay and results categorized as negative (<8 U/mL; n = 43; excluded), low-moderate positive (8-49 U/mL; n = 62; group 1) or high positive (50 - >100 U/mL; n = 127; group 2). Serial echocardiograms to ≥24 weeks were only recommended for group 2 mothers. RESULTS: Group 1 patients underwent significantly less fetal echocardiograms when compared with group 2 mothers (median 2 vs. 4; p < 0.001). Isolated endocardial fibroelastosis (n = 1) and incomplete (n = 4) or complete (n = 4) heart block were diagnosed in 9 (8%) pregnancies with anti-Ro titers >100 U/mL but none with lower titers (odds ratio 17.78; p = 0.004). Incomplete block and endocardial fibroelastosis regressed with transplacental corticosteroid and immune globulin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Limiting serial fetal echocardiograms to women with high anti-Ro antibody levels is safe and more cost effective. While numbers of echocardiograms were significantly reduced in referrals with anti-Ro titers <50 U/mL, reversible abnormalities with prenatal treatment were detected by serial echocardiography in group 2 patients. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Ecocardiografia , Doenças Fetais/diagnóstico , Monitorização Fetal/métodos , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/diagnóstico , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Adulto , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Fibroelastose Endocárdica/diagnóstico , Fibroelastose Endocárdica/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Doenças Fetais/tratamento farmacológico , Bloqueio Cardíaco/congênito , Bloqueio Cardíaco/diagnóstico , Bloqueio Cardíaco/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiopatias/congênito , Cardiopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/congênito , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article will provide an update of studies published in the last year regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, major disease manifestations and outcomes, and therapies in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE). RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies on cSLE epidemiology supported previous findings that cSLE patients have more severe disease and tend to accumulate damage rapidly. Lupus nephritis remains frequent and is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In the past year unfortunately there were no new reproducible, biomarker studies to help direct therapy of renal disease. However, some progress was made in neuropsychiatric disease assessment, with a new and promising automated test to screen for cognitive dysfunction reported. There were no prospective interventional treatment trials designed for patients with cSLE published in the last year, but some studies involving children are currently active and might improve the therapeutic options for patients with cSLE. SUMMARY: There is a need to get a better understanding of pathogenesis and identify new biomarkers in cSLE to more accurately predict outcomes. New insights into characterization of different clinical manifestations may enable to optimize individual interventions and influence the prognosis.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/epidemiologia , Nefrite Lúpica/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Idade de Início , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Criança , Ciclofosfamida/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Lúpus Eritematoso Cutâneo/epidemiologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Cutâneo/etiologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Cutâneo/imunologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Nefrite Lúpica/tratamento farmacológico , Nefrite Lúpica/etiologia , Nefrite Lúpica/imunologia , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/epidemiologia , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/etiologia , Vasculite Associada ao Lúpus do Sistema Nervoso Central/imunologia , Osteonecrose/etiologia , Osteonecrose/imunologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Prognóstico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Estudos Prospectivos , Qualidade de Vida , Rituximab/uso terapêutico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Viroses/imunologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This is an update of the main studies published in the last year regarding biomarkers, advances in pathophysiology, lupus nephritis as well as outcomes and therapies in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE). RECENT FINDINGS: Some progress in the pathophysiology of cSLE was made in the past year. Although biomarkers were studied in lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric lupus, none of the proposed biomarkers was shown to be a significant improvement over current disease measures. More encouraging was the research into creating an easy, rapid screening tool for neurocognitive dysfunction in cSLE. Two studies in health-related quality of life (HRQL) recognized its importance in determining outcome and found that ethnicity and obesity might significantly alter HRQL in cSLE patients. There were no prospective clinical trials involving cSLE patients. SUMMARY: A better understanding of pathophysiology may elucidate novel molecules as therapeutic targets in cSLE. Advances in the field of biomarkers may enable a more accurate prediction of clinical outcome, optimizing early interventions and therefore improving disease prognostics.
Assuntos
Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/fisiopatologia , Idade de Início , Biomarcadores/análise , Criança , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Nefrite Lúpica/genética , Nefrite Lúpica/imunologia , Nefrite Lúpica/fisiopatologia , Nefrite Lúpica/terapia , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/etiologia , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Studies of paediatric patients with membranous lupus nephritis (MLN) have yielded variable results, mostly due to the inclusion of mixed, i.e. proliferative nephritis. The aim of this study was to describe clinical and laboratory findings at the diagnosis of paediatric non-proliferative MLN, report the outcome and identify predictors of remission. METHODS: A single-center cohort study of consecutive children diagnosed with non-proliferative MLN was performed. Clinical and laboratory measures and treatment regimens were obtained in prospective standardized assessments. Renal outcome was measured by renal parameters and steroid requirement. Predictors for remission and time to remission were determined. RESULTS: A total of 30 children were identified with a median follow-up time 4.1 years. Of 21 patients followed for more than 2 years, 19 (90 %) achieved clinical remission, and 16 (76 %) achieved a state of maintained clinical remission on low-dose prednisone. Three patients developed proliferative nephritis on subsequent renal biopsy. Lower albumin at the time of biopsy was correlated with a lower rate of remission and longer time to remission. CONCLUSIONS: Among our paediatric patient cohort the outcome of non-proliferative MLN in systemic lupus erythematosus was good. The majority of patients did not require aggressive immunosuppressive treatment to reach a stable disease state on low-dose steroid treatment.
Assuntos
Nefrite Lúpica/fisiopatologia , Nefrite Lúpica/terapia , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Indução de Remissão , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Management of patients with lupus nephritis can be complex and challenging. We suggest that there are some widely held misconceptions about lupus, and unfortunately, these underpin the treatment of many patients. There is little evidence to support the common assumption that intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide is the best treatment for lupus nephritis. Although there is much focus on which immunosuppressive agent to use, too little attention is paid to the proper dose and duration of corticosteroids and concomitant therapy with antimalarial agents. Many clinicians reflexively perform kidney biopsies when these biopsies may be high risk and not influence therapy. There is little emphasis on or awareness of nonadherence to therapy, which is an underappreciated cause of treatment resistance. Resolution of proteinuria and hematuria can take a long time, and immunotherapy should not be intensified based on urine sediment alone. Furthermore, the intensity of the immunosuppression must be considered in the context of lupus nephritis class and duration of kidney damage. Finally, clinicians are aware of the risks of pregnancy in the face of active lupus, but assume that their patients also are aware of this and forget to discuss this with them. With a combined experience of more than 50 years in managing children and adults with lupus, we offer our impression of recurrent mistakes in the management of lupus in general, with a focus on treatment of lupus nephritis.