The m6A reader ECT1 drives mRNA sequestration to dampen salicylic acid-dependent stress responses in Arabidopsis.

N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a common epitranscriptional mRNA modification in eukaryotes. Thirteen putative m6A readers, mostly annotated as EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED C-TERMINAL REGION (ECT) proteins, have been identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but few have been characterized. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis m6A reader ECT1 modulates salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant stress responses. ECT1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro, and its N-terminal prion-like domain is critical for forming in vivo cytosolic biomolecular condensates in response to SA or bacterial pathogens. Fluorescence-activated particle sorting coupled with quantitative PCR analyses unveiled that ECT1 sequesters SA-induced m6A modification-prone mRNAs through its conserved aromatic cage to facilitate their decay in cytosolic condensates, thereby dampening SA-mediated stress responses. Consistent with this finding, ECT1 overexpression promotes bacterial multiplication in plants. Collectively, our findings unequivocally link ECT1-associated cytosolic condensates to SA-dependent plant stress responses, advancing the current understanding of m6A readers and the SA signaling network.

Contrasting functions of ATP hydrolysis by MDA5 and LGP2 in viral RNA sensing.

Cytosolic long dsRNA, among the most potent proinflammatory signals, is recognized by melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). MDA5 binds dsRNA cooperatively forming helical filaments. ATP hydrolysis by MDA5 fulfills a proofreading function by promoting dissociation of shorter endogenous dsRNs from MDA5 while allowing longer viral dsRNAs to remain bound leading to activation of interferon-ß responses. Here, we show that adjacent MDA5 subunits in MDA5-dsRNA filaments hydrolyze ATP cooperatively, inducing cooperative filament disassembly. Consecutive rounds of ATP hydrolysis amplify the filament footprint, displacing tightly bound proteins from dsRNA. Our electron microscopy and biochemical assays show that LGP2 binds to dsRNA at internal binding sites through noncooperative ATP hydrolysis. Unlike MDA5, LGP2 has low nucleic acid selectivity and can hydrolyze GTP and CTP as well as ATP. Binding of LGP2 to dsRNA promotes nucleation of MDA5 filament assembly resulting in shorter filaments. Molecular modeling identifies an internally bound MDA5-LGP2-RNA complex, with the LGP2 C-terminal tail forming the key contacts with MDA5. These contacts are specifically required for NTP-dependent internal RNA binding. We conclude that NTPase-dependent binding of LGP2 to internal dsRNA sites complements NTPase-independent binding to dsRNA ends, via distinct binding modes, to increase the number and signaling output of MDA5-dsRNA complexes.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection challenges: Current therapeutic limitations and strategies for improved management through long-acting injectable formulation.

HIV infection has been a severe global health burden, with millions living with the virus and continuing new infections each year. Antiretroviral therapy can effectively suppress HIV replication but requires strict lifelong adherence to daily oral medication regimens, which presents a significant challenge. Long-acting formulations of antiretroviral drugs administered infrequently have emerged as a promising strategy to improve treatment outcomes and adherence to HIV therapy and prevention. Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations are designed to gradually release drugs over extended periods of weeks or months following a single injection. Critical advantages of LAIs over conventional oral dosage forms include less frequent dosing requirements, enhanced patient privacy, reduced stigma associated with daily pill regimens, and optimised pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles. Several LAI antiretroviral products have recently gained regulatory approval, such as the integrase strand transfer inhibitor cabotegravir for HIV preexposure prophylaxis and the Cabotegravir/Rilpivirine combination for HIV treatment. A leading approach for developing long-acting antiretroviral depots involves encapsulating drug compounds in polymeric microspheres composed of biocompatible, biodegradable materials like poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid). These injectable depot formulations enable high drug loading with customisable extended-release kinetics controlled by the polymeric matrix. Compared to daily oral therapies, LAI antiretroviral formulations leveraging biodegradable polymeric microspheres offer notable benefits, including prolonged therapeutic effects, reduced dosing frequency for improved adherence, and the potential to kerb the initial HIV transmission event. The present manuscript aims to review the pathogenesis of the virus and its progression and propose therapeutic targets and long-acting drug delivery strategies that hold substantial promise for enhancing outcomes in HIV treatment and prevention.

Cooperative role of AtRsmD and AtRimM proteins in modification and maturation of 16S rRNA in plastids.

Chloroplast pre-ribosomal RNA (rRNA) undergoes maturation, which is critical for ribosome assembly. While the central and auxiliary factors in rRNA maturation have been elucidated in bacteria, their mode of action remains largely unexplored in chloroplasts. We now reveal chloroplast-specific factors involved in 16S rRNA maturation, Arabidopsis thaliana orthologs of bacterial RsmD methyltransferase (AtRsmD) and ribosome maturation factor RimM (AtRimM). A forward genetic screen aimed to find suppressors of the Arabidopsis yellow variegated 2 (var2) mutant defective in photosystem II quality control found a causal nonsense mutation in AtRsmD. The substantially impaired 16S rRNA maturation and translation due to the mutation rescued the leaf variegation phenotype by lowering the levels of chloroplast-encoded proteins, including photosystem II core proteins, in var2. The subsequent co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry analyses and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay found that AtRsmD interacts with AtRimM. Consistent with their interaction, loss of AtRimM also considerably impairs 16S rRNA maturation with decelerated m2 G915 modification in 16S rRNA catalyzed by AtRsmD. The atrimM mutation also rescued var2 mutant phenotypes, corroborating the functional interplay between AtRsmD and AtRimM towards modification and maturation of 16S rRNA and chloroplast proteostasis. The maturation and post-transcriptional modifications of rRNA are critical to assembling ribosomes responsible for protein translation. Here, we revealed that the cooperative regulation of 16S rRNA m2 G915 modifications by AtRsmD methyltransferase and ribosome assembly factor AtRimM contributes to 16S rRNA maturation, ribosome assembly, and proteostasis in chloroplasts.

Post Cardiac Arrest Care in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiac arrests constitute a leading cause of mortality in the adult population and cardiologists are often tasked with the management of patients following cardiac arrest either as a consultant or primary provider in the cardiac intensive care unit. Familiarity with evidence-based practice for post-cardiac arrest care is a requisite for optimizing outcomes in this highly morbid group. This review will highlight important concepts necessary to managing these patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Emerging evidence has further elucidated optimal care of post-arrest patients including timing for routine coronary angiography, utility of therapeutic hypothermia, permissive hypercapnia, and empiric aspiration pneumonia treatment. The complicated state of multi-organ failure following cardiac arrest needs to be carefully optimized by the clinician to prevent further neurologic injury and promote systemic recovery. Future studies should be aimed at understanding if these findings extend to specific patient populations, especially those at the highest risk for poor outcomes.

Correlating the Dipolar Interactions Induced Magneto-Viscoelasticity and Thermal Conductivity Enhancements in Nanomagnetic Fluids.

The effective thermal management of electronic system holds the key to maximize their performance. The recent miniaturization trends require a cooling system with high heat flux capacity, localized cooling, and active control. Nanomagnetic fluids (NMFs) based cooling systems have the ability to meet the current demand of the cooling system for the miniaturized electronic system. However, the thermal characteristics of NMFs have a long way to go before the internal mechanisms are well understood. This review mainly focuses on the three aspects to establish a correlation between the thermal and rheological properties of the NMFs. First, the background, stability, and factors affecting the properties of the NMFs are discussed. Second, the ferrohydrodynamic equations are introduced for the NMFs to explain the rheological behavior and relaxation mechanism. Finally, different theoretical and experimental models are summarized that explain the thermal characteristics of the NMFs. Thermal characteristics of the NMFs are significantly affected by the morphology and composition of the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in NMFs as well as the type of carrier liquids and surface functionalization that also influences the rheological properties. Thus, understanding the correlation between the thermal characteristics of the NMFs and rheological properties helps develop cooling systems with improved performance.

FATTY ACID DESATURASE5 Is Required to Induce Autoimmune Responses in Gigantic Chloroplast Mutants of Arabidopsis.

Chloroplasts mediate genetically controlled cell death via chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. To decipher the mechanism, we examined chloroplast-linked lesion-mimic mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) deficient in plastid division, thereby developing gigantic chloroplasts (GCs). These GC mutants, including crumpled leaf (crl), constitutively express immune-related genes and show light-dependent localized cell death (LCD), mirroring typical autoimmune responses. Our reverse genetic approach excludes any potential role of immune/stress hormones in triggering LCD. Instead, transcriptome and in silico analyses suggest that reactive electrophile species (RES) generated via oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or lipid peroxidation-driven signaling may induce LCD. Consistent with these results, the one of the suppressors of crl, dubbed spcrl4, contains a causative mutation in the nuclear gene encoding chloroplast-localized FATTY ACID DESATURASE5 (FAD5) that catalyzes the conversion of palmitic acid (16:0) to palmitoleic acid (16:1). The loss of FAD5 in the crl mutant might attenuate the levels of RES and/or lipid peroxidation due to the reduced levels of palmitic acid-driven PUFAs, which are prime targets of reactive oxygen species. The fact that fad5 also compromises the expression of immune-related genes and the development of LCD in other GC mutants substantiates the presence of an intrinsic retrograde signaling pathway, priming the autoimmune responses in a FAD5-dependent manner.

Green synthesis aspects of (R)-(-)-mandelic acid; a potent pharmaceutically active agent and its future prospects.

(R)-(-)-mandelic acid is an important carboxylic acid known for its numerous potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry as it is an ideal starting material for the synthesis of antibiotics, antiobesity drugs and antitumor agents. In past few decades, the synthesis of (R)-(-)-mandelic acid has been undertaken mainly through the chemical route. However, chemical synthesis of optically pure (R)-(-)-mandelic acid is difficult to achieve at an industrial scale. Therefore, its microbe mediated production has gained considerable attention as it exhibits many merits over the chemical approaches. The present review focuses on various biotechnological strategies for the production of (R)-(-)-mandelic acid through microbial biotransformation and enzymatic catalysis; in particular, an analysis and comparison of the synthetic methods and different enzymes. The wild type as well as recombinant microbial strains for the production of (R)-(-)-mandelic acid have been elucidated. In addition, different microbial strategies used for maximum bioconversion of mandelonitrile into (R)-(-)-mandelic acid are discussed in detail with regard to higher substrate tolerance and maximum bioconversion.HighlightsMandelonitrile, mandelamide and o-chloromandelonitrile can be used as substrates to produce (R)-(-)-mandelic acid by enzymes.Three enzymes (nitrilase, nitrile hydratase and amidase) are systematically introduced for production of (R)-(-)-mandelic acid.Microbial transformation is able to produce optically pure (R)-(-)-mandelic acid with 100% productive yield.

Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole based indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor: Structure based design, synthesis, bio-evaluation and docking studies.

Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an immunomodulatory enzyme known to catalyse the initial and rate limiting step of kynurenine pathway of l-tryptophan metabolism. IDO1 enzyme over expression plays a crucial role in progression of cancer, malaria, multiple sclerosis and other life-threatening diseases. Several efforts over the last two decades have been invested by the researchers for the discovery of different IDO1 inhibitors and the plasticity of the IDO1 enzyme ligand binding pocket provide ample opportunities to develop new heterocyclic scaffolds targeting this enzyme. In the present work, based on the X-ray crystal structure of human IDO1 coordinated with few ligands, we designed and synthesized new fused heterocyclic compounds and evaluated their potential human IDO1 inhibitory activity (compound 30 and 41 showed IC50 values of 23 and 13 µM, respectively). The identified HITs were observed to be non-toxic to HEK293 cells at 100 µM concentration. The observed activity of the synthesized compounds was correlated with the specific interactions of their structures at the enzyme pocket using docking studies. A detailed analysis of docking results of the synthesized analogues as well as selected known IDO1 inhibitors revealed that most of the inhibitors have some reasonable docking scores in at least two crystal structures and have similar orientation as that of co-crystal ligands.

Ligand-based designing of DPP-4 inhibitors via hybridization; synthesis, docking, and biological evaluation of pyridazine-acetohydrazides.

A series of novel pyridazine-acetohydrazide hybrids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antihyperglycemic activity. In this context, pyridazine-acetohydrazides (6a-6p) were synthesized by coupling substituted aldehyde with 2-(5-cyano-6-oxo-3,4-diphenylpyridazine-1-6H-yl) acetohydrazide, which was prepared via the reaction of pyridazine ester with hydrazine hydrate. The molecular docking study was carried out to examine the binding affinities and interaction of designed compounds against the DPP-4 enzyme. Compounds 6e, 6f, 6l, and 6n exhibited interaction with active residue. In silico ADMET properties, and toxicity studies corroborated that compounds were found to have good bioavailability and less toxic. The synthesized compounds were further estimated for in vitro DPP-4 activity. Compounds 6e and 6l were found as the most effective DPP-4 inhibitor in this series with IC50 values (6.48, 8.22 nM) when compared with sitagliptin (13.02 nM). According to the toxicity assay compound, 6l showed very less toxicity at a higher concentration so further selected for the in vivo antihyperglycemic activity.

Systematic Review on Magnetic Resonance Angiography with Vessel Wall Imaging for the Characterization of Symptomatic Carotid Artery Plaque.

BACKGROUND: To perform a systematic literature review to assess the usefulness of performing magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with vessel wall imaging (VWI) sequences for the assessment of symptomatic carotid artery plaques and the identification of risky plaque features predisposing for stroke. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature pertaining to MRA with VWI techniques in patients with carotid artery disease, focusing on symptomatic patients' plaque features and morphology. Independent reviewers screened and analyzed data extracted from eligible studies, and a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to appraise the quality of the design and content of the selected manuscripts to achieve an accurate interpretation. RESULTS: This review included nineteen peer-reviewed manuscripts, all of them including MRA and VWI assessments of the symptomatic carotid artery plaque. We focused on patients' comorbidities and reviewed plaque features, including intraplaque hemorrhage, a lipid-rich necrotic core, a ruptured fibrous cap, and plaque ulceration. CONCLUSIONS: MRA with VWI is a useful tool in the evaluation of carotid artery plaques. This imaging technique allows clinicians to identify plaques at risk of causing a neurovascular event. The presence of intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque ulceration, a ruptured fibrous cap, and a lipid-rich necrotic core are associated with neurovascular symptoms. The timely identification of these features could have a positive impact on neurovascular event prevention.

Molecular detection and patho-morphological study of enteric Escherichia coli pathotypes in diarrheic neonatal calves.

To understand the pathology of natural cases of E. coli pathotypes infection in bovine calves, 45 cases of bovine calves, below one month of age, died due to enteritis were studied. Total seventeen cases (37.77%) turned positive for different pathotypes of E. coli by RT-PCR. Out of seventeen positive samples for E. coli, six cases (35.29%) were positive for eae gene, three cases (17.64%) for bfp gene and eight cases (47.05) for fimA gene of E. coli. Gross lesions in these cases showed pin-point to ecchymotic hemorrhages in the mucosa of jejunum, ileum and colon. The draining mesenteric lymph nodes were swollen, enlarged and showed cord -like structure. Histopathology of small intestine showed, villi lining cells were sloughed off, tips of villi capillary plexus were congested and hemorrhagic, and skipping lesions of microabscesses in the crypts of mucosa were observed. In the duodenum, necrosis of crypts and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria and around Brunner's gland. In mesenteric lymph nodes the subscapular space were infiltrated with mononuclear cells with depletion of lymphoid follicles in cortical area. Peri-trabecular and medullary sinuses of mesenteric lymph nodes were necrosed.

Pathology and molecular characterization of chicken infectious anemia virus and in silico antigen prediction.

The present study investigated five poultry flocks (size 142-600 birds) suspected of chicken infectious anemia (CIA) from Maharashtra, India. The necropsy of dead birds revealed severe atrophy of the thymus, gelatinization of bone marrow, subcutaneous hemorrhages, growth impairment, and severe anemia. Specific PCR targeting, 1390 bp fragment of the CIAV, VP1 gene was used in this study. Sequence analysis revealed that CIAV sequences of this study were grouped in genotype A. At the nucleotide level identity of 99.6% or more was seen between field sequences. At the amino acid level identity of 100% was seen between field sequences and NGP-1. Also, VP1 protein sequences of this study showed high identity with TJBD40, GD-K-12 strains from China and AB046590 strain from Japan. Further, the protein sequences of field CIAV had 0.7% to 2.5% divergence from VP1 sequences of vaccine strains. Antigenic epitopes of VP1 protein were predicted by SVMTriPtool and the field CIAV presented substitutions in two epitopes. To conclude, present study confirms the circulation of genotype A of CIAV in Maharashtra, India and predicted VP1 proteins of field CIAV revealed changes in two epitopes compared to vaccine strains.

Effect of non-genetic factors on linear type traits in Karan fries (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) and Sahiwal (Bos indicus) cows in sub-tropical climatic conditions of India.

The focus of present study was to find out the effect of non-genetic factors on linear type traits in Karan Fries and Sahiwal cows reared at an organized farm of northern India. The present study was conducted on Lactating Karan Fries (N = 123) and Sahiwal (N = 133) cows maintained at Livestock Research Center of ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India during the period of 2017-2019. Total eight udder morphometric traits and seven teat morphometric traits were measured. The linear model including fixed effects of season, parity and stage of lactation was used for the analysis. In Karan Fries cows, linear type traits were significantly affected by parity and stage of lactation, while in Sahiwal cows linear type traits were significantly affected by season, parity and stage of lactation. Udder depth (UD) and udder circumference (UC) were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by season, parity and stage of lactation in Sahiwal cattle, while in Karan Fries cattle udder length (UL) and shortest distance from rear teat ends to floor (SDR) were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by parity and stage of lactation. The results pertaining to present study indicated that season, parity and stages of lactation were important sources of variation for most of linear type traits. Adjustment of data for these effects is necessary to reduce known differences between animals and to obtain reliable estimates of the traits.

In silico and in vivo assessment of developmental toxicity, oxidative stress response & Na+/K+-ATPase activity in zebrafish embryos exposed to cypermethrin.

Cypermethrin (CYP), a synthetic type II pyrethroid pesticide, is extensively used to control pests in industrial, domestic, and agricultural environments. However, its indiscriminate use leads to a potential threat to aquatic organisms. Although several reports focussed on developmental toxicity effects, a concise study combining cardiotoxicity along with Na+/K+-ATPase activity and molecular docking of developmental proteins with CYP was lacking. This present study was designed to address this gap to comprehend the impact of CYP exposure (0, 25, 100 and 200 µg/L) on embryonic zebrafish. As a result, CYP delayed the hatching rate, reduced heart rate, increased mortality rate and induced numerous morphological abnormalities. Subsequently, CYP induced oxidative stress in treated zebrafish embryos with the concomitant increase in antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and malondialdehyde production. In addition, an alteration in AChE, NO content and Na+/K+-ATPase activity was observed, suggesting a disruption in cardiac development and ion regulation. Furthermore, AO staining showed notable apoptotic cells which are supported by alteration in apoptosis-related gene expressions. Moreover, to explore the putative targets of CYP, computational docking with developmental proteins (WNT3A, WNT8A, GATA-4, Nkx 2-5 and ZHE1) showed strong interactions and binding. Taken together, our findings provide a better understanding of assessing the ecotoxicological risk information and the mode of action underlying the development of teleost fishes following CYP exposure. Meanwhile, the pioneering nature of this study is to emphasize the future use of Na+/K+-ATPase activity as a potential toxicity biomarker and in silico molecular docking studies to complement developmental toxicity findings.

Evaluation of immunological adjuvant activities of saponin rich fraction from the fruits of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. with less adverse reactions.

The hemolytic activity, in vitro as well as in vivo toxicity, and immunomodulatory potential of saponins-rich fraction of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. fruit (AA-SRF) have been assessed in this study in order to explore AA-SRF as an alternative safer adjuvant to standard Quil-A saponin. The AA-SRF showed lower hemolytic activity (HD50 = 301.01 ± 1.63 µg/ml) than Quil-A (HD50 = 17.15 ± 2.12 µg/ml). The sulforhodamine B assay also revealed that AA-SRF was less toxic to VERO cells (IC50≥200 ± 4.32 µg/ml) than Quil-A (IC50 = 60 ± 2.78 µg/ml). The AA-SRF did not lead to mortality in mice up to 1.6 mg and was much safer than Quil-A for in vivo use. Conversely, mice were subcutaneously immunized with OVA 100 µg alone or along with Alum (200 µg) or Quil-A (10 µg) or AA-SRF (50 µg/100 µg/200 µg) on days 0 and 14. The AA-SRF at 100 µg dose best supported the LPS/Con A primed splenocyte proliferation activity, elevated the serum OVA-specific total IgG antibody, IL-12, CD4 titer and upsurged CD3/CD19 expression in spleen as well as lymph node sections which in turn advocated its adjuvant potential. Thus, AA-SRF can be further studied for use as a safe alternative adjuvant in vaccines.

Obstructive hydrocephalus due to an enlarged massa intermedia treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy.

The massa intermedia (MI) or interthalamic adhesion (ITA) is a band of tissue connecting the medial surfaces of the thalami and is present in the majority of healthy individuals. Its enlargement as well as its absence have been associated with some pathological states.We describe the first case report of a 3-year-old child presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus in the context of an enlarged massa intermedia. The patient's symptoms abated following an endoscopic third ventriculostomy.

Homeopathic Medicines in Second Wave of COVID-19: Prognostic Factor Research.

BACKGROUND: The clinical profile and course of COVID-19 evolved perilously in a second wave, leading to the use of various treatment modalities that included homeopathy. This prognostic factor research (PFR) study aimed to identify clinically useful homeopathic medicines in this second wave. METHODS: This was a retrospective, multi-centred observational study performed from March 2021 to May 2021 on confirmed COVID-19 cases who were either in home isolation or at COVID Care Centres in Delhi, India. The data were collected from integrated COVID Care Centres where homeopathic medicines were prescribed along with conventional treatment. Only those cases that met a set of selection criteria were considered for analysis. The likelihood ratio (LR) was calculated for the frequently occurring symptoms of the prescribed medicines. An LR of 1.3 or greater was considered meaningful. RESULTS: Out of 769 confirmed COVID-19 cases reported, 514 cases were selected for analysis, including 467 in home isolation. The most common complaints were cough, fever, myalgia, sore throat, loss of taste and/or smell, and anxiety. Most cases improved and there was no adverse reaction. Certain new symptoms, e.g., headache, dryness of mouth and conjunctivitis, were also seen. Thirty-nine medicines were prescribed, the most frequent being Bryonia alba followed by Arsenicum album, Pulsatilla nigricans, Belladonna, Gelsemium sempervirens, Hepar sulphuris, Phosphorus, Rhus toxicodendron and Mercurius solubilis. By calculating LR, the prescribing indications of these nine medicines were ascertained. CONCLUSION: Add-on use of homeopathic medicines has shown encouraging results in the second wave of COVID-19 in integrated care facilities. Further COVID-related research is required to be undertaken on the most commonly prescribed medicines.

A holistic review on trend, occurrence, factors affecting pesticide concentration, and ecological risk assessment.

Demographic outbursts and increased food demands invoke excessive use of pesticides in the agricultural field for increasing productivity which leads to the relentless decline of riverine health and its tributaries. These tributaries are connected to a plethora of point and non-point sources that transport pollutants including pesticides into the Ganga river's mainstream. Simultaneous climate change and lack of rainfall significantly increase pesticide concentration in the soil and water matrix of the river basin. This paper is intended to review the paradigm shift of pesticide pollution in the last few decades in the river Ganga and its tributaries. Along with this, a comprehensive review suggests the ecological risk assessment method which facilitates policy development, sustainable riverine ecosystem management, and decision-making. Before 2011, the total mixture of Hexachlorocyclohexane was found at 0.004-0.026 ng/mL in Hooghly, but now, the concentration has increased up to 0.465-4.132 ng/mL. Aftermath of critical review, we observed maximum residual commodities and pesticide contamination reported in Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal > Bihar > Uttara Khand possibly because of agricultural load, increasing settlement, and incompetency of sewage treatment plant in the reclamation of pesticide contamination.

Crystal structure of aspartyl dipeptidase from Xenopus laevis revealed ligand binding induced loop ordering and catalytic triad assembly.

Gene encoding aspartyl dipeptidase from Xenopus levies (PepExl) is upregulated by thyroid hormone and is proposed to play a significant role in resorption of tadpole tail during metamorphosis. However, the importance of peptidase activity for the resorption of the tail remain elusive. Here we report the crystal structures of first eukaryotic S51 peptidase, PepExl, in its ligand-free and Asp-bound states at 1.4 and 1.8 Å resolutions, respectively. The active site is located at dimeric interface and the catalytic triad is found to be dissembled in ligand-free and assembled in Asp-bound state. Structural comparison and molecular dynamic simulations of ligand-free and Asp-bound states shows that distinct loop (loop-A) plays an important role in active site shielding, substrate binding and enzyme activation. This study illuminates the Asp-X dipeptide binding in PepExl is associated with ordering of the loop-A and assembly of residues of catalytic triad in active conformation for enzymatic activity.