Chronic kidney disease in Indonesia: evidence from a national health survey.

OBJECTIVES: Several previous studies have stated that consuming certain foods and beverages might increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to examine the relationships of food and beverage consumption with other risk factors for CKD. METHODS: Data sources included the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) and the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), which were analyzed using a cross-sectional design. The study samples were households from 34 provinces in Indonesia, and the analysis was performed with provincial aggregates. Data were analyzed using risk factor analysis followed by linear regression to identify relationships with CKD. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD in Indonesia was 0.38%. The province with the highest prevalence was North Kalimantan (0.64%), while the lowest was found in West Sulawesi (0.18%). Five major groups were formed from 15 identified risk factors using factor analysis. A linear regression model presented 1 significant selected factor (p=0.006, R2 =31%). The final model of risk factors included water quality, consumption of fatty foods, and a history of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Drinking water quality, fatty food consumption, and diabetes are associated with CKD. There is a need to monitor drinking water, as well as to promote health education and provide comprehensive services for people with diabetes, to prevent CKD.

Nonadherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment, reasons and associated factors among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the communities in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's major public health problem. We assessed the proportion, reasons, and associated factors for anti-TB treatment nonadherence in the communities in Indonesia. METHODS: This national coverage cross-sectional survey was conducted from 2013 to 2014 with stratified multi-stage cluster sampling. Based on the region and rural-urban location. The 156 clusters were distributed in 136 districts/cities throughout 33 provinces, divided into three areas. An eligible population of age ≥15 was interviewed to find TB symptoms and screened with a thorax x-ray. Those whose filtered result detected positive followed an assessment of Sputum microscopy, LJ culture, and Xpert MTB/RIF. Census officers asked all participants about their history of TB and their treatment-defined Nonadherence as discontinuation of anti-tuberculosis treatment for <6 months. Data were analyzed using STATA 14.0 (College Station, TX, USA). RESULTS: Nonadherence to anti-TB treatment proportion was 27.24%. Multivariate analysis identified behavioral factors significantly associated with anti-TB treatment nonadherence, such as smoking (OR = 1.78, 95% CI (1.47-2.16)); place of first treatment received: government hospital (OR = 1.45, 95% CI:1.06-1.99); private hospital (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.38-2.72); private practitioner (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.56-3.23); socio-demographic and TB status included region: Sumatera (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.05-1.98); other areas (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.30-2.61); low level of education (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.27-2.03); and current TB positive status (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.26-3.73). CONCLUSIONS: Nonadherence to anti-TB drugs was highly related to the personal perception of the respondents, despite smoking, current TB status, a place for the first treatment, education, and region. The position of the first TB treatment at the private practitioner was significantly associated with the risk of Nonadherence to treatment.

Analysis of Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Physiological Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research.

Purpose: Indonesia is facing an increasing occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) every year. We assessed the modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors of NCDs among the Indonesian population. Methods: Secondary data was analyzed from the 2018 Indonesian basic health research (RISKESDAS). The national survey included participants aged 15-54 years and obtained 514,351 responses. Linear systematic two-stage sampling was conducted by RISKESDAS. Furthermore, chi-square and binary logistic regression were utilized to explore the determinant of NCDs with a significance level of 95%. Results: We found that almost 10% respondents in Indonesia had NCDs. We observed that depression has a higher odd (aOR: 2.343; 95% CI: 2.235-2.456) contributed to NCDs and followed other factors such as no education (aOR: 1.049; 95% CI: 1.007-1.092), passive smoking (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878-0.942), fatty food (aOR: 1.050; 95% CI: 1.029-1.073), burnt food (aOR: 1.033; 95% CI: 1.005-1.062), food with preservatives (aOR: 1.038; 95% CI: 1.002-1.075), seasoned food (aOR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.030-1.084), soft drinks (aOR: 1.112; 95% CI: 1.057-1.169), living in an urban area (aOR: 1.143; 95% CI: 1.119-1.168), living in central Indonesia (1.243; 95% CI: 1.187-1.302), being female (aOR: 1.235; 95% CI: 1.177-1.25), and obese (aOR: 1.787; 95% CI: 1.686-1.893). Conversely, people in Indonesia who undertook vigorous activity (aOR: 0.892; 95% CI: 0.864-0.921), had employment (aOR: 0.814; 95% CI: 0.796-0.834), had access to improved sources of drinking water (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878-0.942), and were aged 35-44 years (aOR: 0.457; 95% CI: 0.446-0.467) were less likely to develop NCDs. Conclusion: Modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors have a significant influence on NCDs in Indonesia. This finding can be valuable information for Indonesian Government to arrange a cross-collaboration between government, healthcare workers, and society through advocacy, partnership, health promotion, early detection, and management of NCDs.

Joint effect of high blood pressure and physical inactive on diabetes mellitus: a population-based cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship of high blood pressure and physical inactivity to diabetes mellitus is well known, but not many studies have known the joint effect of the two in causing diabetes mellitus. This study aims to evaluate the joint effect of high blood pressure and less physical activity against Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Indonesia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Subjects in this study were the age group ≥ 21 years old who were followed by the interview. We investigated factors related to DM in Indonesia associated with blood pressure and physical activity by controlling other confounding variables. Statistical analyses were conducted using logistic regression. Age, sex, education level, marital status, occupation, body mass index, residence area, stress, fruit, and vegetable consumption were adjusted for in the multivariate model. RESULTS: The prevalence of DM was 3.86% among respondents. Multivariate analysis showed that people who had hypertension and less physical activity had a risk of 3.68 (95% CI, 2.43-5.34) times having DM. People who had hypertension and enough physical activity had a risk of 2.33 (95% CI, 1.65-6.43) times having DM. While people who do not have hypertension and had less physical activity had a risk of 1.81 (95% CI, 1.34-3.62) times. CONCLUSIONS: People with hypertension and less physical activity have the greatest risk of developing DM.