Kalkitoxin: A Potent Suppressor of Distant Breast Cancer Metastasis.

Bone metastasis resulting from advanced breast cancer causes osteolysis and increases mortality in patients. Kalkitoxin (KT), a lipopeptide toxin derived from the marine cyanobacterium Moorena producens (previously Lyngbya majuscula), has an anti-metastatic effect on cancer cells. We verified that KT suppressed cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and in animal models in the present study. We confirmed that KT suppressed osteoclast-soup-derived MDA-MB-231 cell invasion in vitro and induced osteolysis in a mouse model, possibly enhancing/inhibiting metastasis markers. Furthermore, KT inhibits CXCL5 and CXCR2 expression, suppressing the secondary growth of breast cancer cells on the bone, brain, and lungs. The breast-cancer-induced osteolysis in the mouse model further reveals that KT plays a protective role, judging by micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemistry. We report for the first time the novel suppressive effects of KT on cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and on MDA-MB-231-induced bone loss in vivo. These results suggest that KT may be a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis.

2E-Decene-4,6-diyn-1-ol-acetate inhibits osteoclastogenesis through mitogen-activated protein kinase-c-Fos-NFATc1 signalling pathways.

An imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts can result in a variety of bone-related diseases, including osteoporosis. Thus, decreasing the activity of osteoclastic bone resorption is the main therapeutic method for treating osteoporosis. 2E-Decene-4, 6-diyn-1-ol-acetate (DDA) is a natural bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, its effects on osteoclastogenesis are unknown. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) or RAW264.7 cells were treated with DDA, followed by evaluation of cell viability, RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, and pit formation assay. Effects of DDA on RANKL-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs were assayed by western blot analysis. Expression of osteoclast-specific genes was examined with reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. In this study, DDA significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells as well as in BMMs without cytotoxicity. DDA also strongly blocked the resorbing capacity of BMM on calcium phosphate-coated plates. DDA inhibited RANKL-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAPKs, as well as expression of c-Fos and NFATc1, which are essential transcription factors for osteoclastogenesis. In addition, DDA decreased expression levels of osteoclastogenesis-specific genes, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) in RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Collectively, these findings indicated that DDA attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation by suppressing the MAPKs-c-Fos-NFATc1 signalling pathway and osteoclast-specific genes. These results indicate that DDA may be a potential candidate for bone diseases associated with abnormal osteoclast formation and function.

Kalkitoxin Reduces Osteoclast Formation and Resorption and Protects against Inflammatory Bone Loss.

Osteoclasts, bone-specified multinucleated cells produced by monocyte/macrophage, are involved in numerous bone destructive diseases such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and inflammation-induced bone loss. The osteoclast differentiation mechanism suggests a possible strategy to treat bone diseases. In this regard, we recently examined the in vivo impact of kalkitoxin (KT), a marine product obtained from the marine cyanobacterium Moorena producens (previously Lyngbya majuscula), on the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and on the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated in vitro osteoclastogenesis and inflammation-mediated bone loss. We have now examined the molecular mechanism of KT in greater detail. KT decreased RANKL-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-multinucleated cells at a late stage. Likewise, KT suppressed RANKL-induced pit area and actin ring formation in BMM cells. Additionally, KT inhibited several RANKL-induced genes such as cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), TRAP, and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). In line with these results, RANKL stimulated both genes and protein expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1), and this was also suppressed by KT. Moreover, KT markedly decreased RANKL-induced p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK pathways at different time points. As a result, KT prevented inflammatory bone loss in mice, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoclast differentiation markers. These experiments demonstrated that KT markedly inhibited osteoclast formation and inflammatory bone loss through NFATc1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Therefore, KT may have potential as a treatment for destructive bone diseases.

Quantitative proteomic analysis of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a human Huntington's disease patient.

HD (Huntington's disease) is a devastating neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT (huntingtin) gene. We have recently established two iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cell) lines derived from a HD patient carrying 72 CAG repeats (HD-iPSC). In order to understand the proteomic profiles of HD-iPSCs, we have performed comparative proteomic analysis among normal hESCs (human embryonic stem cells; H9), iPSCs (551-8) and HD-iPSCs at undifferentiated stages, and identified 26 up- and down-regulated proteins. Interestingly, these differentially expressed proteins are known to be involved in different biological processes, such as oxidative stress, programmed cell death and cellular oxygen-associated proteins. Among them, we found that oxidative stress-related proteins, such as SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) and Prx (peroxiredoxin) families are particularly affected in HD-iPSCs, implying that HD-iPSCs are highly susceptible to oxidative stress. We also found that BTF3 (basic transcription factor 3) is up-regulated in HD-iPSCs, which leads to the induction of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), followed by activation of the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway. In addition, we observed that the expression of cytoskeleton-associated proteins was significantly reduced in HD-iPSCs, implying that neuronal differentiation was also affected. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HD-iPSCs can provide a unique cellular disease model system to understand the pathogenesis and neurodegeneration mechanisms in HD, and the identified proteins from the present study may serve as potential targets for developing future HD therapeutics.

Kalkitoxin attenuates calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells via RUNX-2 signaling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Kalkitoxin (KT) is an active lipopeptide isolated from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula found in the bed of the coral reef. Although KT suppresses cell division and inflammation, KT's mechanism of action in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is unidentified. Therefore, our main aim was to investigate the impact of KT on vascular calcification for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVES: Using diverse calcification media, we studied the effect of KT on VSMC calcification and the underlying mechanism of this effect. METHODS: VSMC was isolated from the 6 weeks ICR mice. Then VSMCs were treated with different concentrations of KT to check the cell viability. Alizarin red and von Kossa staining were carried out to examine the calcium deposition on VSMC. Thoracic aorta of 6 weeks mice were taken and treated with different concentrations of KT, and H and E staining was performed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were performed to examine KT's effect on VSMC mineralization. Calcium deposition on VSMC was examined with a calcium deposition quantification kit. RESULTS: Calcium deposition, Alizarin red, and von Kossa staining revealed that KT reduced inorganic phosphate-induced calcification phenotypes. KT also reduced Ca++-induced calcification by inhibiting genes that regulate osteoblast differentiation, such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), SMAD family member 4, osterix, collagen 1α, and osteopontin. Also, KT repressed Ca2+-induced bone morphogenetic protein 2, RUNX-2, collagen 1α, osteoprotegerin, and smooth muscle actin protein expression. Likewise, Alizarin red and von Kossa staining showed that KT markedly decreased the calcification of ex vivo ring formation in the mouse thoracic aorta. CONCLUSIONS: This experiment demonstrated that KT decreases vascular calcification and may be developed as a new therapeutic treatment for vascular calcification and arteriosclerosis.

Enhanced expression of recombinant human cyclooxygenase 1 from stably-transfected Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells by dimethyl sulfoxide is mediated by up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase and transcription factor Kr-h1.

Recombinant human cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) was expressed from stably-transfected Drosophila melanogaster S2 (S2) cells. DMSO improved the expression of recombinant COX-1 by 180 %. DMSO increased the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) at both the RNA and protein levels; NOS expression was closely correlated with the synthesis of recombinant COX-1 mRNA in stably-transfected S2 cells. DMSO also induced the gene encoding Kr-h1 which binds to the CACCC element of the metallothionein promoter to enhance the expression of recombinant COX-1. Therefore, DMSO improves the expression of recombinant COX-1 via NOS and/or the transcription factor Kr-h1.

Characterization of Acidic Mammalian Chitinase as a Novel Biomarker for Severe Periodontitis (Stage III/IV): A Pilot Study.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by gingival infection, periodontal pocket formation, and alveolar bone loss. Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), an active chitinase enzyme, increased its expression under severe inflammation and related systemic disorders. However, AMCase expression and molecular mechanism in periodontal inflammation, have not been elucidated yet. This study was aimed to characterize AMCase in severe periodontitis patients compare to those in periodontally healthy subjects. In total, 15 periodontally healthy subjects and 15 severe (stage III/IV) periodontitis patients were enrolled with their informed consent. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AMCase protein expressions in periodontal patients were significantly more increased than those of periodontally healthy individuals. ELISA resulted in median values (first quartile to third quartile) of the periodontally healthy group 0.654 ng/mL (range, 0.644−0.827 ng/mL) and the periodontitis group 0.965 ng/mL (range, 0.886−1.165 ng/mL). AMCase was expressed significantly higher levels in periodontitis patients than in periodontally healthy individuals (p < 0.05). This suggests that AMCase may play a potential role as a biomarker for the screening and early diagnosis of severe periodontitis.

Effects of aloe-emodin on alveolar bone in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis rat model: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Aloe-emodin (AE), a natural anthraquinone abundant in aloe plants and rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), has long been used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. However, AE's underlying mechanisms in periodontal inflammation have not been fully elucidated. Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is a potential biomarker involved in bone remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate AE's effect on periodontitis in rats and investigate AMCase expression. METHODS: Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into the following groups: healthy (group 1), disease (group 2), vehicle (group 3), AE high-dose (group 4), and AE low-dose (group 5). Porphyromonas gingivalis ligatures were placed in rats (groups 2-5) for 7 days. Groups 4 and 5 were then treated with AE for an additional 14 days. Saliva was collected from all groups, and probing pocket depth was measured in succession. Periodontal pocket tissues were subjected to histomorphometric analysis after the rats were sacrificed. Bone marrow-derived macrophages and murine macrophages were stimulated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and treated with different concentrations of AE. AMCase expression was detected from the analysis of saliva, periodontal pocket tissues, and differentiated osteoclasts. RESULTS: Among rats with P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis, the alveolar bone resorption levels and periodontal pocket depth were significantly reduced after treatment with AE. AMCase protein expression was significantly higher in the disease group than in the healthy control (P<0.05). However, AE inhibited periodontal inflammation by downregulating AMCase expression in saliva and periodontal pocket tissue. AE significantly reduced RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis by modulating AMCase (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AE decreases alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation, suggesting that this natural anthraquinone has potential value as a novel therapeutic agent against periodontal disease.

Aster saponin A2 inhibits osteoclastogenesis through mitogen-activated protein kinase-c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: In lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, Aster tataricus (AT) inhibits the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and MAPKs pathways and critical pathways of osteoclast development and bone resorption. OBJECTIVES: This study examined how aster saponin A2 (AS-A2) isolated from AT affects the processes and function of osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). METHODS: The cell viability, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, pit formation assay, polymerase chain reaction, and western blot were carried out to determine the effects of AS-A2 on osteoclastogenesis. RESULTS: In RAW264.7 and BMMs, AS-A2 decreased RANKL-initiated osteoclast differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. In AS-A2-treated cells, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 protein expression were reduced considerably compared to the control cells. In RAW264.7 cells, AS-A2 suppressed the RANKL-induced activation of osteoclast-related genes. During osteoclast differentiation, AS-A2 suppressed the transcriptional and translational expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos. AS-A2 inhibited osteoclast development, reducing the size of the bone resorption pit area. CONCLUSION: AS-A2 isolated from AT appears to be a viable therapeutic therapy for osteolytic illnesses, such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteogenesis imperfecta.

Identification of maturation and protein synthesis related proteins from porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation.

BACKGROUND: In vitro maturation (IVM) of mammalian oocytes is divided into the GV (germinal vesicle stage), MI (metaphase I stage) and MII (metaphase II stage) stages, and only fully mature oocytes have acquired the ability to be fertilized and initiate zygotic development. These observations have been mostly based on morphological evaluations, but the molecular events governing these processes are not fully understood.The aim of the present study was to better understand the processes involved in the molecular regulation of IVM using 2-DE analysis followed by mass spectrometry to identify proteins that are differentially expressed during oocyte IVM. RESULT: A total of 16 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated proteins were identified. To investigate the IVM process, we specifically focused on the proteins that were up-regulated during the MII stage when compared with the GV stage, which included PRDX 2, GST, SPSY, myomegalin, PED4D, PRKAB 1, and DTNA. These up-regulated proteins were functionally involved in redox regulation and the cAMP-dependent pathway, which are essential for the intracellular signaling involved in oocyte maturation. Interestingly, the PDE4D and its partner, myomegalin, during the MII stage was consistently confirmed up-regulation by western blot analyses. CONCLUSION: These results could be used to better understand some aspects of the molecular mechanisms underlying porcine oocyte maturation. This study identified some regulatory proteins that may have important roles in the molecular events involved in porcine oocyte maturation, particularly with respect to the regulation of oocyte meiotic resumption, MII arrest and oocyte activation. In addition, this study may have beneficial applications not only to basic science with respect to the improvement of oocyte culture conditions but also to mammalian reproductive biotechnology with potential implications.

Proteomic analysis of pregnancy-related proteins from pig uterus endometrium during pregnancy.

Many important molecular events associated with implantation and development occur within the female reproductive tract, especially within the uterus endometrium, during pregnancy periods. The endometrium includes the mucosal lining of the uterus, which provides a suitable site for implantation and development of a fertilized egg and fetus. To date, the molecular cascades in the uterus endometrium during pregnancy periods in pigs have not been elucidated fully. In this study, we compared the functional regulated proteins in the endometrium during pregnancy periods with those in non-pregnant conditions and investigated changes in expression patterns during pregnancy (days 40, 70, and 93) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and western blotting. The functional regulated proteins were identified and discovered from differentially expressed proteins in the uterus endometrium during pregnancy. We discovered 820 protein spots in a proteomic analysis of uterus endometrium tissues with 2-DE gels. We identified 63 of the 98 proteins regulated differentially among non-pregnant and pregnant tissues (matched and unmatched spots). Interestingly, 10 of these 63 proteins are development-, cytoskeleton- and chaperon-related proteins such as transferrin, protein DJ-1, transgelin, galectin-1, septin 2, stathmin 1, cofilin 1, fascin 1, heat shock protein (HSP) 90ß and HSP 27. The specific expression patterns of these proteins in the endometrium during pregnancy were confirmed by western blotting. Our results suggest that the expressions of these genes involved in endometrium function and endometrium development from early to late gestation are associated with the regulation of endometrium development for maintaining pregnancy.

An activator of PHD2, KRH102140, decreases angiogenesis via inhibition of HIF-1α.

Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) play a pivotal role in the response of cells to hypoxia. HIFs are dimers of an oxygen-sensitive α-subunit (HIF-1α or HIF-2α), and a constitutively expressed ß-subunit. In normoxia, HIF-1α is destabilized by post-translational hydroxylation of Pro-564 and Pro-402 by a family of oxygen-sensitive dioxygenases. Prolyl hydroxylation leads to von Hippel­Lindau protein-dependent ubiquitination and rapid degradation of HIF-1α. We previously reported that KRH102053, an activator of PHD2, rapidly decreased HIF-1α and eventually inhibited angiogenesis. Here, we report a potent activator of PHD2, KRH102140, which has a structure similar to KRH102053. KRH102140 more efficiently suppressed HIF-1α than KRH102053 in human osteosarcoma cells under hypoxia. Furthermore, KRH102140 decreased the mRNA levels of HIF-regulated downstream target genes associated with angiogenesis and energy metabolism such as vascular endothelial growth factor, adrenomedullin, Glut1, aldolase A, enolase 1 and monocarboxylate transporter 4. KRH102140 also inhibited tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelium cells. The results suggest that KRH102140 has potential therapeutic effects in alleviating various diseases associated with HIFs.

Recent Advances of Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Periodontal Disease.

Periodontal disease is primarily associated with bacterial infection such as dental plaque. Dental plaque, an oral biofilm harboring a complex microbial community, can cause various inflammatory reactions in periodontal tissue. In many cases, the local bacterial invasion and host-mediated immune responses lead to severe alveolar bone destruction. To date, plaque control, non-surgical, and surgical interventions have been the conventional periodontal treatment modalities. Although adjuvant therapies including antibiotics or supplements have accompanied these procedures, their usage has been limited by antibiotic resistance, as well as their partial effectiveness. Therefore, new strategies are needed to control local inflammation in the periodontium and host immune responses. In recent years, target molecules that modulate microbial signaling mechanisms, host inflammatory substances, and bone immune responses have received considerable attention by researchers. In this review, we introduce three approaches that suggest a way forward for the development of new treatments for periodontal disease; (1) quorum quenching using quorum sensing inhibitors, (2) inflammasome targeting, and (3) use of FDA-approved anabolic agents, including Teriparatide and sclerostin antibody.

Protective effects of Cinnamomum cassia Blume in the fibrogenesis of activated HSC-T6 cells and dimethylnitrosamine-induced acute liver injury in SD rats.

Cinnamomum cassia Blume (CC) is one of the world's oldest natural spices, and is commonly used in traditional oriental medicine. We investigated the protective effect of ethanol extract from Cinnamomum cassia Blume (CCE) on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, we examined the effects of CC powder in Sprague-Dawley rats with acute liver injury induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). In vitro, HSC-T6 cells exhibit an activated phenotype, as reflected in their fibroblast-like morphology. CCE significantly reduced the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). In vivo, the results were significantly protected by CC powder in the serum total protein, albumin, total-bilirubin, direct-bilirubin, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). We suggest that CC inhibits fibrogenesis, followed by HSC-T6 cell activation and increased restoration of liver function, ultimately resulting in acute liver injury.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of NCW Peptide from Clam Worm (Marphysa sanguinea).

Clam worms (Marphysa sanguinea) are a rich source of bioactive components such as the antibacterial peptide, perinerin. In the present study, we explored the physiological activities of a novel NCWPFQGVPLGFQAPP peptide (NCW peptide), which was purified from clam worm extract through high-performance liquid chromatography. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) revealed that NCW was a new peptide with a molecular weight of 1757.86 kDa. Moreover, NCW peptide exhibited significant antioxidant effects, causing a 50% inhibition of DPPH radical at a concentration of 20 µM without showing any cytotoxicity. These were associated with a reduction in the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in LPS-stimulated RAW264. 7 cells. Furthermore, NCW peptide exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages via inhibition of the abnormal production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These anti-inflammatory effects of NCW peptide were associated with the inhibition of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Our results therefore suggest that this novel NCW peptide with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects could be a good therapeutic agent against inflammation-related diseases.

Suppression of Inflammation, Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Loss by PZRAS Extract.

Panax ginseng has a wide range of activities including a neuroprotective effect, skin protective effects, enhanced DNA repairing, anti-diabetic activity, and protective effects against vascular inflammation. In the present study, we sought to discover the inhibitory effects of a mixture of natural products containing Panax ginseng, Ziziphus jujube, Rubi fructus, Artemisiae asiaticae and Scutellaria baicalensis (PZRAS) on osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling, as neither the effects of a mixture containing Panax ginseng extract, nor its molecular mechanism on bone inflammation, have been clarified yet. PZRAS upregulated the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSH-R) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, treatment with PZRAS decreased the production of IL-1ß and TNF-α. PZRAS also inhibited osteoclast differentiation through inhibiting osteoclastspecific genes like MMP-2, 9, cathepsin K, and TRAP in RANKL-treated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, PZRAS has inhibitory functions on the RANKL-stimulated activation of ERK and JNK, which lead to a decrease in the expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos. In an in vivo study, bone resorption induced by LPS was recovered by treatment with PZRAS in bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV) compared to control. Furthermore, the ratio of eroded bone surface of femurs was significantly increased in LPStreated mice compared to vehicle group, but this ratio was significantly reversed in PZRAS-treated mice. These results suggest that PZRAS could prevent or treat disorders with abnormal bone loss.

Macrolactin A protects against LPS-induced bone loss by regulation of bone remodeling.

An imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation leads to several kinds of bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and Paget's disease. The imbalance between bone formations relative to bone resorption is responsible in bone remodeling. Several studies have suggested that macrolactin A (MA) has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic effects in various cell types. We investigate whether macrolactin A (MA) could inhibit bone loss and enhance bone formation. We used bone marrow monocytes/macrophages (BMMs) cells to study osteoclast activity and MC3T3-E1 cells to study osteoblast activity. MA suppressed tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive multinucleated cells in a concentration-dependent manner, as well as at a specific time point. MA markedly reduced bone resorption activity and F-actin ring formation. Moreover, MA markedly suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor k-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenic marker genes and transcription factors in-vitro. MA repressed osteoclast differentiation via activation of the phosphoinositide kinase-3/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos signaling pathways. MA enhanced pre-osteoblast cell differentiation on mineralization activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the expression of osteoblastogenic markers including osterix, RUNX-2, SMAD4, BMP-2, and ALP. Importantly, MA repressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory bone loss in mice as shown by TRAP staining of femurs and µCT analysis. Therefore, MA could be a promising candidate for the inhibition and management of osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone lytic diseases.

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and aspirin on Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis in rats.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacteria which can result in periodontal tissue inflammation, as well as alveolar bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin (ASA) on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. METHODS: Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (age 6 weeks) were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 12 each) and had ligatures placed for 7 days, followed by daily treatment with specific drug regimens for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed 20 days after drug treatment, and their maxillary were subjected to histomorphometric analysis. RAW264.7 cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or receptor activator (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL), and treated with various concentrations of omega-3 and ASA. Then, cyclooxygenase (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, and Cathepsin-K gene expression were detected. RESULTS: The administration of omega-3 fatty acids and aspirin significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in serum of rats. Histomorphometric analysis showed omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin promoted alveolar bone increase. Omega-3 fatty acids only, aspirin only, or omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin also inhibited the protein expressions of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, omega-3 combined with ASA also inhibited the RANKL-induced gene expressions of MMPs in dose-dependent manners. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin could decrease alveolar bone loss, while simultaneously increasing the protection against periodontal inflammation.

Aloe-emodin inhibits osteogenic differentiation and calcification of mouse vascular smooth muscle cells.

Vascular calcification increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney diseases, and diabetes. However, viable therapeutic methods to target vascular calcification are limited. Aloe-emodin (AE), an anthraquinone is a natural compound found in the leaves of Aloe-vera. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of AE in the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and murine thoracic aorta. We demonstrate that AE repressed not only the phenotypes of Ca2+ induced calcification but also level of calcium in VSMCs. AE has no effect on cell viability in VSMC cells. Alizarin red, von Kossa stainings and calcium quantification showed that Ca2+ induced vascular calcification is significantly decreased by AE in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, AE attenuated Ca2+ induced calcification through inhibiting osteoblast differentiation genes such as SMAD4, collagen 1α, osteopontin (OPN), Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX-2) and Osterix. AE also suppressed Ca2+ induced osteoblast-related protein expression including collagen 1α, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2), RUNX-2 and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Furthermore, Alizarin red, von Kossa stainings and calcium quantification showed that AE significantly inhibited the calcification of ex vivo ring formation in murine thoracic aorta, and markedly inhibited vitamin D3 induced medial aorta calcification in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that AE may have therapeutic potential for the prevention of vascular calcification program.

Icariside II from Epimedium koreanum inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in human osteosarcoma cells.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is an important tumor-selective therapeutic target for solid tumors. Icariside II was isolated from Epimedium koreanum through successive fractionation with ethyl acetate, n-butanol, chloroform and hexane, followed by gel column chromatography. Icariside II attenuated the protein level of HIF-1alpha induced by hypoxia in human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells in a concentration-dependent manner, probably by enhancing the interaction rate between von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and HIF-1alpha. Furthermore, Icariside II down-regulated the levels of HIF-inducible genes involved in angiogenesis, metastasis, and glucose metabolism, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), adrenomedullin (ADM), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), aldolase A, and enolase 1 in HOS cells. Icariside II also inhibited the migration rate in HOS cells and tube formation rate in human umbilical vein endothelium cells (HUVECs). Overall, these results suggest the potential use of Icariside II as a therapeutic candidate against various diseases that involve overexpression of HIF-1alpha.