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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Widespread use of direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus infection has been paralleled with increased numbers of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after achieving sustained virologic response (post-SVR HCC) worldwide. Few data compare regional differences in the presentation and prognosis of patients with post-SVR HCC. METHODS: We identified patients with advanced fibrosis (F3/F4) who developed incident post-SVR HCC between March 2015 and October 2021 from 30 sites in Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. We compared patient demographics, liver dysfunction, and tumor burden by region. We compared overall survival by region using Kaplan-Meier analysis and identified factors associated with survival using multivariable Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 8796 patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis who achieved SVR, 583 (6.6%) developed incident HCC. There was marked regional variation in the proportion of patients detected by surveillance (range: 59.5%-100%), median maximum tumor diameter (range, 1.8-5.0 cm), and the proportion with multinodular HCC (range, 15.4%-60.8%). The prognosis of patients highly varied by region (hazard ratio range, 1.82-9.92), with the highest survival rates in East Asia, North America, and South America, and the lowest survival rates in the Middle East and South Asia. After adjusting for geographic region, HCC surveillance was associated with early stage detection (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0/A, 71.0% vs 21.3%; P < .0001) and lower mortality rates (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.46). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical characteristics, including early stage detection, and prognosis of post-SVR HCC differed significantly across geographic regions. Surveillance utilization appears to be a high-yield intervention target to improve prognosis among patients with post-SVR HCC globally.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Hepatite C Crônica , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Resposta Viral Sustentada , Hepatite C Crônica/complicações , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Prognóstico , Hepacivirus , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Background: Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) stands as the leading cause of chronic liver disease globally. Notably, individuals with metabolic risk factors, such as diabetes and obesity, exhibit a staggering prevalence of MAFLD, with estimates reaching up to 70%. However, despite its widespread occurrence, there's a noticeable gap in understanding and awareness about MAFLD among these high-risk groups. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to assess the awareness and prevalence of MAFLD among diabetic patients who regularly receive secondary care focusing particularly on how multiethnic backgrounds and associated lifestyle preferences influence these health outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who regularly attend Lambeth Diabetes Intermediate Care Team clinics were invited to undergo MAFLD screening using FibroScan. Those who agreed to participate were provided with structured questionnaires on diet, physical activity, and MAFLD knowledge by a hepatologist. For each participant, anthropometric data, medical history, liver stiffness measurement, and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) were documented. Steatosis was identified with a CAP value of ⩾275 dB/m, and advanced fibrosis was flagged at values of ⩾8 kPa. Results: The FibroScan data was valid in 96.4% (215), 53.5% (115/215) had steatosis and 26.2% (58/215) had liver fibrosis in this multiethnic high-risk group. Awareness of MAFLD was notably low at 30.9%. Alarmingly, 69% of patients diagnosed with liver fibrosis were unfamiliar with the condition. Additionally, understanding of MAFLD showed variation among different ethnic groups with highest levels were demonstrated in the Caucasian/White population (46%). Majority (96%) of these subjects were receiving specific lifestyle advice from healthcare professionals due to metabolic conditions and comorbidities. However, most patients preferred diets that were rich in carbohydrates (65.8%) and only 43% subjects performed moderate exercise daily highlighting lack of understanding regarding MAFLD and lifestyle management. Conclusion: There's a pressing need for increased awareness of MAFLD, especially in multiethnic high-risk groups. Additionally, the development of cost-effective strategies to stratify risk is essential to address this growing health concern.
Ethnic differences and lack of awareness increase fatty liver disease risk in South London diabetics Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) or more commonly fatty liver disease is the leading cause of chronic liver disease globally, particularly affecting individuals with diabetes and obesity. This study focuses on patients with type 2 diabetes in South London who regularly receive secondary care, examining the awareness and prevalence of MAFLD, especially across different ethnic groups. Participants, all with Type 2 Diabetes, attended clinics run by the Diabetes Intermediate Care Team where they underwent MAFLD screening using Fibroscan. This tool measures liver stiffness (fibrosis) and fat levels. In addition to the scans, participants answered questions about their diet, physical activity, and knowledge of MAFLD. Key findings include a low overall awareness of MAFLD, with only about 30.9% of patients aware of the disease. Among those diagnosed with liver fibrosis, 69% were unfamiliar with the condition, indicating a significant awareness gap. Interestingly, awareness levels varied among ethnic groups, with Caucasian/white patients showing the highest awareness at 46%. Despite receiving lifestyle advice from health professionals, many participants preferred carbohydrate-rich diets and only a minority engaged in daily moderate exercise. This behaviour highlights a general lack of understanding about MAFLD and its management through lifestyle changes. The study concludes that there is a critical need to raise awareness about MAFLD among high-risk, multi-ethnic groups in South London. It also highlights the necessity for developing cost-effective strategies to better identify and manage this growing health concern.
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It is alarming that globally, only 2.2% (6.6 million) of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) received treatment in 2019. One contributing factor to this low treatment rate is the complexity and restrictive nature of clinical practice guidelines. Since 1998, we have adopted a "treat-all" approach to patients with CHB. A retrospective study was conducted involving patients with CHB who received treatment from 1998 to 2020 at 2 institutions in Egypt. These patients underwent evaluation through various clinical and laboratory methods, which included testing for liver enzymes and HBV DNA. The study analyzed 1825 patients with HBV, finding that 27.4% had viremia levels under 2000 IU/mL. Most (88%) were HBeAg-negative, with 12% positive. A large portion (77.6%) had normal alanine aminotransferase levels, though 5.6% exceeded twice the upper limit of normal. About 14.2% were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, and 9.6% with F3 stage fibrosis at enrollment. Notably, 2% (25 cases) lost HBsAg over a median of 52 months. Patients with HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL had a higher HBsAg loss rate (4.2%) compared to those with levels >2000 IU/mL (1.3%). During follow-up, 9.5% (117 patients) experienced decompensation, with a higher incidence in those with HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL (16.8%) than those >2000 IU/mL (7.1%). HCC developed in 5.2% of patients with lower HBV DNA and 2.6% with higher levels, showing significant differences. Liver-related deaths occurred in 2.8% of the cohort, with a slightly higher rate in those with lower initial HBV DNA levels (3.5% vs. 2.5%). The findings suggest a paradigm shift in CHB management toward early and broader eligibility for antiviral therapy. This could improve patient outcomes and address the global treatment gap in CHB management, especially in regions with high CHB prevalence.
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BACKGROUND: We recently developed a simple novel index called fibrosis 6 (FIB-6) using machine learning data analysis. We aimed to evaluate its performance in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: A retrospective observational analysis of data was obtained from seven countries (Egypt, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Turkey, Greece, Oman, Qatar, and Jordan) of CHB patients. The inclusion criteria were receiving an adequate liver biopsy and a complete biochemical and hematological data. The diagnostic performance analysis of the FIB-6 index was conducted and compared with other non-invasive scores. RESULTS: A total of 603 patients were included for the analysis; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of FIB-6 for the discrimination of patients with cirrhosis (F4), compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) (F3 and F4), and significant fibrosis (F2-F4) was 0.854, 0.812, and 0.745, respectively. The analysis using the optimal cut-offs of FIB-6 showed a sensitivity of 70.9%, specificity of 84.1%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 40.3%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.0% for the diagnosis of cirrhosis. For the diagnosis of cACLD, the results were 71.5%, 69.3%, 40.8%, and 89.2%, respectively, while for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis, the results were 68.3%, 67.5%, 59.9%, and 75.0%, respectively. When compared to those of fibrosis 4 (FIB-4) index, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and AST-to-alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR), the AUROC for the performance of FIB-6 was higher than that of FIB-4, APRI, and AAR in all fibrosis stages. FIB-6 gave the highest sensitivity and NPV (89.1% and 92.4%) in ruling out cACLD and cirrhosis, as compared to FIB-4 (63.8% and 83.0%), APRI (53.9% and 86.6%), and AAR (47.5% and 82.3%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The FIB-6 index could be used in ruling out cACLD, fibrosis, and cirrhosis with good reliability.
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Hepatite B Crônica , Cirrose Hepática , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Hepatite B Crônica/complicações , Hepatite B Crônica/patologia , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Curva ROC , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Biópsia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fígado/patologia , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Contagem de Plaquetas , Aprendizado de Máquina , Biomarcadores/sangue , Alanina Transaminase/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We previously developed and validated a non-invasive diagnostic index based on routine laboratory parameters for predicting the stage of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) called FIB-6 through machine learning with random forests algorithm using retrospective data of 7238 biopsy-proven CHC patients. Our aim is to validate this novel score in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). METHOD: Performance of the new score was externally validated in cohorts from one site in Egypt (nâ =â 674) and in 5 different countries (nâ =â 1798) in Iran, KSA, Greece, Turkey and Oman. Experienced pathologists using METAVIR scoring system scored the biopsy samples. Results were compared with FIB-4, APRI, and AAR. RESULTS: A total of 2472 and their liver biopsy results were included, using the optimal cutoffs of FIB-6 indicated a reliable performance in diagnosing cirrhosis, severe fibrosis, and significant fibrosis with sensitivity = 70.5%, specificity = 62.9%. PPVâ =â 15.0% and NPVâ =â 95.8% for diagnosis of cirrhosis. For diagnosis of severe fibrosis (F3 and F4), the results were 86.5%, 24.0%, 15.1% and 91.9% respectively, while for diagnosis of significant fibrosis (F2, F3 and F4), the results were 87.0%, 16.4%, 24.8% and 80.0%). Comparing the results of FIB-6 rule-out cutoffs with those of FIB-4, APRI, and AAR, FIB-6 had the highest sensitivity and NPV (97.0% and 94.7%), as compared to FIB-4 (71.6% and 94.7%), APRI (36.4% and 90.7%), and AAR (61.2% and 90.9%). CONCLUSION: FIB-6 score is an accurate, simple, NIT for ruling out advanced fibrosis and liver cirrhosis in patients with MAFLD.