Prevalence and Burden of Illness of Rome IV Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the United States: Results From a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The estimated prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) using Rome IV criteria in the United States (US) ranges from 4.7% to 5.3%, although these estimates arise from studies with relatively small sample sizes. This study assessed the prevalence of IBS and its associated burden of illness using a nationally representative data set with nearly 89,000 people in the US. METHODS: From May 3 to June 24, 2020, we performed an online survey described to participating adults aged ≥18 years old as a "national health survey." We recruited a representative sample of people in the US to complete the survey, which included the Rome IV IBS questionnaire, National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) gastrointestinal scales, and questions on health care-seeking behavior. RESULTS: Overall, 88,607 people completed the survey, of whom 5414 (6.1%) met Rome IV IBS criteria: mixed IBS (n = 1838 [33.9%]), constipation-predominant IBS (n = 1819 [33.6%]), diarrhea-predominant IBS (n = 1521 [28.1%]), and unsubtyped IBS (n = 236 [4.4%]). Women had higher odds for IBS compared with men, whereas racial/ethnic minorities had lower odds for IBS vs non-Hispanic Whites. Across the 3 main subtypes, 68.2% to 73.2% of people reported ever seeking care for their IBS symptoms, whereas 53.8% to 58.9% did so in the past 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide US survey, we found that Rome IV IBS is slightly more prevalent (6.1%) vs prior estimates (4.7%-5.3%). Additional research is needed to determine whether this higher prevalence is in part due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic during which this study was conducted.

Virtual Reality Improves Symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the efficacy and safety of virtual reality (VR) for functional dyspepsia. METHODS: Patients were randomized 2:1 between active vs sham VR. Symptoms were assessed using the Patient Assessment of Gastrointestinal Disorders-Symptom Severity Index (PAGI-SYM) over 2-week. RESULTS: Patients in the active VR group had greater numerical improvement in PAGI-SYM scores (mean difference -0.7; P < 0.001) compared with sham VR (mean difference -0.4; P = 0.032). Active VR led to significant improvements for all PAGI-SYM subscales, except lower abdominal pain, whereas sham only improved heartburn/regurgitation and nausea/vomiting. Half of the total patients reported nonserious adverse effects, although only 1 patient withdrew from the study because of adverse effects. DISCUSSION: VR is safe and results in significant symptom improvement in functional dyspepsia. Larger trials are warranted.

Determining patient preferences for the medical management of osteoporosis using conjoint analysis.

We used conjoint analysis-a method that assesses complex decision making-to quantify patients' choices when selecting an osteoporosis therapy. While 60% of people prioritized medication efficacy when deciding among treatments, the remaining 40% highly valued factors other than efficacy, suggesting the need for personalized shared decision-making tools. INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed to examine patient decision-making surrounding osteoporosis medications using conjoint analysis. METHODS: We enrolled osteoporosis patients at an academic medical center to complete an online conjoint exercise which calculated each patient's relative importance score of 6 osteoporosis medication attributes (higher = greater relative importance in decision-making). We used latent class analysis to identify distinct segments of patients with similar choice patterns and then used logistic regression to determine if demographics and osteoporosis disease features were associated with latent class assignment. RESULTS: Overall, 304 participants completed the survey. The rank order of medication attributes by importance score was the following: efficacy at preventing hip fractures (accounted for 31.0% of decision making), mode of administration (17.5%); risk of serious side effects (16.6%); dose frequency (13.9%); efficacy at preventing spine fractures (12.5%); risk of non-serious side effects (8.4%). We found that 60.9% of the cohort prioritized medication efficacy as their top factor when selecting among the therapies. Being a college graduate, having stronger beliefs on the necessity of using medications for osteoporosis, and never having used osteoporosis medicines were the only factors associated with prioritizing medication efficacy for fracture prevention over the other factors in the decision-making process. CONCLUSIONS: While about 60% of patients prioritized efficacy when selecting an osteoporosis therapy, the remaining 40% valued other factors more highly. Furthermore, individual patient characteristics and clinical factors did not reliably predict patient decision making, suggesting that development and implementation of shared decision-making tools is warranted.

Patient Preferences for Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests in Light of Lowering the Screening Age to 45 Years.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In 2021, the US Preventive Services Task Force lowered the colorectal cancer (CRC) screening age to 45 years. We used conjoint analysis, a method that assesses complex decision making, to update our understanding on people's CRC screening test preferences in the context of new guidelines. METHODS: We conducted a conjoint analysis survey among unscreened individuals ≥40 years at average risk for CRC to determine the relative importance of screening test attributes in their decision making (eg, modality, effectiveness at reducing CRC risk, bowel prep). We also performed simulations to estimate the proportion of people who would prefer each US Multi-Society Task Force (MSTF) on CRC-recommended test. The analyses were stratified among those aged 40-49 years (newly or soon-to-be eligible for screening) and ≥50 years (have been eligible). RESULTS: Overall, 1000 participants completed the conjoint analysis (40-49 years, n = 456; ≥50 years, n = 544). When considering all 5 US MSTF-recommended tests, there were differences in test preferences between age groups (P = .019), and the most preferred test was a fecal immunochemical test (FIT)-fecal DNA every 3 years: 40-49 years, 34.6%; ≥50 years, 37.3%. When considering only the US MSTF tier 1 tests, most 40- to 49- (68.9%) and ≥50-year-olds (77.4%; P = .004) preferred an annual FIT over a colonoscopy every 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that more than one-third of people may want to do a FIT-fecal DNA every 3 years for their CRC screening. When only considering US MSTF tier 1 tests, three-fourths of people may prefer an annual FIT over colonoscopy. Further research examining CRC screening test preferences among broader populations is warranted to inform and enhance screening programs.

Prevalence and Burden of Illness of Rome IV Chronic Idiopathic Constipation, Opioid-Induced Constipation, and Opioid-Exacerbated Constipation in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) and opioid-induced constipation (OIC) are disorders that negatively affect quality of life. We sought to assess the prevalence, symptom severity, and medication use among people with Rome IV CIC, OIC, and opioid-exacerbated constipation (OEC) using a nationally representative data set with nearly 89,000 people in the United States. METHODS: From May 3, 2020, to June 24, 2020, we recruited a representative sample of people in the United States ≥ 18 years to complete an online national health survey. The survey guided participants through the Rome IV CIC and OIC questionnaires, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System gastrointestinal scales (percentile 0-100; higher = more severe), and medication questions. Individuals with OEC were identified by asking those with OIC whether they experienced constipation before starting an opioid and whether their symptoms worsened afterward. RESULTS: Among the 88,607 participants, 5,334 (6.0%) had Rome IV CIC, and 1,548 (1.7%) and 335 (0.4%) had Rome IV OIC and OEC, respectively. When compared with people with CIC (Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System score, 53.9 ± 26.5; reference), those with OIC (62.7 ± 28.0; adjusted P < 0.001) and OEC (61.1 ± 25.8, adjusted P = 0.048) had more severe constipation symptoms. People with OIC (odds ratio 2.72, 95% confidence interval 2.04-3.62) and OEC (odds ratio 3.52, 95% confidence interval 2.22-5.59) were also more likely to be taking a prescription medication for their constipation vs those with CIC. DISCUSSION: In this nationwide US survey, we found that Rome IV CIC is common (6.0%) while Rome IV OIC (1.7%) and OEC (0.4%) are less prevalent. Individuals with OIC and OEC have a higher burden of illness with respect to symptom severity and prescription constipation medication use.

Experiences of Women With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: What Can We Learn From Women's Online Discussions?

PURPOSE: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is a debilitating chronic condition that disproportionately affects women at a ratio of 5:1. We sought to capture women's experiences with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome by conducting a large-scale digital ethnographic analysis of anonymous posts on Internet forums. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Online posts were identified using condition-specific keywords and data mining extraction services. Once posts were identified, a random sample of 200 online posts was coded and analyzed by hand using qualitative methods. A Latent Dirichlet Allocation probabilistic topic model was applied to the complete dataset to substantiate the qualitative analysis and allow for further thematic discovery. RESULTS: A total of 6,842 posts written by 3,902 unique users from 224 websites were identified. There was a significant overlap between the hand coding and Latent Dirichlet Allocation themes. Our analysis yielded the following themes: online community engagement, triggers and disease etiologies, medical comorbidities, quality of life impact, patient experience with medical care, and alternative therapies and self-management strategies. Additionally, our population appeared to have a high burden of nonurological associated syndromes. We identified barriers to patient-centered care and found that online peer support was important for women. CONCLUSIONS: Our digital ethnographic analysis is a novel application of qualitative methods using online sources. Social media analytics appears to capture a broader patient population than that typically included in clinic-based qualitative studies, such as patient interviews and focus groups. Understanding patient behaviors and concerns are important to guide strategies for improving care and the overall experience with this difficult-to-treat condition.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients' Preferences for Subcutaneous versus Intravenous Therapies: A Mixed-Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Multiple biologics are available to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can either be administered subcutaneously or intravenously. The factors that determine patients' preferences for SC/IV administration in IBD are largely unknown. This study aims to elucidate how IBD patients trade off between medications' route of administration and other medication characteristics and to understand what drives patients' preferences. METHODS: We employed a mixed methods design using data from a prior quantitative conjoint analysis survey and a series of 22 qualitative interviews. We quantitatively assessed individual patients' preferences for subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV) medications based on the part-worth utilities derived from the conjoint analysis and identified predictors for these preferences. We used a qualitative analysis to identify key themes surrounding patients' preferences in the interview data. RESULTS: Of 1,077 survey participants, 49% preferred an SC medication every 2 weeks, whereas 51% preferred an IV medication every 8 weeks. More people preferred SC at reduced administration frequencies, whereas less people preferred SC at the expense of lower efficacy or higher side-effects rates. Prior experience with SC/IV was the strongest predictor for patients' preferences. Qualitatively, we obtained in-depth insights in the perceived advantages and disadvantages of SC and IV medications and in patients' preconceived ideas. CONCLUSION: While prior SC/IV exposure was a strong predictor for SC/IV preferences, patients' preferences largely are determined by a variety of other personal factors. The themes we identified could help guide clinicians when discussing therapeutic options with their patients and support shared decision-making.

Azathioprine Withdrawal Is Cost-Effective in Patients with Crohn's Disease in Remission on Infliximab and Azathioprine.

BACKGROUND: In Crohn's disease, combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is more effective than either drug alone but is associated with a higher risk of therapy-related complications. Though therapy de-escalation can reduce risks and save costs, it is associated with a risk of Crohn's disease relapse. AIMS: We aimed to study the cost-effectiveness of de-escalation strategies in Crohn's disease patients in remission on infliximab and azathioprine. METHODS: We constructed a decision tree with Markov models for continuation of infliximab and azathioprine, discontinuation of azathioprine followed by its re-introduction in case of relapse, discontinuation of azathioprine followed by infliximab dose intensification without azathioprine reintroduction in case of relapse and discontinuation of infliximab. Third-party payers' perspective with a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/quality-adjusted life years was used. Markov cycle length was 3 months, and the study period was 5 years. A 35-year-old patient with Crohn's disease in clinical remission on azathioprine 150 mg daily and infliximab 5 mg/kg every 8 weeks was used for base-case analysis. RESULTS: Azathioprine withdrawal followed by its reintroduction upon relapse was the dominant strategy as it was the most effective and least expensive approach on base-case analysis. It was also cost-effective in 99.3% of Monte Carlo trial simulations. AZA withdrawal without IFX dose intensification upon relapse was the least effective and the most expensive strategy. CONCLUSION: Azathioprine withdrawal is the most effective and least costly de-escalation strategy in CD patients in remission on combination therapy if AZA re-introduction is performed upon CD relapse.

Web-Based Video Education to Improve Uptake of Influenza Vaccination and Other Preventive Health Recommendations in Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial of Project PREVENT.

BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of infections, bone fractures, and skin cancers. OBJECTIVE: We developed preventive health videos using a patient-centered approach and tested their impact on preventive health uptake. METHODS: Five animated videos explaining preventive health recommendations in IBD were iteratively developed with patient-centered focus groups and interviews. A randomized controlled trial was then conducted in a web-based IBD cohort to test the impact of video- versus text-based educational interventions. The primary outcome was receipt of the influenza vaccine. Secondary outcomes included intention to receive other preventive health services. RESULTS: Five animated videos were developed with patient input. A total of 1056 patients with IBD were then randomized to receive the video (n=511) or text-only (n=545) interventions; 55% (281/511) of the video group and 57% (311/545) of the text-only group had received their influenza vaccine in the prior year. Immediately after the intervention, 73% (502/683) of patients reported their intention to receive the vaccine, with no difference by the type of intervention (75%, 231/307, for the video group and 72%, 271/376, for the text-only group). The proportion of patients who actually received the influenza vaccine after the intervention also did not differ by messaging type (P=.07). The strongest predictor of both intention to receive and actual receipt of the influenza vaccine was prior influenza vaccination. Older age was also associated with a higher likelihood of the intention to receive (age 36-75 years relative to 18-35 years; P=.006) and actual receipt (age >75 years relative to 18-35 years; P=.05) of the influenza vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of patients receiving the influenza vaccine was high in both groups, but there was no difference in receipt of or in the intention to receive preventive health recommendations by type of messaging. Notably, a portion of patients in both groups had intended to be vaccinated but did not ultimately receive the vaccine. Further evaluation of patient-education strategies is warranted to improve preventive health uptake among patients with IBD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05997537; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05997537.

Qualitative Validation of a Novel VR Program for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A VR1 Study.

INTRODUCTION: Although gut-directed psychotherapies are effective for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), they are rarely prescribed, given a paucity of trained clinicians. Virtual reality (VR) offers a solution by allowing patients to self-practice these techniques in a standardized manner. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team developed IBS/VR, a program that transports users into immersive VR worlds that teach patients about the brain-gut axis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and gut-directed meditation. We tested IBS/VR in Rome IV IBS patients and used inductive analysis to evaluate perceptions and identify recommendations. RESULTS: We achieved thematic saturation after 9 interviews; 3 additional interviews revealed no emergent themes. After making 23 software changes based on patient feedback, we conducted 3 additional interviews which confirmed thematic saturation (N = 15 total). DISCUSSION: This study offers initial validation of the first VR program designed for IBS.

Social Media for the Dissemination of Educational Videos About Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

INTRODUCTION: To broadly disseminate 5 user-centered educational videos for patients with inflammatory bowel disease and their family and friends on social media. METHODS: Relevant social media users were iteratively identified based on their online behavior. For each video, 2 different accompanying texts were tested. RESULTS: We reached 4.2 million social media users of whom 320,302 watched at least 50% of the video. A short description resulted in higher view rates than posing an open-ended question. DISCUSSION: We showed the feasibility of large-scale dissemination of health-related educational videos through social media. Our findings can inform future online dissemination approaches of educational content.

Interactive Inflammatory Bowel Disease Biologics Decision Aid Does Not Improve Patient Outcomes Over Static Education: Results From a Randomized Trial.

INTRODUCTION: To support shared decision-making (SDM) between patients and providers surrounding biologic treatments, we created IBD&me ( ibdandme.org )-a freely available, unbranded, interactive decision aid. We performed a multicenter comparative effectiveness trial comparing the impact of IBD&me on SDM vs a biologics fact sheet developed by the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. METHODS: We enrolled patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) being seen at a clinic within IBD Qorus-a multicenter adult IBD learning health system-between March 5, 2019, and May 14, 2021. Eligible patients included those with recent IBD-related symptoms who reported that they wanted to discuss biologics with their provider during their upcoming visit. Patients were randomized 1:1 using stratified block randomization and received an e-mail 1 week before their visit inviting them to review either IBD&me or a fact sheet. The primary outcome was patient perception of SDM as measured by the 9-Item SDM Questionnaire (0-100 scale; higher = better); the Student t test was used to compare outcomes between arms. RESULTS: Overall, 152 patients were randomized (biologics fact sheet 75, IBD&me 77); most patients had Crohn's disease (66.4%) and were biologic-experienced (82.9%). No differences were seen between groups regarding SDM (fact sheet 72.6 ± 25.6, IBD&me 75.0 ± 20.8; P = .57). Most patients stated they would be likely to recommend the fact sheet (79.6%) or IBD&me (84.9%; P = .48) to another patient with IBD. DISCUSSION: No differences in outcomes were seen between IBD&me and the biologics fact sheet in this comparative effectiveness study; patients reported high satisfaction with both resources. Further study, particularly among biologic naïve patients, is needed to determine the utility of interactive components to IBD decision aids.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Abdominal Pain in the United States.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Abdominal pain is the most common gastrointestinal symptom reported in ambulatory clinics, but little is known about its prevalence and burden of illness in the general community. We conducted a population-based survey to determine the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and healthcare-seeking behavior of persons with abdominal pain. METHODS: Using an online survey research firm, we recruited a representative sample of adults (18 years or older) with a history of abdominal pain. The survey included questions about abdominal pain severity as measured by GI PROMIS (a validated patient-reported outcome questionnaire), healthcare-seeking behaviors, and tests performed to evaluate symptoms. We used multivariable regression models to adjust for confounding. RESULTS: Overall, 24,929 individuals accessed the survey and 10,300 respondents reported experiencing abdominal pain and completed the questionnaire. Most participants (81.0%) were symptomatic in the past week, as measured by GI PROMIS. Of participants with prior pain, 61.5% sought medical care for their symptoms; non-Hispanic Blacks, Latinos, and participants with more education, insurance, a usual source of care, comorbidities, and more severe pain had increased odds for seeking care. Participants who sought care consulted with the following providers: primary care physicians (84.5%), gastroenterologists (39.2%), nurse practitioners or physician assistants (18.6%), obstetricians or gynecologists (8.3%), general surgeons (7.1%), or rheumatologists (3.2%). Moreover, 72.4% of healthcare seekers received tests to evaluate their pain: cross-sectional imaging (54.2%), colonoscopy (52.3%), upper endoscopy (40.8%), exploratory surgery (6.3%), or capsule endoscopy (5.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The burden of illness and healthcare use associated with abdominal pain is high in the United States. However, 2 of 5 individuals did not seek care for their symptoms and many of them might have undiagnosed, treatable disorders.

Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Proton Pump Inhibitor-Refractory Symptoms.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There are few data on the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the United States. We performed a population-based study to determine the prevalence of GERD symptoms and persistent GERD symptoms despite use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). METHODS: We conducted the National Gastrointestinal Survey in 2015 using MyGiHealth, an app that guides participants through National Institutes of Health gastrointestinal Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System surveys. Primary outcomes were prevalence of GERD symptoms in the past and persistence of GERD symptoms (heartburn or regurgitation 2 or more days in past week) among participants taking PPIs. Population weights were applied to the data and multivariable regression was used to adjust for confounding. RESULTS: Among 71,812 participants, 32,878 (44.1%) reported having had GERD symptoms in the past and 23,039 (30.9%) reported having GERD symptoms in the past week. We also found that 35.1% of those who had experienced GERD symptoms were currently on therapy (55.2% on PPIs, 24.3% on histamine-2 receptor blockers, and 24.4% on antacids). Among 3229 participants taking daily PPIs, 54.1% had persistent GERD symptoms. Younger individuals, women, Latino individuals, and participants with irritable bowel syndrome or Crohn's disease were more likely to have continued symptoms, even when taking PPIs. CONCLUSIONS: Using a population-based survey, we found GERD symptoms to be common: 2 of 5 participants have had GERD symptoms in the past and 1 of 3 had symptoms in the past week. We also found that half of PPI users have persistent symptoms. Given the significant effect of GERD on quality of life, further research and development of new therapies are needed for patients with PPI-refractory GERD symptoms.

Social media analytics of overactive bladder posts: what do patients know and want to know?

OBJECTIVE: To assess women's knowledge, patient experience, and treatment decision making regarding overactive bladder (OAB) using digital ethnography. METHODS: Online posts were identified using a data mining service. Two hundred randomized posts were reviewed and coded using grounded theory. We then applied a latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) probabilistic topic modeling process to review the entire collection of identified posts. RESULTS: A total of 2618 posts by 1867 unique users from 203 different websites were identified. Our analysis yielded six themes: the impact of OAB on quality of life, patient-physician interactions, online engagement, symptom management, patient knowledge acquisition, and alternative therapies. CONCLUSION: Overall, online communities are a source of support for women to self-manage the OAB symptom complex and help overcome treatment pathway challenges. Digital ethnography provides insight into patient knowledge and barriers to patient-centered care, which are important to improve patient outreach. Additionally, we identify similar findings to prior work, indicating the reliability of studying social media.

Virtual Reality Reduces Pain in Laboring Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Virtual reality (VR) represents a potential method for easing labor pain and in nonpregnant patients has been shown to achieve similar or greater analgesia than hydromorphone. Few studies of VR have been performed in pregnant women. The aim of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to evaluate whether VR is effective in reducing pain in laboring women. STUDY DESIGN: An open-label, RCT of nulliparous, term women in labor in a tertiary care hospital. We included women with a pain score level of 4 to 7 having regular contractions at least every 5 minutes. We excluded women who had received any pharmacologic pain relief including neuraxial analgesia and those with contraindications to VR. Participants were randomized to up to 30 minutes of either VR or the control arm (no additional intervention). Our primary outcome was the difference in differences from pre- to postintervention pain score. Prespecified secondary outcomes included postintervention pain scores, duration of intervention use, pharmacologic analgesia use, maternal vitals, and obstetric outcomes. RESULTS: From March 2018 to February 2019, 40 subjects were enrolled, randomized, and completed the study; 19 were randomized to control and 21 to the VR arm. Most baseline characteristics were similar between groups. For the primary outcome, those assigned to the control arm had a statistically significant increase in pain of +0.58, while the VR arm had a significant reduction in pain of -0.52 (p = 0.03). There was also a difference in the proportion who had a minimum clinically important difference in pain (0% control and 23.8% VR; p = 0.049). Postintervention maternal heart rate was higher in the control arm (86.8 vs. 76.3, p = 0.01). Most other secondary outcomes did not differ. CONCLUSION: In our study, we found that VR was effective for reducing pain in women in labor as compared with those receiving no intervention. KEY POINTS: · Virtual reality (VR) represents a nonpharmacologic option for pain relief.. · VR has been little studied in pregnant or laboring women.. · VR was associated with a reduction in pain in nulliparous women in labor..

Prevalence and Characteristics of Dysphagia Based on a Population-Based Survey.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although dysphagia is common, there is limited information about the prevalence and burden of illness of dysphagia in the United States. We performed a population-based survey of more than 31,000 adults to evaluate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and health care-seeking behavior of individuals with dysphagia. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of adults in the United States who completed an online, self-administered health survey from April 4 through April 19, 2018. All respondents were asked which of the following symptoms they had ever experienced (presented in random order): dysphagia, abdominal pain, bloating, bowel incontinence, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn/reflux, nausea/vomiting, or none of the above. Only respondents who selected dysphagia continued the remaining survey, which included questions about dysphagia severity, use of compensatory maneuvers, health care seeking, and esophageal comorbidities. We used multivariable regression methods to adjust for confounding. RESULTS: Of 31,129 individuals who participated in the survey, 4998 respondents (16.1%) reported experiencing dysphagia; 92.3% of these had symptoms in the previous week. We found that 16.3% of respondents described their dysphagia over the previous 7 days as either quite a bit or very severe. Drinking liquids to help with dysphagia (86.0%) and taking longer to finish eating (76.5%) were the most common compensatory maneuvers. Overall, 51.1% of individuals sought care for their difficulty swallowing; older age, male sex, having a usual source of care and insurance, having comorbidities, and more severe dysphagia symptoms increased the odds for seeking care (P < .05). The most commonly reported esophageal comorbidities were gastroesophageal reflux disease (30.9%), eosinophilic esophagitis (8.0%), and esophageal stricture (4.5%). CONCLUSIONS: In a large population-based survey, we found that dysphagia is common; 1 of 6 adults reported experiencing difficulty swallowing. However, half of individuals have not discussed their symptoms with a clinician and many could have treatable disorders.

Presentation and Characteristics of Abdominal Pain Vary by Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subtype: Results of a Nationwide Population-Based Study.

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal pain is a cardinal feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); however, differences in abdominal pain among IBS subtypes remain unknown. We aimed to characterize abdominal pain symptoms among established IBS subtypes using data from the National Gastrointestinal (GI) Survey. METHODS: Individuals participating in the National GI Survey completed National Institutes of Health GI Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (GI-PROMIS) questionnaires. Adults meeting modified Rome III IBS criteria and reporting abdominal pain in the previous 7 days were eligible. Outcomes included abdominal pain severity, bothersomeness, interference with daily activities, frequency, and location. Results were stratified by subtype (diarrhea [IBS-D], constipation [IBS-C], and mixed [IBS-M]). Regression models adjusted for demographics and comorbidities. RESULTS: One thousand one hundred fifty-eight individuals (245 IBS-D, 232 IBS-C, and 681 IBS-M) with active IBS symptoms (defined as abdominal pain in the past 7 days) were included. Demographics were similar among the subtypes except for age, race/ethnicity, education, and marital status. The GI-PROMIS score was lower for IBS-D (percentile score of 68.6, SD = 25.1; P = 0.001) and IBS-M (69.1, SD = 25.1; P < 0.001) compared with IBS-C (75.5, SD = 20.7). Abdominal pain was more bothersome (P = 0.001), caused more interference with daily activities (P = 0.03), and was more frequent (P = 0.047) for individuals with IBS-C compared with individuals with IBS-D. No differences in these domains were seen between individuals with IBS-D and IBS-M. Individuals with IBS-C and IBS-M had more widespread pain compared with those with IBS-D. DISCUSSION: In this population-based study, we found that abdominal pain characteristics differ between the IBS subtypes. Namely, individuals with IBS-C experience more bothersome, frequent, and diffuse abdominal pain compared with those with IBS-D.

Increased Risk of COVID-19 Among Users of Proton Pump Inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increase the risk for enteric infections that is likely related to PPI-induced hypochlorhydria. Although the impact of acid suppression on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is unknown thus far, previous data revealed that pH ≤3 impairs the infectivity of the similar severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1. Thus, we aimed to determine whether use of PPIs increases the odds for acquiring coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among community-dwelling Americans. METHODS: From May 3 to June 24, 2020, we performed an online survey described to participating adults as a "national health survey." A multivariable logistic regression was performed on reporting a positive COVID-19 test to adjust for a wide range of confounding factors and to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Of 53,130 participants, 3,386 (6.4%) reported a positive COVID-19 test. In regression analysis, individuals using PPIs up to once daily (aOR 2.15; 95% CI, 1.90-2.44) or twice daily (aOR 3.67; 95% CI, 2.93-4.60) had significantly increased odds for reporting a positive COVID-19 test when compared with those not taking PPIs. Individuals taking histamine-2 receptor antagonists were not at elevated risk. DISCUSSION: We found evidence of an independent, dose-response relationship between the use of antisecretory medications and COVID-19 positivity; individuals taking PPIs twice daily have higher odds for reporting a positive test when compared with those using lower-dose PPIs up to once daily, and those taking the less potent histamine-2 receptor antagonists are not at increased risk. These findings emphasize good clinical practice that PPIs should only be used when indicated at the lowest effective dose, such as the approved once-daily label dosage of over-the-counter and prescription PPIs. Further studies examining the association between PPIs and COVID-19 are needed.

Chronic Constipation in the United States: Results From a Population-Based Survey Assessing Healthcare Seeking and Use of Pharmacotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) is characterized by unsatisfactory defecation and difficult or infrequent stools. CIC affects 9%-20% of adults in the United States, and although prevalent, gaps in knowledge remain regarding CIC healthcare seeking and medication use in the community. We recruited a population-based sample to determine the prevalence and predictors of (i) individuals having discussed their constipation symptoms with a healthcare provider and (ii) the use of constipation therapies. METHODS: We recruited a representative sample of Americans aged 18 years or older who had experienced constipation. Those who met the Rome IV criteria for irritable bowel syndrome and opioid-induced constipation were excluded. The survey included questions on constipation severity, healthcare seeking, and the use of constipation medications. We used multivariable regression methods to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: Overall, 4,702 participants had experienced constipation (24.0% met the Rome IV CIC criteria). Among all respondents with previous constipation, 37.6% discussed their symptoms with a clinician (primary care provider 87.6%, gastroenterologist 26.0%, and urgent care/emergency room physician 7.7%). Age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, employment status, having a source of usual care, insurance status, comorbidities, locus of control, and constipation severity were associated with seeking care (P < 0.05). Overall, 47.8% of respondents were taking medication to manage their constipation: over-the-counter medication(s) only, 93.5%; prescription medication(s) only, 1.3%; and both over-the-counter medication(s) and prescription medication(s), 5.2%. DISCUSSION: We found that 3 of 5 Americans with constipation have never discussed their symptoms with a healthcare provider. Furthermore, the use of prescription medications for managing constipation symptoms is low because individuals mainly rely on over-the-counter therapies.