Time to implement a national referral pathway for suspected cauda equina syndrome: review and outcome of 250 referrals.

INTRODUCTION: Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition with significant implications and medico-legal profile. The literature still lacks large primary studies to provide strong evidence for a robust management pathway. Statements from Neurosurgical and Spinal societies support early diagnosis and imaging but this has not resulted in any noticeable shift in referral pattern. We strongly feel the need for a nationally agreed, evidence-based referral pathway in practice. We present our large series and in-depth analysis of the referral pathway to provide strong evidence for more robust referrals and management. METHODS: We reviewed 250 referrals of suspected CES (sCES) to the regional neurosurgical unit, evaluating the importance of clinical findings and the imaging pathway. RESULTS: After clinico-radiological evaluation only 32 (13%) had confirmed CES requiring urgent surgery. There was no significant difference in terms of clinical presentation between these true cases of CES (tCES) and false cases (fCES). Imaging was therefore the key rate-limiting step. MRI was the most common investigation used. 73 patients presented without imaging out of hours (OOH). In this group, investigation was delayed to the next day in 60/73 (82%) patients while only 13 (18%) patients underwent OOH MRI. Only 2 (3%) were able to have this at their local hospital. CONCLUSIONS:  As with previous studies we conclude that signs/symptoms are insufficient to identify tCES. Taking into consideration the improved outcome with early diagnosis, the importance of early scanning in diagnosing tCES, and the poor availability of OOH MRI scanning outside of neurosurgical units, we recommend a national policy of 24/7 MRI availability for cases of sCES at all hospitals with MRI scanners. This would remove the 87% of patients not requiring urgent surgery from an unnecessary and distracting referral process.

A Rare Case of Spinal Mastocytosis Presenting as an Extradural Mass.

BACKGROUND: Systemic mastocytosis is a hematopoietic disorder of mast cell deposits in various systemic tissues that can include skin, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. When accumulation occurs within bone it has been reported to cause osteoporosis, osteosclerosis, or sometimes a mixed pattern. In exceptionally rare circumstances, it has been reported to present as an exophytic mass causing neural compression. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 72-year-old man was admitted with progressive worsening in his mobility and heavy and numb sensation in his bilateral lower limbs that worsened on walking. His weakness subsequently progressed such that he was no longer able to mobilize for 48 hours prior to admission. On examination he was found to be myelopathic with a sensory level noted at approximately the T10/11 area. Whole spine magnetic resonance imaging was conducted, which revealed a heterogeneous lesion involving the vertebral body and posterior elements of T10. The patient underwent T9-T11 laminecetomy with intralesional debulking of metastatic spinal column tumor. Postoperatively, the patient was noted to have improved anti-gravity power in the lower limbs. Intraoperative biopsy samples revealed focal paratrabecular infiltrates of abnormal mast cells with collagen fibrosis and focal bone destruction, along with cytogenetic features in keeping with systemic mastocytosis. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a rare case of systemic mastocytosis presenting as an extradural lesion causing compressive myelopathy and paraparesis. To our knowledge, this has only been described once before in literature. The patient underwent decompression surgery with improvement in neurology postoperatively. He was subsequently referred to the hematology team for further investigation and management.

Lumbar microdiscectomy with intraspine® - a case series / Microdiscectomía lumbar con intraspine® - serie de casos / Microdiscectomia lombar com intraspine® - série de casos

ABSTRACT Objective To assess postoperative outcomes following lumbar microdiscectomy (LMD) with and without the use of a dynamic intralaminar device IntraSPINE ® . Methods A non-randomized single-surgeon retrospective analysis. Consecutive elective surgery was performed on patients with lumbar disc disease over a 16-month period. The study group was determined by electronic theatre database. Ninety-two (62 LMD and 30 ILD) of the 95 eligible patients were included in the study, with three being excluded due to incomplete data sets. The pain scores were assessed pre- and postoperatively using a 4-point scale (0 - pain free; 1 - mild; 2- moderate; 3 - severe). Results The reduction in postoperative leg pain was similar (LMD 1.9 vs. IntraSPINE® 1.8) but the reduction in postoperative back pain was greater in the IntraSPINE® group (LMD 0.5 vs. IntraSPINE® 1.0; p = 0.17). Early recurrence of disc herniation (< 8 months) was lower in the IntraSPINE® group (6.7% vs. 19.4%; p = 0.097). The need for revision surgery was significantly lower in the IntraSPINE® group (p = 0.015). None of the IntraSPINE® recurrences required revision surgery, compared to 97% of the recurrences in the LMD group. Conclusions This case series raises the possibility that in selected patients, the use of the IntraSPINE® may improve back pain and reduce recurrent disc herniation/revision surgery rates in lumbar microdiscectomy. A prospective randomized trial on the use of the IntraSPINE® should be considered, given the clinical and cost implications of revision surgery. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os resultados pós-operativos de microdiscectomia lombar (MDL) usando ou não o dispositivo intralaminar dinâmico IntraSPINE®. Métodos Análise retrospectiva simples não randomizada feita por um único cirurgião de cirurgias eletivas consecutivas em pacientes com hérnia de disco lombar no período de 16 meses. O grupo de estudo foi determinado por um banco de dados eletrônicos de centro cirúrgico. Noventa e dois (62 MDL e 30 com dispositivos intralaminares, ILD) dos 95 pacientes elegíveis foram incluídos na pesquisa, sendo que três foram excluídos porque os dados eram incompletos. Os escores de dor foram avaliados no pré e pós-operatório com uma escala de 4 pontos (sendo 0 - sem dor, 1 - leve, 2 - moderada e 3 -severa). Resultados A redução da dor nas pernas no pós-operatório foi similar (MDL 1,9 vs. IntraSPINE® 1,8), mas a redução da dor nas costas no pós-operatório foi melhor no grupo IntraSPINE® (MDL 0,5 vs. IntraSPINE® 1,0; p = 0,17). A reincidência precoce de hérnia de disco (< 8 meses) foi menor no grupo IntraSPINE® (6,7% vs. 19,4%; p = 0,097). A necessidade de cirurgia de revisão foi significativamente menor no grupo IntraSPINE® (p= 0,015). Nenhuma das reincidências no grupo com IntraSPINE® exigiu cirurgia de revisão em comparação com 97% das reincidências do grupo MDL. Conclusões Esta série de casos levanta a possibilidade de que, em pacientes selecionados, o uso de IntraSPINE® pode reduzir a dor nas costas e as taxas de recidiva de hérnia de disco e de cirurgias de revisão na microdiscectomia lombar. Um estudo prospectivo e randomizado do uso do IntraSPINE® deve ser considerado, dadas as implicações clínicas e o custo da cirurgia de revisão. Nível de Evidência IV; Série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar los resultados postoperatorios de la microdiscectomía lumbar (MDL) utilizando o no el dispositivo intralaminar dinámico IntraSPINE®. Métodos Análisis retrospectivo simple y no aleatorio realizado por uno solo cirujano de cirugías electivas consecutivas en pacientes con hernia de disco lumbar durante un período de 16 meses. El grupo de estudios fue determinado por una base de datos electrónicos de centro quirúrgico. Noventa y dos (62 MDL y 30 con dispositivos intralaminares, ILD) de los 95 elegibles fueron incluidos en el estudio, siendo que tres fueron excluidos porque los datos estaban incompletos. Las puntuaciones de dolor se evaluaron antes y después de la operación con una escala de 4 puntos (0: sin dolor, 1: leve, 2: moderado, 3: grave). Resultados La reducción del dolor postoperatorio de pierna fue similar (MDL 1,9 versus IntraSPINE® 1,8). Sin embargo, la reducción del dolor postoperatorio de la espalda fue mayor en el grupo con IntraSPINE® (MDL 0,5 versus IntraSPINE® 1,0; p = 0,17). La recurrencia temprana de hernia del disco (< 8 meses) fue menor en el grupo IntraSPINE® (6,7% versus 19,4%; p = 0,097). La necesidad de cirugía de revisión fue significativamente menor en el grupo IntraSPINE® (p = 0,015). Ninguna de las recurrencias en el grupo IntraSPINE® requirió cirugía de revisión en comparación con 97% de las recurrencias en el grupo MDL. Conclusiones Esta serie de casos plantea la posibilidad de que, en pacientes seleccionados, el uso de IntraSPINE® pueda reducir el dolor de espalda y reducir las tasas de recurrencia de hernia de disco y las cirugías de revisión en la microdiscectomía lumbar. Se debe considerar un estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado del uso de IntraSPINE®, dadas las implicaciones clínicas y el costo de la cirugía de revisión. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Serie de casos.

A novel approach to the diagnosis and management of meralgia paresthetica.

OBJECTIVE: To review the results of conservative and surgical treatment of meralgia paresthetica (MP), with particular reference to the use of a simple clinical test for diagnosing this condition and the outcome of primary nerve decompression surgery. METHODS: Records of all patients with a diagnosis of MP were reviewed. Information was obtained about clinical presentation and risk factors, diagnostic evaluation, management, and outcome. Actuarial analysis was used to determine the intervention-free interval after surgical decompression. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2005, MP was diagnosed in 45 patients. There were 27 men and 18 women, and the average age at presentation and duration of symptoms were 47 and 1.9 years, respectively. The pelvic compression test had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 93.3% for this condition. Twenty-five patients were managed conservatively and 20 required operative intervention, which was bilateral in two patients. The average follow-up period was 25 months, and the actuarial 2- and 5-year intervention-free rates were 91 and 78%, respectively, with no specific risk factors for revision surgery. CONCLUSION: The pelvic compression test is a sensitive and specific test for MP, helping to distinguish it from lumbosacral radicular pain. Most patients with this condition can be managed successfully with conservative measures, and those requiring surgery can be treated effectively with nerve decompression.