Emergence of non-albicans Candida species and antifungal resistance in a tertiary care hospital.

The spectrum of candidiasis has changed with the emergence of non-albicans Candida spp. and acquired antifungal resistance, especially in immunocompromised hosts. This changing scenario has necessitated routine antifungal susceptibility testing. In the present work, 102 Candida spp. isolates gathered during 2003 - 2004 were characterized by standard procedures, and antifungal susceptibility testing to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole was performed by broth macrodilution (BMD)-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion (DD) methods. Among all isolates, 77.4% were from an ICU and 10.8% were obtained from a nursery. The majority of the isolates were C. tropicalis (48%), followed by C. parapsilosis (27.4%) and C. albicans (22.5%). Overall 6.9, 4.9 and 3.9% of all isolates were resistant to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole, respectively. Out of the 5 (4.9%) isolates resistant to fluconazole, 4 (3.9%) were from patients with AIDS on fluconazole prophylaxis. A discrepancy was observed between the results of susceptibility testing by DD and those by BMD-MIC: 15 (14.7%) isolates were reported to be resistant by DD despite having low MICs. Based on these results, it was concluded that initial antifungal screening of clinical isolates by the DD method followed by confirmation of resistant strains by the broth dilution method is desirable to optimize patient management.

Evaluation of three methods to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem in India, especially with the emergence of drug resistance. A study was carried out to establish a rapid and accurate method of susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis using three methods viz., proportion method by agar dilution on Middlebrook 7H11 agar, proportion method using the conventional Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium and E test strip method. METHODS: A total of seventy five clinical isolates from pulmonary and extrapulmonary sites were characterised and speciated by biochemical tests, growth and other standard parameters, and eight random isolates, also by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility of M.tuberculosis was performed by proportion method on L-J medium and Middlebrook 7H11 agar medium for isoniazide (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), streptomycin (STM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) using recommended critical concentrations. The two methods were compared with the E test method. RESULTS: The 75 M.tuberculosis strains were isolated from sputum (47), pus (23), aspirate fluid (2), skin tissue (2) and gastric aspirate (1). Of these 49 (65.3%) isolates were sensitive and one (1.3%) was resistant to all the five drugs tested and by all the three methods. Eleven (14.7%) isolates were resistant to INH alone by the three methods. The E test method detected one isolate resistant to INH and 2 to RIF which were missed by the other two methods. The results obtained by all the three methods compared well. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The three methods viz., proportion methods with L-J, Middlebrook 7H11 agar and the E test concurred fully in 57 isolates (76%). Association between L-J and Middlebrook 7H11 agar methods was 59 per cent. E test and the L-J methods did not differ significantly for all the drugs. The finding show that the E test method is superior to the other two methods in terms of simplicity of performance and the rapidity of results. Another advantage is that the MIC values can also be obtained simultaneously by this method.

Standardization of first and second-line antitubercular susceptibility testing using BacT Alert 3D system: a report from a tertiary care centre in India.

Resurgence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis has lead to demand for rapid susceptibility testing. Conventional methods take > 3 weeks and are tedious. Automated methods have superseded them for first line drug susceptibility testing. An attempt was made to standardize first and second line susceptibility testing using the BacT Alert 3D system (Biomerieux). And compare results with Lowenstein Jensen's (LJ) method. 121 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 67 pulmonary and 54 extra pulmonary were subjected to sensitivity to first and second line drugs. Multidrug resistance was detected equally by both methods at 15.7%. 100% agreement was observed between the two methods for aminoglycosides, rifampicin, ethionamide and ciprofloxacin. 91.5% agreement was observed for isoniazid, 85% for pyrazinamide and 72.4% for ethambutol. The time taken by LJ method was 18-32 days and BacT Alert 3D system took 4-12 days. In the lesser developed nations where tuberculosis is rampant a rapid effective method for confirming multidrug resistant tuberculosis is definitely desirable and the BacT Alert 3D system was found an effective method when compared to the 'gold standard' LJ proportion.

Standardization of first and second-line antitubercular susceptibility testing using BacT Alert 3D system: a report from a tertiary care centre in India

Resurgence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis has lead to demand for rapid susceptibility testing. Conventional methods take > 3 weeks and are tedious. Automated methods have superseded them for first line drug susceptibility testing. An attempt was made to standardize first and second line susceptibility testing using the BacT Alert 3D system (Biomerieux). And compare results with Lowenstein Jensen's (LJ) method. 121 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 67 pulmonary and 54 extra pulmonary were subjected to sensitivity to first and second line drugs. Multidrug resistance was detected equally by both methods at 15.7 percent. 100 percent agreement was observed between the two methods for aminoglycosides, rifampicin, ethionamide and ciprofloxacin. 91.5 percent agreement was observed for isoniazid, 85 percent for pyrazinamide and 72.4 percent for ethambutol. The time taken by LJ method was 18-32 days and BacT Alert 3D system took 4-12 days. In the lesser developed nations where tuberculosis is rampant a rapid effective method for confirming multidrug resistant tuberculosis is definitely desirable and the BacT Alert 3D system was found an effective method when compared to the 'gold standard' LJ proportion.