Symbiotic Antimicrobial Effects of Cellulose-Based Bio-Nanocomposite for Disease Management of Agricultural Crops.

In the present work, a bionanocomposite for plant crop protection was prepared by non-toxic biocompatible & biodegradable nanomaterials (Cellulose & TiO2 ) to utilize its synergistic effects against antimicrobial pathogens. The commercially available microcrystalline cellulose has been reduced to a nanometric scale regime using acid hydrolysis, while the standard TiO2 nano-powder of particle size ~20 nm has been used to prepare their nanocomposite (NC). The antibacterial studies via agar well diffusion method demonstrated that after 72 h of incubation, parent nanomaterials Ncell and TiO2 were not showing any activity against phytopathogens X. campestris pv. campestris, and Clavibacter while the nanocomposite's NC's were still effective depicting both bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions. However, the bacterial growth of biocontrol P. fluorescence was not affected by Ncell, TiO2 NPs and NC after 72 h of incubation. The antifungal testing results via poison food agar assay method suggest that the nanocomposite, along with Ncell and TiO2 NPs, exhibited strong inhibition of fungal growth of Phytophthora Spp at 0.125 mg/ml concentration while for F. graminearum, similar effect was observed at 0.25 mg/ml concentration. The nanocomposite has proved its potential by exhibiting longer & stronger synergistic effects against plant pathogens as a good antimicrobial agent for protection of agricultural crops.

A Thrifty Liquid-Phase Exfoliation (LPE) of MoSe2 and WSe2 Nanosheets as Channel Materials for FET Application.

Two-dimensional materials are trending nowadays because of their atomic thickness, layer-dependent properties, and their fascinating application in the semiconducting industry. In this work, we have synthesized MoSe2 and WSe2 nanosheets (NSs) via a liquid-phase exfoliation method and investigated these NSs as channel materials in field-effect transistors (FET). The x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed that the synthesized NSs have a 2H phase with 0.65 nm d-spacing which belongs to the (002) Miller plane. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed that MoSe2 and WSe2 have a nanosheet-like structure, and the average lateral dimensions of these NSs are ~ 25 nm and ~ 63 nm, respectively. From Raman spectra, we found that the intensity of the A1g vibrational mode decreases with the reduction in the number of layers. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed that the bandgap values of MoSe2 and WSe2 NSs are 1.55 eV and 1.50 eV, respectively, calculated using the Tauc equation. The output and transfer characteristics of the FET devices reveals that the fabricated FETs have good ohmic contact with the channel material and an ON/OFF current ratio of about 102 for both devices. This approach for the fabrication of FET devices can be achieved even without sophisticated fabrication facilities, and they can be applied as gas sensors and phototransistors, among other applications.

Study of fluorescence quenching due to 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrafluoro-7, 7', 8, 8'-tetracyano quinodimethane and its solid state diffusion analysis using photoluminescence spectroscopy.

In this work, we have studied the fluorescence quenching and solid state diffusion of 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrafluoro-7, 7', 8, 8'-tetracyano quinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Quenching studies were performed with tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq3) in solid state samples. Thickness of F4-TCNQ was varied in order to realize different concentrations and study the effect of concentration. PL intensity has reduced with the increase in F4-TCNQ thicknesses. Stern-Volmer and bimolecular quenching constants were evaluated to be 13.8 M(-1) and 8.7 × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The quenching mechanism was found to be of static type, which was inferred by the independent nature of excited state life time from the F4-TCNQ thickness. Further, solid state diffusion of F4-TCNQ was studied by placing a spacing layer of α-NPD between F4-TCNQ and Alq3, and its thickness was varied to probe the diffusion length. PL intensity was found to increase with the increase in this thickness. Quenching efficiency was evaluated as a function of distance between F4-TCNQ and Alq3. These studies were performed for the samples having 1, 2.5, and 5.5 nm thicknesses of F4-TCNQ to study the thickness dependence of diffusion length. Diffusion lengths were evaluated to be 12.5, 15, and 20 nm for 1, 2.5, and 5.5 nm thicknesses of F4-TCNQ. These diffusion lengths were found to be very close to that of determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy technique.

Sodium fluoride generates ROS and alters transcription of genes for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver: expression pattern of Nrf2/Keap1 (INrf2).

Anthropogenic activities have resulted in an increase in the level of fluoride (F), a natural pollutant in water, causing great threat to the aquatic organisms including fishes. Earlier we reported that sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure alters histological ultrastructure in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver evidenced by hyperplasia, cytoplasmic degeneration, heteropycnosis etc. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to 7.5, 15 and 30 mg NaF l(-1) for 30 days as well as to 15 mg NaF l(-1) for 90 days. In NaF treated fish, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depletion of glutathione (GSH) and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content along with enhanced activities of oxyradical-scavenging enzymes like catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were recorded. Activity of GSH-metabolizing enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was also enhanced. The mRNA levels of genes for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) like cytochrome P450 1A (Cyp1A), NADPH Q Oxidase 1 (Nqo1) and Heme Oxygenase 1 (Ho-1) increased along with nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) whereas Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) decreased in the treated groups in comparison to their controls. The increase in Nrf2 protein levels in NaF treated fish confirmed its key regulatory role in F-induced oxidative stress. Chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentations were evidenced in NaF-treated groups indicating possible induction of apoptosis. The modulation of these toxicological parameters at genetic and biochemical levels may be used as an early warning for the environmental risk assessment of F(-) toxicity to aquatic organisms including fishes.

Differential in vivo genotoxicity of arsenic trioxide in glutathione depleted mouse bone marrow cells: expressions of Nrf2/Keap1/P62.

Generation of reactive oxygen species is one of the major contributors in arsenic-induced genotoxicity where reduced glutathione (GSH) could be an important determining factor. To understand the role of endogenous GSH, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) was administered in buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)- and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)-treated mice. As2O3-induced significant chromosome aberrations (CAs) in all treatment groups compared with the control. BSO-treated mouse bone marrow cells showed significant CAs at a dose of 2 mg As2O3 kg(-1) b.w. Similar induction was not evident at 4 mg As2O3 kg(-1) b.w. and exhibited antagonistic effect at 8 mg As2O3 kg(-1) b.w. To understand this differential effect, expression pattern of Nrf2 was observed. Nrf2 expression increased following As2O3 treatment in a dose-dependent manner up to 4 mg As2O3 kg(-1) b.w after which no further increase was noticed. NAC pre-treatment significantly reduced the extent of As2O3-induced CAs suggesting the protective role of endogenous GSH against arsenic-induced genotoxicity.

Design and synthesis of novel anthracene derivatives as n-type emitters for electroluminescent devices: a combined experimental and DFT study.

Six novel anthracene-oxadiazole derivatives, 4a (2-(4-(anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-5-p-tolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole), 4b (2-(4-(anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole), 4c (2-(4-(anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole), 8a (2-(4-(anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-5-m-tolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole), 8b (2-(3-(anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) and 8c (2-(3-(anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) have been synthesized and characterized for use as emitters in organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). They show good thermal stability (T(d), 297-364 °C) and glass transition temperatures (T(g)) in the range of 82-98 °C, as seen from the thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric studies. The solvatochromism phenomenon and electrochemical properties have been studied in detail using UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. TD-DFT calculations have been carried out to understand the electrochemical and photophysical properties. The spatial structures of 4b and 8c are further confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Un-optimized non-doped electroluminescent devices were fabricated using these anthracene derivatives as emitters with the following device configuration: ITO (120 nm)/α-NPD (30 nm)/4a-4c or 8a-8c(35 nm)/BCP (6 nm)/Alq3 (28 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (150 nm). Among all the six compounds, 8a displays the maximum brightness of 1728 cd m(-2) and current efficiency 0.89 cd A(-1). Furthermore, as an electron transporter, 8a exhibited superior performance (current efficiency is 11.7 cd A(-1)) than the device using standard Alq3 (current efficiency is 8.69 cd A(-1)), demonstrating its high potential for employment in OLEDs. These results indicate that the new anthracene-oxadiazole derivatives could play an important role in the development of OLEDs.

CuInS2 quantum dots-based unipolar resistive switching for non-volatile memory applications.

Recent advancements have established quantum dots (QDs) as a promising alternative to conventional bulk materials in the fabrication of nanoscale integrated electronic devices. The appeal of QDs lies in their amenability to low-temperature processes and solution-based methodologies, facilitating the construction of devices with enhanced versatility and efficiency. The ternary metal chalcogenide CuInS2 QDs are one of the foremost, eco-friendly, and highly stable materials. In this study, CuInS2 QDs are employed as a functional layer in a memristive device featuring an Al/CuInS2/ITO configuration. The CuInS2 QDs have been synthesized by a hot injection method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to reveal their structural features. The Al/CuInS2/ITO device shows a unipolar resistive switching (RS) behaviour with a high on/off ratio of 105. The switching parameters have been studied for 100 cycles of SET/RESET. The SET and RESET voltages are found to be 1.66 ± 0.25 V and 0.69 ± 0.17 V. The spatial variability of switching parameters in the Al/CuInS2/ITO structure has also been studied for 9 different devices. The device also exhibits unipolar RS behaviour in the optimum temperature range of 0 °C to 50 °C. These outcomes demonstrate the impressive performance of CuInS2 QDs, indicating their potential for future energy-efficient and large-scale non-volatile memory applications.

The antecedents, drivers and outcomes of employee family incivility in the workplace: A systematic review and future research avenues.

Family Incivility has emerged as an important construct that may impact the employee's mental wellbeing and thus affect various organizational outcomes including financial and market related outcomes. The construct however is nascent stage of scholarly research. Thus through a systematic literature review we organise the scholarship till date on the theories, contexts and methods used to explore the construct We also propose a unique framework for employee family incivility and its impact on workplace that identifies and maps the antecedents, drivers and outcomes of family incivility. These two contributions would help both scholars and practitioners in further development of theory and practice. The study follows the PRISMA method for literature review which is an established and rigorous protocol to minimise the errors and biases. That identified 34 articles for the review that were analysed and synthesised for the findings. The third unique and novel contribution of the study is the identification of specific future research questions with reference to employee family incivility and workplace, based on the analysis done in the review.

Exciton quenching by diffusion of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7',8,8'-tetra cyano quino dimethane and its consequences on joule heating and lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes.

In this Letter, the effect of F(4)-TCNQ insertion at the anode/hole transport layer (HTL) interface was studied on joule heating and the lifetime of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Joule heating was found to reduce significantly (pixel temperature decrease by about 10 K at a current density of 40 mA/cm(2)) by this insertion. However, the lifetime was found to reduce significantly with a 1 nm thick F(4)-TCNQ layer, and it improved by increasing the thickness of this layer. Thermal diffusion of F(4)-TCNQ into HTL leads to F(4)-TCNQ ionization by charge transfer, and drift of these molecules into the emissive layer caused faster degradation of the OLEDs. This drift was found to reduce with an increase in the thickness of F(4)-TCNQ.

Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of organic light emitting diodes using nanostructured indium tin oxide.

Improved outcoupling efficiency of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) is demonstrated by incorporating a nanostructured indium tin oxide (NSITO) film between a conducting anode and a glass substrate. NSITO film was fabricated using rf-sputtering at oblique angle (85°). Significant reduction in refractive index and improved transmission of NSITO film was observed. OLEDs were then fabricated onto NSITO film to extract the ITO-glass waveguided modes. Extraction efficiency was enhanced by 80% without introducing any detrimental effects to operating voltage, current density, and angular invariance of emission spectra of OLEDs.

Luminescence studies in cadmium telluride nanocrystals grown on glass substrates.

The thermal evaporation method can easily be employed to fabricate hybrid inorganic-organic LEDs and the emission properties can be controlled by varying the thickness of the nanocrystalline CdTe film. The fabrication of CdTe nanocrystals on glass substrates was demonstrated using a thermal evaporation method. Films were characterised using various experimental tools, such as SEM, TEM, AFM, UV-Vis and PL spectroscopy. The formation of nanoparticles with diameters from 1.5 nm up to 9 nm was observed in the nanocrystalline thin films. The organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on these nanocrystals as an emissive layer exhibit electroluminescence (EL) in the green to yellow region of the visible spectrum, which is ascribed to the varying size dependent EL from the nanocrystals of CdTe present in the thin film. The method demonstrates an easy and convenient way to incorporate inorganic CdTe nanocrystals inside the organic light emitting devices.

A study on structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of perovskite CsPbBr3 QD/2D-TiSe2 nanosheet based nanocomposites for optoelectronic applications.

Lead halide perovskite (CsPbBr3) quantum dots (QDs) and two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides have a significant application in solution-processed optoelectronic devices. Here, we report the oleylamine-assisted exfoliation of TiSe2 nanosheets (NSs) in dichlorobenzene with high concentration and stable dispersion. The functionalized TiSe2 NSs were used to synthesize the solution-processed perovskite CsPbBr3 QD/TiSe2 NS-based nanocomposite. The perovskite QDs and TiSe2 NSs were characterized by different techniques. The strong photoluminescence (PL) quenching and decreased lifetime decay of the nanocomposite indicates efficient charge transfer from photo-excited CsPbBr3 to TiSe2 NSs. The calculated charge-transfer rate constant (KET) from photo-excited CsPbBr3 to TiSe2 NSs increased from 1.50 × 108 to 2.79 × 108 s-1 in different concentrations of TiSe2 NSs (5 to 20 µg mL-1), respectively. Furthermore, the photo-currents of CsPbBr3 QD/TiSe2 NS nanocomposite devices were dramatically enhanced ∼2 times compared to pristine CsPbBr3 QD based devices, which supports the charge transfer and charge separation in nanocomposite devices.

Luminscent graphene quantum dots for organic photovoltaic devices.

Recent research in organic photovoltaic (OPV) is largely focused on developing low cost OPV materials such as graphene. However, graphene sheets (GSs) blended conjugated polymers are known to show inferior OPV characteristics as compared to fullerene adduct blended with conjugated polymer. Here, we demonstrate that graphene quantum dots blended with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) or poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4phenylenevinylene) polymer results in a significant improvement in the OPV characteristics as compared to GSs blended conjugated polymers. This work has implications for inexpensive and efficient solar cells as well as organic light emitting diodes.

A study on chemical exfoliation and structural and optical properties of two-dimensional layered titanium diselenide.

Titanium diselenide (TiSe2) is the least studied member of the transition metal dichalcogenide family due to a lack of available synthesis methodology, controlled bandgap engineering, and rapid characterization of layers. In this paper, we report the chemical exfoliation of TiSe2 platelets synthesized by the chemical vapor transport route in ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) functionalized with oleylamine (OLA), for the first time to the best of our knowledge. It is found that the addition of OLA supports the formation of a stable dispersion of a large area of the TiSe2 sheets due to surface capping with the OLA molecules indicating the importance of the ligand in dispersion behavior. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the hexagonal structure of the TiSe2 platelets with the space group P3[combining macron]m1 while Raman spectroscopy reveals that two modes of vibration i.e. A1g and E2g exist with layered structures having dimensions in micrometers as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the successful functionalization of chemically exfoliated TiSe2 nanosheets. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy reveals that exfoliated TiSe2 has a thickness of 15-55 nm whereas high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicates thicker sheets for ligand-free exfoliated TiSe2 which are crystalline. Atomic force microscopy confirms the formation of nanosheets. UV-Visible, photoluminescence, and time-resolved PL spectroscopy showed an enhanced effect and better average lifetime of excitation for the exfoliated sheets with OLA than those without OLA. The C-V studies reveal that with increasing scan rate, the corresponding current also increases. The present study offers the possibility of their utilization in optoelectronics, advanced low-power electronics, voltage-controlled oscillators, ultra-fast electronics, and electrochemical devices.

Benzoyl Halide as Alternative Precursor for Synthesis of Lead Free Double Perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 Nanocrystals.

Ternary bismuth halides are interesting functional materials closely related to Pb halide perovskite photovoltaic material, and are widely sought after due to reduced toxicity of Bi compared to Pb. There are several reports on synthesis of Cs3Bi2Br9 nanocrystals (NCs) due to its being relatively stable compared to lead perovskite. Cs3Bi2Br9 nanocrystals have been synthesised using benzoyl bromide as an precursor using hot injection process at two different temperatures of 120 °C and 160 °C. Samples have been characterized for its structural, optical, microstructural and luminescent properties using X-ray diffraction, (XRD) UV-Vis spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescent spectroscopy. XRD showed formation of Cs3Bi2Br9 phase with mono-crystalline structure. UV-Vis showed two types of band gap in the visible region which shows that the material can be used for photovoltaic applications. HRTEM confined the particles to be composed of nanocrystals with ˜5 nm particles in the samples grown at 120 °C and it the particles joined together yield various structures composed of nanoparticles. The time resolved photoluminescence shows average life times of 3.067 ns and 4.761 ns for samples grown at two different temperatures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where benzoyl halide has been used as alternative precursor for the synthesis of lead free double perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 nanocrystals which have many applications.

Functionalized 2D-MoS2-Incorporated Polymer Ternary Solar Cells: Role of Nanosheet-Induced Long-Range Ordering of Polymer Chains on Charge Transport.

In this paper, we demonstrated the enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) by incorporation of functionalized 2D-MoS2 nanosheets (NSs) as an additional charge-transporting material. The enhancement in PCE of ternary solar cells arises due to the synergic enhancement in exciton dissociation and the improvement in mobility of both electrons and holes through the active layer of the solar cells. The improved hole mobility is attributed to the formation of the long-range ordered nanofibrillar structure of polymer phases and improved crystallinity in the presence of 2D-MoS2 NSs. The improved electron mobility arises due to the highly conducting 2D network of MoS2 NSs which provides additional electron transport channels within the active layer. The nanosheet-incorporated ternary blend solar cells exhibit 32% enhancement in PCE relative to the binary blend P3HT/PC71BM.

Functionalized Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets for 0D-2D Hybrid Nanostructures: Photoinduced Charge Transfer and Enhanced Photoresponse.

The high-concentration stable dispersion of free-standing mono- or few-layer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets (NSs) remains a significant barrier for their application in solution-processed optoelectronic devices. Here, we report oleylamine (OLA)- and dodecanethiol (DDT)-assisted exfoliation of MoS2 NSs in nonpolar organic solvent 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB), which enables high-concentration stable dispersion of free-standing mono- or few-layer NSs. The functionalized MoS2 NSs were further utilized for the fabrication of solution-processed 0D-2D hybrids of CuInS2 quantum dots (CIS QDs) and MoS2 NSs. The strong photoluminescence (PL) quenching and decreased PL lifetimes of CIS QDs attached to MoS2 NSs indicates efficient charge transfer from photoexcited CIS to MoS2 NSs. The photocurrent of CIS/MoS2 hybrid devices is dramatically enhanced compared to that of pure CIS and pristine MoS2-based devices, confirming that efficient charge separation and transfer occur from CIS QDs to MoS2 NSs.

Large Area Fabrication of Semiconducting Phosphorene by Langmuir-Blodgett Assembly.

Phosphorene is a recently new member of the family of two dimensional (2D) inorganic materials. Besides its synthesis it is of utmost importance to deposit this material as thin film in a way that represents a general applicability for 2D materials. Although a considerable number of solvent based methodologies have been developed for exfoliating black phosphorus, so far there are no reports on controlled organization of these exfoliated nanosheets on substrates. Here, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and deoxygenated water is employed as a subphase in Langmuir-Blodgett trough for assembling the nanosheets followed by their deposition on substrates and studied its field-effect transistor characteristics. Electron microscopy reveals the presence of densely aligned, crystalline, ultra-thin sheets of pristine phosphorene having lateral dimensions larger than hundred of microns. Furthermore, these assembled nanosheets retain their electronic properties and show a high current modulation of 104 at room temperature in field-effect transistor devices. The proposed technique provides semiconducting phosphorene thin films that are amenable for large area applications.

Interactions of titania based nanoparticles with silica and green-tea: Photo-degradation and -luminescence.

An effective way to modify the photocatalytic activity of both anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles by coating the surface with either an inorganic (SiO2/silica) or organic (green-tea) layer using a chemical approach is demonstrated. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used to cover the surface of TiO2 with silica which facilitates the inhibition of photocatalytic activity, ensuring its application in sunscreens by blocking the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Green-tea extract, rich in epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), was used to coat/stabilize nano-sized TiO2. The morphology of these coatings was revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. These studies showed good coverage for both types of coating, but with somewhat better uniformity of the coating layer on rutile TiO2 compared to anatase due to its more uniform particle geometry. The effectiveness of each coating was evaluated by photodegradation of an organic dye (methyl orange). These studies showed rutile_polyphenol exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity among rutile forms which validates its feasibility to be used in photodegradation.

In Vivo Effect of Arsenic Trioxide on Keap1-p62-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Mouse Liver: Expression of Antioxidant Responsive Element-Driven Genes Related to Glutathione Metabolism.

Arsenic is a Group I human carcinogen, and chronic arsenic exposure through drinking water is a major threat to human population. Liver is one of the major organs for the detoxification of arsenic. The present study was carried out in mice in vivo after arsenic treatment through drinking water at different doses and time of exposure. Arsenic toxicity is found to be mediated by reactive oxygen species. Nuclear factor (erythroid-2 related) factor 2 (Nrf2)/Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)/ARE (antioxidant response element)-driven target gene system protects cells against oxidative stress and maintains cellular oxidative homeostasis. Our result showed 0.4 ppm, 2 ppm, and 4 ppm arsenic trioxide treatment through drinking water for 30 days and 90 days induced damages in the liver of Swiss albino mice as evidenced by histopathology, disturbances in liver function, induction of heat shock protein 70, modulation of trace elements, alteration in reduced glutathione level, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase activity, malondialdehyde production, and induction of apoptosis. Cellular Nrf2 protein level and mRNA level increased in all treatment groups. Keap1 protein as well as mRNA level decreased concomitantly in arsenic treated mice. Our study clearly indicates the important role of Nrf2 in activating ARE driven genes related to GSH metabolic pathway and also the adaptive response mechanisms in arsenic induced hepatotoxicity.