Cervical Artery Dissections and Ischemic Strokes Associated with Vascular Neck Compression Techniques (Sportive Chokes).

BACKGROUND: Strangulation as a fight-finishing maneuver in combat sports, termed "choking" in that context, occurs worldwide millions of times yearly. This activity can be trained safely, but devastating injuries can occur. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to present a case series of cervical artery dissections and ischemic strokes associated with sportive choking. Sharing these cases is meant to draw awareness, to assist emergency physicians in caring for these athletes, and to provide a platform for further research. METHODS: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained. Participants consented for medical information transfer and anonymous academic reproduction. The minimum medical record information necessary for inclusion was a report of diagnosis-confirming advanced imaging. Participants were contacted for primary information in addition to what the medical records could provide and to confirm some information in the record (e.g., pertinent medical history, demographic characteristics, choking event description, medical care, and commentary on their current health). Medical records and additional first-hand information were reviewed and participants were included if they had a diagnosed dissection or stroke likely associated with a sportive choke. RESULTS: Ten cases met all criteria for inclusion. There were 5 cases of carotid artery dissection, 3 cases of vertebral artery dissection, and 2 cases of ischemic stroke without dissection. Nine of 10 participants survived and 3 of 10 have returned to submission grappling training. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical artery dissections and ischemic strokes can occur in association with sportive choking. Emergency physicians must be aware of the widespread nature of this activity and must be vigilant in approaching management of patients with symptoms consistent with these injuries.

Analysis of a Consecutive Retrospective Cohort of Strangulation Victims Evaluated by a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Consult Service.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the evaluation of strangulation victims assessed by a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) service. The primary objective was to produce observational results on documented injury frequency and secondarily to explore advanced imaging use, outcomes, signs/symptoms, and documentation. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 130 consecutive strangled patients over a 42-month period evaluated by a SANE consult service in a metropolitan area. A single investigator extracted medical records for demographics, history, imaging, injuries, disposition, and both presence and documentation of a number of signs/symptoms. A second investigator independently extracted greater than 30% of the total charts with universal agreement. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Patients were primarily female (129:1) and their age averaged 30.6 years. Time from event to presentation varied. There were no major brain or neck injuries detected (0%; 95 confidence interval, 0-2.31), and all patients were discharged in stable condition. Imaging was used in 23 patients (17.7%). Certain signs and symptoms were more common than others, and documentation frequency of signs and symptoms varied. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective cohort of 130 consecutive nonfatally strangled awake patients seen as SANE consults in a single emergency department, there were no major injuries documented. The most common signs or symptoms were neck pain, neck markings, and loss of consciousness. Imaging was used in 17.7% of the patients. Presence or absence of neck pain, neck markings, and altered mental status were most consistently documented. Seizure, subcutaneous emphysema, and carotid bruit were least consistently documented.

Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Occlusion Myocardial Infarction in Ventricular Paced Rhythm Using the Modified Sgarbossa Criteria.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Ventricular paced rhythm is thought to obscure the electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute coronary occlusion myocardial infarction. Our primary aim was to compare the sensitivity of the modified Sgarbossa criteria (MSC) to that of the original Sgarbossa criteria for the diagnosis of occlusion myocardial infarction in patients with ventricular paced rhythm. METHODS: In this retrospective case-control investigation, we studied adult patients with ventricular paced rhythm and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome who presented in an emergency manner to 16 international cardiac referral centers between January 2008 and January 2018. The occlusion myocardial infarction group was defined angiographically as thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 0 to 1 flow or angiographic evidence of coronary thrombosis and peak cardiac troponin I ≥10.0 ng/mL or troponin T ≥1.0 ng/mL. There were 2 control groups: the "non-occlusion myocardial infarction-angio" group consisted of patients who underwent coronary angiography for presumed type I myocardial infarction but did not meet the definition of occlusion myocardial infarction; the "no occlusion myocardial infarction" control group consisted of randomly selected emergency department patients without occlusion myocardial infarction. RESULTS: There were 59 occlusion myocardial infarction, 90 non-occlusion myocardial infarction-angio, and 102 no occlusion myocardial infarction subjects (mean age, 72.0 years; 168 [66.9%] men). For the diagnosis of occlusion myocardial infarction, the MSC were more sensitive than the original Sgarbossa criteria (sensitivity 81% [95% confidence interval [CI] 69 to 90] versus 56% [95% CI 42 to 69]). Adding concordant ST-depression in V4 to V6 to the MSC yielded 86% (95% CI 75 to 94) sensitivity. For the no occlusion myocardial infarction control group of ED patients, additional test characteristics of MSC and original Sgarbossa criteria, respectively, were as follows: specificity 96% (95% CI 90 to 99) versus 97% (95% CI 92 to 99); negative likelihood ratio (LR) 0.19 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.33) versus 0.45 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.65); and positive LR 21 (95% CI 7.9 to 55) versus 19 (95% CI 6.1 to 59). For the non-occlusion myocardial infarction-angio control group, additional test characteristics of MSC and original Sgarbossa criteria, respectively, were as follows: specificity 84% (95% CI 76 to 91) versus 90% (95% CI 82 to 95); negative LR 0.22 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.38) versus 0.49 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.66); and positive LR 5.2 (95% CI 3.2 to 8.6) versus 5.6 (95% CI 2.9 to 11). CONCLUSION: For the diagnosis of occlusion myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm, the MSC were more sensitive than the original Sgarbossa criteria; specificity was high for both rules. The MSC may contribute to clinical decisionmaking for patients with ventricular paced rhythm.

There is more to the mechanism of unconsciousness from vascular neck restraint than simply carotid compression.

Vascular neck restraint (VNR), an effective technique practiced within police and military combatives and in mixed martial arts and grappling sports, is of both interest and controversy. In any context the goal of VNR (referred to as a choke within combat sports) is to restrict brain blood flow enough to threaten or result in unconsciousness. The physiologic basis for the resultant unconsciousness has been depicted as being solely because of restriction of carotid blood flow due to direct external compression. This view is likely simpler than what is actually going on, but it's an area not well explored in the medical literature. Brain blood flow is maintained through mechanisms that allow for a relatively wide acceptable cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). If CPP drops below the threshold of this auto-regulation, blood flow and brain oxygen delivery begin to decline. CPP is the difference of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) coming into the brain and the intracranial pressure (ICP). Lowering the MAP and/or raising the ICP reduce the CPP. The best literature-established physiologic component of VNR is carotid compression and resultant reduction in functional carotid MAP, thus lowering the CPP. Most studies have looked at this essentially to the exclusion of two other contributing entities: jugular compression resulting in increased ICP from reduction of outflow, and reduction of actual whole body MAP due to reduced cardiac output from vagal stimulation coming from a pressure affected carotid body. This article fleshes out some of these physiologic variables and discusses the related available literature.

Oral nitroglycerin solution for oesophageal food impaction: a prospective single-arm pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Thirteen episodes of oesophageal food impaction (EFI) per 100 000 people present to a medical setting each year. Several pharmacological interventions meant to relieve such impactions have been explored; none have proven superior. OBJECTIVES: Perform a single-arm feasibility study of oral nitroglycerin solution for EFI. METHODS: Twenty adult patients presenting to a single urban tertiary medical centre thought to have EFI were given up to three doses of 0.4 mg nitroglycerin solution orally and evaluated for resolution of symptoms, new symptoms and vital signs. Patients with intractable vomiting, haemodynamic instability, airway compromise, oesophageal perforation, coronary ischaemia or presentation delayed greater than 12 hours were excluded. RESULTS: 17 of 20 enrolled subjects received the intervention. The average duration of symptoms prior to intervention was 285 min (SD=187). Four subjects did not tolerate the intervention (inability to swallow or headache). Two of 17 (11.8%) subjects obtained temporally proximal symptom resolution: 11 min after the second dose, and 7 min after the third dose. Seven also received glucagon during their visit, with 0% temporally proximal symptom resolution. Fifteen underwent endoscopy, with food bolus identified in 12. One subject had brief and mild hypotension with spontaneous resolution. Two subjects developed a headache after nitroglycerin administration. The median length of stay for those who found relief without endoscopy was 195 min (range 129-261) vs 374 min (range 122-525) among those with endoscopy. CONCLUSION: The observed rate of relief after oral nitroglycerin solution for EFI is disappointing but comparable to previous glucagon, benzodiazepines and effervescent beverage studies, and that of placebo. Oral nitroglycerin solution appears to be well tolerated among those able to swallow, although in our sample several subjects were unable to tolerate swallowing entirely.

Urine Drug Screens in the Emergency Department: The Best Test May Be No Test at All.

The manuscript purpose is to provide a resource for clinicians on the functionality and pitfalls of the rapid urine drug screen for clinical decision making. Many providers remain under-informed about the inherent inaccuracies. The rapid urine drug screen is the first, and often only, step of drug testing. In the majority of emergency departments the urine drug screen is a collection of immunoassays reliant on an interaction between the structure of a particular drug or metabolite and an antibody. Drugs in separate pharmacologic classes often have enough structural similarity to cause false positives. Conversely, drugs within the same pharmacologic class often have different enough structures that they may result in inappropriate negatives. This lack of sensitivity and specificity significantly reduces the test utility, and may cause decision-making confusion. The timing of the drug screen relative to the drug exposure also limits accuracy, as does detection threshold. Confirmatory steps following the initial immunoassay include chromatography and/or mass spectrometry. These are unavailable at many institutions and results rarely return while the patient is in the emergency department. In addition, institutional capabilities vary, even with confirmatory testing. Confirmation accuracy depends on a number of factors, including the extent of the catalog of drugs/metabolites that the facility is calibrated to detect and report. In summary, the standard emergency department urine drug screen is a test with extremely limited clinical utility with multiple properties contributing to poor sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The test should be used rarely, if ever, for clinical decision making.

A Comparison of Resource Utilization in the Management of Anticholinergic Delirium Between Physostigmine and Nonantidote Therapy.

Background: Antimuscarinic delirium is associated with significant morbidity, and its management requires substantial resource allocation, including intubation, restraint, and intensive care unit (ICU) placement. There is controversy over the management of these patients. Physostigmine can rapidly reverse antimuscarinic delirium but has been associated with adverse effects. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of physostigmine use on resource allocation and adverse events. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients with an antimuscarinic toxidrome at a single hospital approved by the local institutional review board. A blinded abstractor recorded data from patient charts. Whether the patient was given physostigmine, intubated, restrained, or admitting to critical care was recorded. We recorded instances of seizure, vomiting, or bradycardia. The primary aim was to compare frequency of intubation as a function of physostigmine administration. Results: A total of 141 patients were identified. We found no difference between the groups in age, gender, or initial heart rate; 65 (46%) were given physostigmine, 45 (32%) were admitted to the ICU, and 29 (20%) were intubated. Patients who received physostigmine in the first 24 hours were less likely to be intubated and less likely to be admitted to an ICU. The instance of bradycardia (n = 16), vomiting (n = 27), and seizures (n = 7) was limited, and there were no significant differences between the groups. There were no associations noted between physostigmine administration and adverse effects. Conclusion and Relevance: This study demonstrated that physostigmine use is associated with decreased resource utilization (including intubation and ICU placement) without increasing rates of bradycardia, vomiting, or seizures.

Chokes in mixed martial arts. Comment on Hubbard et al. Brain Injury (2019; 33: 349-354).

This letter to the editor is in response to "The King-Devick test in mixed martial arts: the immediate consequences of knock-outs, technical knock-outs, and chokes on brain functions" by authors Hubbard et al., published in Brain Injury (2019; 33: 349-354). This study explored the impact of events significant enough to end mixed martial arts training sessions or matches, with "event" meaning a knock-out, technical knock-out, or event without head trauma; the measuring stick was the King-Devick test (K-D). This communication clarifies the portion of their study and manuscript focusing on "events without observed head trauma." These events without head trauma were choke-outs, near choke-outs, and non-choke submissions. Fourteen athletes sustained these types of events; nine had worse post-event K-D times, one had no change, and five had post-event improvement. Despite this non-significant result, the authors frame an argument that these non-traumatic events cause anoxic brain injury resulting in similar cerebral changes that occur in concussive injuries. This is not founded on the results in their study, nor in the literature available on the topic, which is also misrepresented in this manuscript.

Hemodialysis in metformin-associated lactic acidosis due to acute overdose in a metformin-naïve patient.

Metformin is a common and generally well-tolerated medication in the treatment of diabetes but rarely has been implicated as the cause for metformin-associated lactate acidosis. This is usually caused by decreased elimination from renal dysfunction but is rarely described after an acute ingestion. We present a case of an acute intentional overdose of metformin in a metformin-naïve patient without renal dysfunction. The patient gradually developed altered mental status, tachypnea, hypotension, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and vasoplegic shock unresponsive to vasopressor support. Despite attempts at alkalinization, the patient developed a lactic acidosis with a pH of 6.9 and lactate of 33 mmol/L. Hemodialysis was performed with rapid improvement of clinical status. This case provides a clinical context in the acute setting and illustrates the rare need for extracorporeal support in this setting, which may be lifesaving.

Oral Nitroglycerin Solution May Be Effective for Esophageal Food Impaction.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal food impaction is a common illness presenting to emergency departments (ED), and is frequently resistant to pharmacologic therapy. Several medications have been promoted for this indication, but so far have not proven effective. Endoscopic removal is frequently required to resolve the impaction, resulting in risks from anesthesia and the physical procedure, and in prolonged hospital stay for recovery. Oral nitroglycerin solution was recently used in two such cases and may represent a new therapeutic option. CASE REPORTS: A 49-year-old man presented to an ED with dysphagia 30 min after eating steak. He was given 0.4 mg nitroglycerin dissolved in 10 mL tap water orally, and obtained complete relief of symptoms within 2 min. A 43-year-old man with eosinophilic esophagitis and two prior food impaction episodes presented to a community ED with dysphagia and epigastric discomfort 110 min after eating steak. Five hours after symptom onset and after failure of intravenous glucagon, he was given 0.4 mg nitroglycerin sublingually, which resulted in headache but no relief in dysphagia. Twenty-nine minutes later he received 0.4 mg nitroglycerin solution, as above, with symptom resolution within 2 min. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: The cases presented above demonstrate close temporal relationships between administration of oral nitroglycerin solution and symptom relief. Oral nitroglycerin solution for esophageal food impaction seemed effective in these cases, but further research on this therapeutic option is warranted.

The association between ketamine given for prehospital chemical restraint with intubation and hospital admission.

INTRODUCTION: Intramuscular ketamine has become increasingly popular for prehospital chemical restraint of severely agitated or violent patients because of its favorable adverse effect profile, rapid onset, and wide therapeutic window. However, there is currently no literature quantifying the need for intubation or hospital admission for these patients once they reach the emergency department. METHODS: Medical records for patients receiving prehospital ketamine who were transported to a single level 1 trauma center were abstracted. Ketamine dose, patient weight, final disposition, and presence of intubation were recorded. Exclusion criteria were missing dose or weight and ketamine given for an indication other than chemical restraint. Statistical analysis was preformed with unadjusted Student t test. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05. RESULTS: A convenience sample of 51 consecutive patients was identified with 2 excluded because of missing data, leaving 49 for analysis. Ketamine dosing ranged from 2.25 to 9.42 mg/kg (mean, 5.26 ± 1.65 mg/kg). Significant differences were noted between those who required intubation (n = 14) and those who did not (n = 35) (6.16 ± 1.62 mg/kg vs 4.90 ± 1.54 mg/kg, P = .02). No patients were intubated prehospital. There was an increased dose in patients admitted to a medical ward (57%, 28/49) that approached statistical significance (5.62 ± 1.80 vs 4.78 ± 1.31, P = .06). CONCLUSION: Intubation was observed in our emergency department in 29% of patients administered intramuscular ketamine for prehospital chemical restraint. There was a positive association between higher ketamine doses and both endotracheal intubation and hospital admission. Future research should aim to define the minimum effective ketamine dose for successful chemical restraint.

Cannabis in combat sports: position statement of the Association of Ringside Physicians.

and ARP Position Statement: Based on the available body of scientific evidence and with the goals of promoting safety of combat sports athletes and striving for the advancement of clean sport, the Association of Ringside Physicians recommends the following regarding cannabis:• Use of marijuana or synthetic cannabinoids by combat sports athletes is discouraged due to unproven benefits and many known adverse effects. Acute use can impair cognition and complex motor function, which likely leads to reduced performance in combat sports. Chronic use can increase risk for heart and lung disease, several cancers, schizophrenia, and can reduce testosterone in men and impair fertility. Benefits from cannabis in most contexts, including athletic performance, have not been proven.• Use of topical purified CBD is neither encouraged nor discouraged.• Since acute cannabis intoxication can impair complex cognitive and motor function, any athlete suspected of acute intoxication at the time of competition - based on clinical judgment - should be banned from that competition.• Wide-scale regulation of cannabis based on quantitative testing has limited usefulness in combat sports, for the following reasons:∘ Cannabis is not ergogenic and is likely ergolytic.∘ Concentrations in body fluids correlate poorly with clinical effects and timing of use.∘ Access to testing resources varies widely across sporting organizations.

Impact of repeated sportive chokes on carotid intima media thickness and brain injury biomarkers in grappling athletes.

PURPOSE: Vascular neck compression techniques, referred to as 'chokes' in combat sports, reduce cerebral perfusion, causing loss of consciousness or voluntary submission by the choked athlete. Despite these chokes happening millions of times yearly around the world, there is scant research on their long-term effects. This pilot study evaluated whether repeated choking in submission grappling impacts the carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and brain injury biomarkers (NFL, hGFAP, t-Tau, and UCH-L1). METHODS: Participants (n = 39, 29 male; ages 27-60 years) were assigned to one of two study arms: Grapplers (n = 20, 15 male) and 19 age/sex/body size matched controls. Grapplers had been exposed to >500 choke events while training for >5 years in a choke-inclusive sport. Exclusion criteria were recent TBI or deficits from a past TBI or stroke. Bilateral ultrasound measurement of the CIMT was performed, and blood was collected for quantitative analysis of four brain injury markers. Subgroup analyses were performed within the Grappler group to account for blunt head trauma as a possible confounder. RESULTS: There was no overall difference in CIMT measurements between Grapplers (mean 0.55 mm, SD 0.07) and Controls (mean 0.57 mm, SD 0.10) p = 0.498 [95% CI -0.04-0.08], nor were there CIMT differences between Grappler subgroups of blunt Trauma and No-Trauma. There were no significant differences in any biomarkers comparing Grapplers and Controls or comparing Grappler subgroups of Trauma and No-Trauma. CONCLUSION: This study found no significant difference in CIMT and serum brain injury biomarkers between controls and grapplers with extensive transient choke experience, nor between grapplers with extensive past blunt head trauma and those without.

A life-threatening flecainide overdose treated with intravenous fat emulsion.

Flecainide is a Vaughan Williams Class Ic antidysrhythmic associated with PR, QRS, and QTc prolongation on the electrocardiogram and development of life-threatening cardiac toxicity in overdose. The cornerstone of treatment is fluid resuscitation and the administration of magnesium and sodium bicarbonate. We report a case of flecainide overdose associated with life-threatening hemodynamic compromise successfully treated with intravenous fat emulsion (IFE) therapy. IFE should be considered as a novel adjunctive therapy in patients with life-threatening toxicity following flecainide overdose.

Reversal of quetiapine-induced altered mental status with physostigmine: a case series.

Quetiapine overdose is a clinical entity commonly encountered in emergency departments. Quetiapine is a drug with many mechanisms, including antimuscarinic effects. Traditionally, treatment of quetiapine toxicity has been primarily supportive care. Case reports exist documenting improvement in mental status in these patients after administration of physostigmine, a carbamate capable of reversing antimuscarinic toxicity. In this descriptive case series, 3 patients with quetiapine toxicity treated with physostigmine are reported. In each case, the patient had significant altered mental status that was rapidly reversed with administration of physostigmine. In all 3 cases, patient disposition was changed to a lower level of care, requiring less invasive monitoring. In 1 case, intubation was prevented. Because quetiapine toxicity is commonly encountered and the use of physostigmine in this setting is a potentially practice-altering treatment, emergency physicians should be aware of this phenomenon.

Analysis of the fight-ending chokes in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship™ mixed martial arts promotion.

OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of sportive chokes is vital to the practice of Sports Medicine when providing care at mixed martial arts and submission grappling events. This is a descriptive analysis of fight-ending chokes to help provide data on the topic not previously presented. METHODS: An analysis was done on every fight-ending choke in the history of the UFC™ mixed martial arts promotion. Investigators focused on the frequency of chokes, types of chokes, handedness of the chokes, and whether chokes resulted in loss of consciousness. This analysis was done using existing fight outcome reports and video analysis of every choke that ended a fight in UFC™ history. RESULTS: During the study period there were 904 such chokes, comprising 15.5% of fight outcomes and 76.2% of grappling submissions. The makeup of right (50.1%) and left (49.9%) handedness of the chokes has been essentially identical (χ2 [1] = 0.0011, p =.947, phi =.00). Most of the fight-ending chokes culminated in voluntary submission; however, 11% resulted in loss of consciousness. The rear naked choke (RNC) was significantly more frequent than other chokes, comprising 49.1% of the total choke finishes; 19 other choke types accounted for the remaining 50.9%. CONCLUSION: Fight-ending chokes have been common in MMA. Many types of chokes have successfully ended UFC™ fights, with the RNC accounting for almost half of fight-ending chokes. Loss of consciousness occurred in 11% of fight-ending chokes. Right and left handed chokes were utilized equally.

Approach considerations for the management of strangulation in the emergency department.

Patients with a history of strangulation present to the emergency department with a variety of different circumstances and injury patterns. We review the terminology, pathophysiology, evaluation, management, and special considerations for strangulation injuries, including an overview of forensic considerations and legal framework for strangulation events.

Wide complex tachycardia in a pediatric diphenhydramine overdose treated with sodium bicarbonate.

INTRODUCTION: Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine commonly implicated in overdose. It has many pharmacologic effects, including sodium channel blockade. Overdoses in toddlers causing QRS prolongation are only rarely reported and never with effective use of sodium bicarbonate. We report a diphenhydramine overdose in a toddler with multiple markers of sodium channel blockade effectively treated with sodium bicarbonate. METHODS: A 13-month-old infant girl was brought in by the emergency medical service for a witnessed tonic-clonic seizure. Two hours previously, the child had been found with an open bottle of 25-mg diphenhydramine tablets, 24 of which were missing. Midazolam was administered with seizure resolution. Examination revealed 4-mm reactive pupils; nystagmus; warm, dry, flushed skin; and altered mental status. Initial electrocardiograms revealed sinus tachycardia at a rate of 180 beats per minute, a prolonged QRS of 130 milliseconds (from a baseline of 65 milliseconds), and a positive terminal R wave in aVR, which later resolved after sodium bicarbonate treatment. The patient was discharged home the following day with no sequelae. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Diphenhydramine toxicity is a common poisoning in children. Toxicity typically presents with signs and symptoms of the anticholinergic toxidrome. Diphenhydramine also has sodium channel-blocking properties, and this can be shown in the form of prolonged QRS and a terminal R wave in aVR. QRS prolongation and aVR abnormalities from diphenhydramine ingestion in a toddler have been reported, but effective use of sodium bicarbonate has not. CONCLUSIONS: Electrocardiographic finding consistent with sodium channel blockade should be recognized as a complication of pediatric diphenhydramine overdose, and they seem responsive to hypertonic sodium bicarbonate.

Intravenous Fat Emulsion Does Not Significantly Alter Clotting Markers in Dabigatran-Treated Blood.

Dabigatran etexilate is an oral direct thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor approved for patients with atrial fibrillation and for management of risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Dabigatran offers advantages over treatment with warfarin, including limited laboratory monitoring. It is equivalent in prevention of stroke and deep vein thrombosis with essentially equivalent complication rates. In contrast to warfarin, reversal of the anticoagulation is less well established. Idarucizumab is available for reversal, however supporting research is mixed; the agent also happens to be quite expensive making availability difficult. Hemodialysis has been proposed as a method of reversal, but this is difficult in patients with life threatening hemorrhage, and is not available at many hospitals. Intravenous fat emulsion (IFE) has been used for treatment of overdose of lipophilic drugs. Most toxicologists only recommend IFE for patients in extremis after ingestion of a lipid soluble substance. Dabigatran is lipid soluble, although the pro-drug more so than the active metabolite. The authors sought to see if dabigatran-induced coagulopathy of human in vitro blood samples could be reversed with IFE. Blood samples were spiked with dabigatran or dabigatran plus IFE. Values for Ecarin clot time (ECT-primary outcome), PT/INR, and aPTT, were compared across both study arms. A total of 18 healthy volunteers were included in our study. There were no significant differences in the ECT, PT/INR, and aPTT between the dabigatran arm and the dabigatran plus IFE arm. Based on these methods, IFE does not reverse dabigatran-induced coagulopathy.

Delayed peaks of acetaminophen in overdose patients with concomitant abdominal trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To present two cases of delayed acetaminophen absorption in abdominal trauma patients with concomitant acetaminophen overdose. CASES: Case 1. A 25-year-old female arrived to the emergency department with multiple stab wounds. She had ingested an unknown amount of acetaminophen and was then stabbed by her boyfriend in a suicide pact. Initial acetaminophen concentration was 211.7 mcg/mL and the patient was started on N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) therapy. She was found to have injuries and was taken for operative repair. Acetaminophen concentrations were down trending and nearly undetectable until 58 h post-presentation when concentrations began to rise again. CASE 2: A 41-year-old female ingested approximately 500 tablets of acetaminophen prior to jumping from a four-story building in a suicide attempt. She was found to have multiple traumatic injuries as well as an initial acetaminophen concentration of 225 mcg/mL and was started on NAC therapy. The patient underwent multiple interventions to treat her traumatic injuries. Despite receiving no acetaminophen while inpatient, the patient's acetaminophen concentrations peaked a second time on her third hospital day. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, two patients with abdominal trauma and coexistent massive acetaminophen ingestions were described. Both cases demonstrated a delayed rise in serum acetaminophen concentrations and required extended NAC therapy.