Crack cocaine users show differences in genotype frequencies of the 3' UTR variable number of tandem repeats of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3).

BACKGROUND: Due to the mechanism of action of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in drug addiction, the DAT1 gene is a potential candidate for molecular studies. This paper aims to compare the prevalence of allele and genotype frequencies created by the 3' UTR variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of this gene between crack cocaine users and controls. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 237 current adult crack cocaine abusers or dependents (DSM-IV TR criteria) from in- and outpatient clinics in southern Brazil and 205 community controls were compared. The subjects were evaluated using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview - short version, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. DNA samples were genotyped for the DAT1 3' VNTR. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the frequency of the 10.10 genotype (the putative risk genotype) to those of other genotypes. A significant difference (p = 0.04, OR = 1.758, CI = 1.026-3.012) indicating an increased frequency of the 10.10 genotype in the cases (59.9%) compared to the controls (49.3%) was verified using clinical and demographic covariates. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first genetic association studies on crack cocaine users in the literature. The results suggest an influence of the DAT1 gene, namely the 3' VNTR 10.10 genotype. However, more analyses will confirm and clarify its contribution as a possible risk factor for crack cocaine dependence.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV with moderate or severe mental disorder.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a serious public health concern, with an estimated 38 million people living with HIV (PLHIV). PLHIV are often affected by mental disorders at higher rate than the general population. One challenge in the control and prevention of new HIV infections is adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), with PLHIV with mental disorders having seemingly lower adherence than PLHIV without mental disorders. This cross-sectional study assessed adherence to ART in PLHIV with mental disorders who attended the Psychosocial Care Network health facilities in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from January 2014 to December 2018. Data from health and medical databases were used to describe clinical-epidemiological profiles and adherence to ART. To assess the associated factors (potential risk or predisposing factors) with ART adherence, we used logistic regression model. Adherence was extremely low (16.4%). Factors associated with poor adherence were lack of clinical follow-up, particularly in middle-aged PLHIV. Other apparently associated factors were living on the streets and having suicidal ideation. Our findings reinforce the need for improvements in the care for PLHIV with mental disorders, especially in the integration between specialized mental health and infectious disease health facilities.

[Treatment of autonomous and cystic thyroid nodules with intranodular ethanol injection]. / Tratamento de nódulos autónomos e císticos da tireóide com injeção intranodular de etanol.

UNLABELLED: Intranodular ethanol injection has been used for the past 10 years as an efficient modality for treating patients with thyroid nodules. Several studies have reported the success of this therapy in autonomous and cystic nodules and, more recently, in cold benign nodules. PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of this therapeutic modality on the treatment of autonomous and cystic thyroid nodules. METHODS: 42 patients (26 with cystic and 16 with autonomous nodules) were treated with ultrasound guided intranodular 99% ethanol injection and followed for 6 months. RESULTS: No major complications were observed during or after treatment, however, most of the patients reported slight to moderate pain and/or discomfort after the injection. Most of the nodules showed reduction after the treatment. Autonomous nodules had a mean reduction of 50.3% and cystic nodules of 69.3%. No significant differences in pretreatment serum total T3, total T4 or TSH were observed among the patients in the cystic group. Patients in the autonomous group with hyperfunctioning nodules showed a decrease in serum total T3, total T4 and an increase in serum TSH levels, hence, proving the effectiveness of this therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Intranodular ethanol injection is a safe and efficient treatment for autonomous and cystic nodules of the thyroid.

The effects of ADHD in adult substance abusers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychiatric comorbidities and different areas of life functioning in substance abusers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. A cross-sectional, multi-center study involving 285 adult substance abusers from outpatient and inpatient clinics was performed. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index, and the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview were used for data collection. Individuals with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders showed increased addiction severity when compared with individuals without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (53.3 ± 7.3 vs. 48.4 ± 8.4, respectively). Our results suggest that comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders is associated with a more severe course of substance use and with social and psychiatric impairment.

Avaliação multidimensional do usuário de drogas e a Escala de Gravidade de Dependência / Multidimensional evaluation of drug users and the Addiction Severity Index

INTRODUÇÃO: Antes de iniciar um tratamento para abuso de substâncias psicoativas (SPA), é primordial avaliar os prejuízos que estas acarretam na vida dos usuários. Considerando a complexidade dessa avaliação, o instrumento atualmente mais utilizado no mundo para a abordagem multidimensional de problemas relacionados ao abuso de SPA é a Escala de Gravidade de Dependência (Addiction Severity Index, ASI). OBJETIVO: Através da revisão da literatura sobre o tema, da apresentação de um caso clínico, de aspectos da ASI e da discussão de tópicos contemplados na avaliação de usuários de drogas, este trabalho tem como finalidade auxiliar o profissional de saúde a sistematizar a avaliação desses pacientes. MÉTODO: A revisão da literatura foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e PsycINFO, utilizando os descritores assessment e evaluation, cruzados com o termo substance-related disorders dos Medical Subject Headings e subexpressões nele incluídas. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: Na literatura, há uma carência de artigos sobre o tema, e, no Brasil, ainda não existem instrumentos que se proponham a avaliar os usuários de drogas de forma tão ampla como a ASI. A utilização de uma escala com essas características pode ser útil para o sistema de saúde brasileiro, favorecendo a identificação precoce de problemas e propiciando melhora na qualidade da assistência prestada.

INTRODUCTION: Before initiating any treatment for substance abuse, the assessment of problems related to the consumption of those substances is of paramount importance. Considering the complexity of this evaluation, the instrument most widely used in the present days for a multidimensional approach to these patients is the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). OBJECTIVE: The present study presents a literature review, a clinical case vignette, comments on different aspects of the scale, and the discussion of topics covered in the evaluation process, and aims at providing support to health professionals in the sense of systematizing the assessment of these patients. METHOD: The literature review was conducted on MEDLINE, LILACS, and PsycINFO databases, using the keywords assessment and evaluation together with substance-related disorders and other terms presented as synonyms in the Medical Subject Headings. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There is a paucity of articles in the literature focusing on the topic, and no other instruments designed to provide a general overview of substance users (as is the case with the ASI) are available in Brazil. The use of a scale with these characteristics may be useful for the Brazilian public health system, allowing for the early identification of problems and promoting an improvement in the quality of treatment provided to these patients.

Crack: da pedra ao tratamento / Crack: from rock crystal to treatment

Nas duas últimas décadas, houve crescimento importante do consumo de crack no Brasil e no mundo, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública. Embora com baixa prevalência no Brasil, em torno de 1%, em estudos populacionais, o crack tem alto poder dependógeno e seu consumo é responsável por até 70% das internações por cocaína. Um fenômeno, pelo impacto individual e social que causa, inúmeros estudos correlacionam o consumo desta droga ao aumento da violência e criminalidade. O tratamento do crack é difícil e tem desafiado os especialistas, mas algumas intervenções têm apresentado resultados promissores. Este artigo tem como objetivo trazer subsídios teóricos para o enfrentamento do consumo do crack. Para a atualização, do tema realizamos uma procura nos bancos de dados MEDline, LILACS, CAPES, SciELO e Biblioteca Cochrane

Within the last two decades, there has been an increase in crack consumption in Brazil and worldwide, being already considered a public health problem. Although the prevalence in our country is low, around 1% in population studies, the crack consumers get easily addicted to it, and its consumption is responsible for up to 70% of the number of patients hospitalized for cocaine dependence. Because of the individual and social impact which is caused by this drug, countless studies correlate its consumption to the increasing violence and criminality rates. Treating crack addiction is very difficult and it has challenged specialists, but some interventions have shown positive results. This article aims at bringing theoretical subsidies to cope with this problem. MEDline, LILACS, CAPES, SciELO and Cochrane Library databases were consulted for the update of the theme

Tratamento de nódulos autônomos e císticos da tireóide com injeção intranodular de etanol / Treatment of autonomous and cystic thyroid nodules with intranodular ethanol injection

O tratamento com injeçäo intranodular de etanol vem sendo utilizado há uma década como modalidade terapêutica eficaz no manejo de pacientes com nódulos da tireóide. Diversos estudos validaram o papel desta forma de tratamento em nódulos autônomos, císticos e, mais recentemente, nódulos frios benignos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade da injeçäo intranodular de etanol no tratamento de nódulos císticos e autônomos da tireóide. MÉTODOS: 42 pacientes (26 pacientes com nódulos císticos e 16 com nódulos autônomos da tireóide) foram submetidos a tratamento com aplicaçäo intranodular de etanol a 99 por cento, guiada por ultra-sonografia e acompanhados por um período mínimo de seis meses. RESULTADOS: Näo observamos a ocorrência de complicaçöes maiores durante ou após o tratamento, porém, na maioria dos casos, houve queixa de dor de leve a moderada intensidade e/ou desconforto após a aplicaçäo do etanol. A maioria dos nódulos apresentou reduçäo volumétrica significativa. A média de reduçäo obtida para os nódulos autônomos foi de 50,3 por cento e para os nódulos císticos, 69,3 por cento. Näo houve diferença significativa entre os valores basais de T3 total, T4 total e TSH em comparaçäo aos valores obtidos seis meses após o tratamento para o grupo de pacientes com nódulos císticos. O grupo de pacientes com nódulos autônomos apresentou reduçäo nos valores séricos de T3 total e T4 total, assim como elevaçäo dos níveis de TSH, confirmando a efetividade do tratamento. CONCLUSÄO: A injeçäo intranodular de etanol é uma alternativa segura e eficaz no tratamento de nódulos autônomos e císticos da tireóide