Combination therapy with Olaratumab/doxorubicin in advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma -a single-Centre experience.

BACKGROUND: The antibody targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), olaratumab, was approved in 2016 for metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in combination with doxorubicin based on promising results of a phase Ib/II trial by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, recently the phase III ANNOUNCE trial could not confirm the additional value of olaratumab in this context. METHODS: Here, in a retrospective analysis we share our single-centre experience with olaratumab/doxorubicin in STS by including n = 32 patients treated with olaratumab/doxorubicin between 2016 and 2019. RESULTS: Median progression-free survival (PFS) in the overall cohort was 3.1 months (range 0.6-16.2). A response [complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR) or stable disease (SD)] was seen in n = 11 (34%) cases, whereas n = 21 (66%) patients showed progressive disease (PD). In n = 9 patients surgery was performed subsequently in an individual therapeutic approach. Out of n = 5 patients receiving additional regional hyperthermia, n = 3 achieved PR or SD. CONCLUSIONS: This single-centre experience does also not support the promising phase Ib/II results for olaratumab/doxorubicin in STS. However, our findings do not preclude that olaratumab combination therapy could be valuable in a neoadjuvant setting. This warrants further exploration also taking into account the heterogeneous nature of STS.

Tumour buds determine prognosis in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic effect of tumour budding was retrospectively analysed in a cohort of 173 patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) of the prospective clinical multicentre CONKO-001 trial. METHODS: Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained whole tissue slides were evaluated. In two independent approaches, the mean number of tumour buds was analysed according to the consensus criteria in colorectal cancer, in one 0.785 mm2 field of view and additionally in 10 high-power fields (HPF) (HPF = 0.238 mm2). RESULTS: Tumour budding was significantly associated with a higher tumour grade (p < 0.001) but not with distant or lymph node metastasis. Regardless of the quantification approach, an increased number of tumour buds was significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (10 HPF approach DFS: HR = 1.056 (95% CI 1.022-1.092), p = 0.001; OS: HR = 1.052 (95% CI 1.018-1.087), p = 0.002; consensus method DFS: HR = 1.037 (95% CI 1.017-1.058), p < 0.001; OS: HR = 1.040 (95% CI 1.019-1.061), p < 0.001). Recently published cut-offs for tumour budding in colorectal cancer were prognostic in PDAC as well. CONCLUSIONS: Tumour budding is prognostic in the CONKO-001 clinical cohort of patients. Further standardisation and validation in additional clinical cohorts are necessary.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiation versus chemotherapy plus regional hyperthermia in high-grade soft tissue sarcomas: a retrospective comparison.

PURPOSE: Localized adult high-grade soft tissue sarcomas (STS) usually require multimodality treatment including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hyperthermia. If maximal preoperative tumor-shrinkage is envisaged, neoadjuvant chemotherapy + radiation (CRT) is often applied, however at the expense of relatively high toxicities and increased postoperative complication rates. This study aims to compare preoperative CRT with neoadjuvant chemotherapy + regional hyperthermia (HCT) regarding histopathological response, toxicity and outcome. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, 61 consecutive high-grade STS patients treated between 2009 and 2016 were included. All patients were treated within a prospective treatment protocol. 28 patients received neoadjuvant CRT 33 patients HCT. CRT consisted of four cycles doxorubicin/ifosfamide and two cycles ifosfamide concomitant to 50.4 Gray external beam radiotherapy. HCT consisted of 4-6 cycles doxorubicin/ifosfamide with deep regional hyperthermia administered bi-weekly during each cycle. Association of treatment modality with overall survival (OS), local control (LC) and freedom from distant metastases (FFDM) was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analyses. RESULTS: The overall patient characteristics were well balanced. Histopathological tumor response did not differ significantly between both groups (p = .67), neither did higher-grade toxicities during neoadjuvant treatment. Wound dehiscence (p = .018) and surgical hospital re-admissions (p < .001) were both significantly more frequent in the CRT group. Two-year OS, LC and FFDM rates of all patients were 93, 85 and 71% with no significant differences between CRT and HCT. CONCLUSION: Compared to CRT, HCT seems equally efficient and appears to bear less surgical complications. Interpretation should be cautious due to the low number of patients and the retrospective nature of this study.

Prognostic significance of DNA cytometry for adjuvant therapy response in pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The continuous progress in treatment options for pancreatic adenocarcinoma has lead to a re-evaluation of prognostic markers. In this study the prognostic relevance of DNA Index and classical histopathological parameters with regard to disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed within the CONKO-001 patient population. METHODS: One hundred forty three fresh-frozen paraffin-embedded tissue samples of the resected tumor specimen of the CONKO-001 patient population were available for DNA index analysis to evaluate its impact on patient outcome. RESULTS: Median DFS (7.3 vs. 14.3 months; P = 0.004) and median OS (16.6 vs. 29.2 months; P = 0.011) were significantly decreased in patients with a high DNA index (>1.4). Multivariate analysis revealed both DNA index (DFS: P = 0.002; OS: P = 0.019) and tumor grading (DFS: P = 0.004; OS: P = 0.004) as individual prognostic markers for DFS and OS. The following prognostic subgroups were identified: good (low DNA Index + G1/2 tumor grading), intermediate (low DNA Index + G3 tumor grading or high DNA Index + G1/2 tumor grading), poor (high DNA Index + G3 tumor grading). CONCLUSION: The DNA index/tumor grading constellation may serve as a helpful guide for personalized treatment recommendations for adjuvant therapy of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report about a Male Patient with Pectoral Implants.

Introduction: Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is still a rare extralymphatic lymphoma. As of March 1, 2023, approximately 1,355 cases of BIA-ALCL have been reported worldwide. However, no such case has yet been described with pectoral implants in male patients. Most patients with BIA-ALCL present with nonspecific implant-associated symptoms such as late-onset seroma, swollen breasts, and deformation of implants. Case Presentation: Here, we describe BIA-ALCL in a 76-year-old male patient who presented with a late-onset seroma in order to raise awareness for BIA-ALCL also in men after esthetic chest surgery with silicone pectoral implants. The patient had undergone augmentation of the pectoralis muscle with implants for esthetic reasons 9 years before. First cytological specimens showed no malignancy. A repeated cytological assessment after 6 weeks from recurring seroma showed characteristic CD30+ T-cell clones. Surgery with complete bilateral capsulectomy and implant removal was performed. Due to the early-stage ALCL being limited only to the capsule and no evidence of systemic disease, adjuvant systemic treatment was not considered necessary. Conclusion: Any persisting late-onset seroma also in male patients with pectoral implants should raise suspicion of ALCL as differential diagnosis and should be assessed with cytological examination.

The challenge of running trials in advanced angiosarcoma: A systematic review of the literature from EORTC/STBSG to guide the development of angiosarcoma-specific trials.

INTRODUCTION: While available systemic treatments have modest long term efficacy in advanced angiosarcoma, immunotherapy represents an interesting new therapeutic opportunity. To establish its benefit, it is required to conduct a clinical trial assessing its efficacy and toxicity compared to standard treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a literature review from PubMed search. RESULTS: Several systemic treatments (chemotherapy and TKI) are currently used in advanced angiosarcoma with ORR ranging from 12.5 to 68 % and PFS from 2 to 7 months. However, few randomized trials, mainly phase II, has been conducted to compare these treatments. While most centers propose doxorubicin containing regimens or paclitaxel in 1st or 2nd line, a high heterogeneity of regimens administered in this setting is observed even across sarcoma specialized centers with no consensual standard treatment. Encouraging signals of immunotherapy activity have been reported in angiosarcoma from several retrospective and phase II studies assessing anti-PD1 either alone or in combination with anti CTLA4 or TKI. Although cutaneous and head and neck location seems to benefit more from immunotherapy, response may be observed in any angiosarcoma subtype. In sarcoma in general and AS in particular, no biomarker has been clearly established to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy: high tumor mutational burden and presence of tertiary lymphoid structures are under assessment. DISCUSSION: Even essential, developing a randomized clinical trial in AS struggles with the heterogeneity of the disease, the lack of consensual standard regimen, the uncertainty on optimal immunotherapy administration and the absence of established predictive biomarkers. CONCLUSION: International collaboration is essential to run randomized trial in advanced AS and asses the efficacy of immune therapy in this rare and heterogeneous disease.

Nanoliposomal Irinotecan With Fluorouracil and Leucovorin or Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin in Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma: A Phase II Study of the AIO Hepatobiliary-YMO Cancer Groups (NIFE-AIO-YMO HEP-0315).

PURPOSE: First-line therapy options in advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are based on the ABC-02 trial regimen (gemcitabine/cisplatin [G/C]). The NIFE trial examined nanoliposomal irinotecan/fluorouracil/leucovorin (nal-IRI/FU/LV) as alternative first-line therapy in advanced CCA. METHODS: NIFE is a prospective, open-label, randomized, multicenter phase II study that aimed at detecting efficacy comparable with the standard treatment. Patients with advanced CCA were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive nal-IRI/FU/LV (arm A) or G/C (arm B). Stratification parameters were intrahepatic versus extrahepatic CCA, sex, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG; 0/1). Arm A was designed as a Simon's optimal two-stage design and arm B served as a randomized control group. The primary goal was to exclude an inferior progression-free survival (PFS) at 4 months of only 40%, while assuming a rate of 60% on G/C population. RESULTS: Between 2018 and 2020, overall 91 patients were randomly assigned to receive nal-IRI/FU/LV (n = 49) or G/C (n = 42). The NIFE trial formally met its primary end point with a 4-month PFS rate of 51% in patients receiving nal-IRI/FU/LV. The median PFS was 6 months (2.4-9.6) in arm A and 6.9 months (2.5-7.9) in arm B. Median overall survival (OS) was 15.9 months (10.6-20.3) in arm A and 13.6 months (6.5-17.7) in arm B. The exploratory comparison of study arms suggested a numerical but statistically not significant advantage for nal-IRI/FU/LV (hazard ratio for PFS, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.53 to 1.38] and for OS, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.50]). Analysis for stratification parameters revealed no differences for sex and ECOG, but for tumor localization. The objective response rate was 24.5% with nal-IRI/FU/LV and 11.9% with G/C. No unexpected toxicities occurred. AEs related to nal-IRI/FU/LV were mainly GI and to G/C hematologic. CONCLUSION: Treatment of advanced CCA with nal-IRI/FU/LV demonstrated efficacy in first-line therapy without new safety findings and merits further validation.

Does long-term survival in patients with pancreatic cancer really exist? Results from the CONKO-001 study.

BACKGROUND: Long-term survival (LTS) in patients (pts) with pancreatic cancer is still uncommon, little data is available to identify long-term survivors. The CONKO-001 study, which established gemcitabine after resection as adjuvant therapy, may provide data to answer this question. METHODS: CONKO-001 pts with an overall survival ≥5 years were compared to those who survived <5 years. Central re-evaluation of primary histology was performed. Univariate analysis with the χ(2) -test identified qualifying factors. Logistic regression was used to investigate the influence of these covariates on LTS. RESULTS: Of the evaluable 354 CONKO-001 pts, 54 (15%) with an overall survival ≥5 years were identified. It was possible to obtain tumor specimens of 39 pts (72%). Histological re-evaluation confirmed adenocarcinoma in 38 pts, 1 showed a high-grade neuroendocrine tumor. Univariate analysis for all 53 LTS pts with adenocarcinoma compared to the remaining 300 non-LTS pts revealed as relevant active treatment, tumor grading, tumor size, lymph nodes. No significance could be demonstrated for resection margin, sex, age, Karnofsky performance status, CA 19-9 at study entry. In multivariate analysis, tumor grading, active treatment, tumor size, lymph node involvement were independent prognostic factors for LTS. CONCLUSION: Long-term survival can be achieved in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

Sarcoma Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Predictive Relevance of Common Sepsis and Performance Parameters.

Purpose: Prognosis of sarcoma patients is improving, with a better understanding of sarcomagenesis revealing novel therapeutic targets. However, aggressive chemotherapy remains an essential part of treatment, bearing the risk of severe side effects that require intensive medical treatment. Available data on the characteristics and clinical outcome of sarcoma patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) are sparse. Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of sarcoma patients admitted to the ICU from 2005 to 2022. Patients ≥18 years with histologically proven sarcoma were included in our study. Results: Sixty-six patients were eligible for analysis. The following characteristics had significant impact on overall survival: sex (p=0.046), tumour localization (p=0.02), therapeutic intention (p=0.02), line of chemotherapy (p<0.001), SAPS II score (p=0.03) and SOFA score (p=0.02). Conclusion: Our study confirms the predictive relevance of established sepsis and performance scores in sarcoma patients. For overall survival, common clinical characteristics are also of significant value. Further investigation is needed to optimize ICU treatment of sarcoma patients.

High nuclear poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase expression is prognostic of improved survival in pancreatic cancer.

AIMS: Poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerases (PARPs) act as post-translational modifiers of proteins that are mainly involved in the DNA repair machinery, and have recently been shown to be predictive of pathologically complete remission after chemotherapy in breast cancer. In the pancreas, PARP expression has so far only been studied in inflammatory conditions. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the relevance of PARP in pancreatic cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cytoplasmic and nuclear PARP expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a population-based cohort of 178 adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and correlated with clinicopathological parameters. We found that low-level nuclear expression of PARP is associated with a poor prognosis (median survival 9.6 versus 14.5 months, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis shows that nuclear PARP is an independent prognostic marker with respect to standard clinicopathological parameters. These results suggest that PARP should be further explored as a predictive factor with respect to conventional chemotherapy and concepts of PARP inhibitor therapy in pancreatic cancer.

Preoperative hypofractionated radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a diverse group of rare malignant tumors. Currently, five to six weeks of preoperative radiotherapy (RT) combined with surgery constitute the mainstay of therapy for localized high-grade sarcomas (G2-G3). Growing evidence suggests that shortening preoperative RT courses by hypofractionation neither increases toxicity rates nor impairs oncological outcomes. Instead, shortening RT courses may improve therapy adherence, raise cost-effectiveness, and provide more treatment opportunities for a wider range of patients. Presumed higher rates of adverse effects and worse outcomes are concerns about hypofractionated RT (HFRT) for STS. This systematic review summarizes the current evidence on preoperative HFRT for the treatment of STS and discusses toxicity and oncological outcomes compared to normofractionated RT. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials describing outcomes for preoperative HFRT in the management of STS using PubMed, the Cochrane library, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, and Ovid Medline. We followed the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Trials on retroperitoneal sarcomas, postoperative RT, and hyperthermia were excluded. Articles published until November 30th, 2021, were included. RESULTS: Initial search yielded 94 articles. After removal of duplicate and ineligible articles, 13 articles qualified for analysis. Eight phase II trials and five retrospective analyses were reviewed. Most trials applied 5 × 5 Gy preoperatively in patients with high-grade STS. HFRT courses did not show increased rates of adverse events compared to historical trials of normofractionated RT. Toxicity rates were mostly comparable or lower than in trials of normofractionated RT. Moreover, HFRT achieved comparable local control rates with shorter duration of therapy. Currently, more than 15 prospective studies on HFRT + / - chemotherapy are ongoing. CONCLUSIONS: Retrospective data and phase II trials suggest preoperative HFRT to be a reasonable treatment modality for STS. Oncological outcomes and toxicity profiles were favorable. To date, our knowledge is mostly derived from phase II data. No randomized phase III trial comparing normofractionated and HFRT in STS has been published yet. Multiple ongoing phase II trials applying HFRT to investigate acute and late toxicity will hopefully bring forth valuable findings.

The role of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in the management of localized high-grade soft tissue sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Standard treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the extremities includes limb-sparing surgery combined with pre- or postoperative radiotherapy (RT). The role of perioperative chemotherapy (CTX) remains uncertain. STS patients with high-risk features for local recurrence, distant metastases, and increased mortality may require additional systemic therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate predictors of outcome regarding local control (LC), overall survival (OS), and freedom from distant metastases (FFDM) in a large single-center cohort of patients suffering from localized high-grade STS (grade 2/3, G2/G3). Special emphasis was put on a subgroup of patients who received combined neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT). METHODS: Overall, 115 adult STS patients were included in this retrospective study. The median follow-up was 34 months. Twenty-three patients (20.0%) were treated with neoadjuvant RCT, 92 (80.0%) received other therapies (adjuvant RT alone (n = 58); neoadjuvant CTX + adjuvant RT (n = 17); adjuvant RCT (n = 10), neoadjuvant RT alone (n = 7)). To assess potential prognostic factors on LC, OS, and FFDM, univariate (UVA) and multivariable (MVA) Cox proportional hazards models were applied. RESULTS: UVA showed significantly better LC rates in the neoadjuvant RCT group (p = 0.025), with trends in MVA (p = 0.057). The 3-year LC rate was 89.7% in the neoadjuvant RCT group vs. 75.6% in the "other therapies" group. UVA also showed significantly better OS rates in the neoadjuvant RCT group (p = 0.049), however, this was not confirmed in MVA (p = 0.205), the 3-year OS rate was 85.8% for patients treated with neoadjuvant RCT compared to 73.5% in the "other therapies" group. UVA showed significantly better FFDM rates in (p = 0.018) and a trend towards better FFDM rates in MVA (p = 0.059). The 3-year FFDM rate was 89.7% for patients treated with neoadjuvant RCT compared to 65.9% in the "other therapies" group. In the subgroup of patients with G3 STS, neoadjuvant RCT was a significant positive predictor of LC and FFDM in MVA (p = 0.047, p = 0.027) but not for OS. Overall grade 3 and 4 toxicities were significantly higher (p = 0.019) in the neoadjuvant RCT group and occurred in 73.9% vs. 38.0% in patients receiving other therapies. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that neoadjuvant RCT might improve LC and FFDM in patients with localized G3 STS while also being associated with increased acute complication rates. Further prospective research is warranted to confirm these findings.

Surgical Margins in Soft Tissue Sarcoma Management and Corresponding Local and Systemic Recurrence Rates: A Retrospective Study Covering 11 Years and 169 Patients in a Single Institution.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a diverse group of rare malignant soft tissue tumors with a high disease burden. Treatment protocols are complex and, to this day, a precise recommendation for the surgical margin width is lacking. The present study aims to analyze the width of the surgical margins in STS resection specimens and analyze them for local and systemic disease-free survival as well as for most frequent histologic STS subtypes. A total of 169 consecutive patients diagnosed and treated in curative intent in our institution following a primary and localized STS of the extremities or trunk from January 2010 to December 2020 were included in this study regardless of age. Our data reveal that low-grade STSs are best controlled locally by a surgical margin ≥2 mm and in this way also preventing distant metastases effectively. Local recurrence-free survival and metastasis-free survival in high-grade STS were improved by intact muscle fascia or periosteum at the margin when compared only to soft tissue. However, the outcome was independent of the surgical margin width, suggesting a close but negative margin may be safe in high-grade STS subtypes with less invasive growth patterns when combined with adjunct radiochemotherapy.

Comorbidities rather than older age define outcome in adult patients with tumors of the Ewing sarcoma family.

BACKGROUND: Ewing family of tumors (EFT) is rarely diagnosed in patients (pts) over the age of 18 years (years), and data on the clinical course and the outcome of adult EFT pts is sparse. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, we summarize our experience with adult EFT pts. From 2002 to 2020, we identified 71 pts of whom 58 were evaluable for the final analysis. RESULTS: Median age was 31 years (18-90 years). Pts presented with skeletal (n = 26), and extra-skeletal primary disease (n =32). Tumor size was ≥8 cm in 20 pts and 19 pts were metastasized at first diagnosis. Between the age groups (≤25 vs. 26-40 vs. ≥41 years) we observed differences of Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), tumor origin, as well as type and number of therapy cycles. Overall, median overall survival (OS) was 79 months (95% confidence interval, CI; 28.5-131.4 months), and median progression-free survival (PFS) 34 months (95% CI; 21.4-45.8 months). We observed a poorer outcome (OS, PFS) in older pts. This could be in part due to differences in treatment intensity and the CCI (<3 vs. ≥3; hazard ratio, HR 0.334, 95% CI 0.15-0.72, p = 0.006). In addition, tumor stage had a significant impact on PFS (localized vs. metastasized stage: HR 0.403, 95% CI 0.18-0.87, p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirms the feasibility of intensive treatment regimens in adult EFT pts. While in our cohort outcome was influenced by age, due to differences in treatment intensity, CCI, and tumor stage, larger studies are warranted to further explore optimized treatment protocols in adult EFT pts.

Dual Targeting of the EGFR/HER2 Pathway in Combination with Systemic Chemotherapy in Refractory Pancreatic Cancer-The CONKO-008 Phase I Investigation.

BACKGROUND: Primary objective of this present trial was to define the maximum tolerable dose of lapatinib in combination with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and folinic acid (OFF) in refractory pancreatic cancer. The secondary objective was to assess the safety and efficacy of lapatinib plus OFF. METHODS: We conducted a phase I trial using an accelerated dose escalation design in patients with refractory pancreatic cancer. Lapatinib was given on days 1 to 42 in combination with folinic acid 200 mg/m2 day + 5-fluorouracil 2000 mg/m2 (24 h) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22, and oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 days 8 and 22 of a 43-day cycle (OFF). Toxicity and efficacy were evaluated. RESULTS: In total, eighteen patients were enrolled: dose level 1 (1000 mg) was assigned to seven patients, dose level 2 (1250 mg), five patients; and dose level 3 (1500 mg), six patients. Dose-limiting toxicities were diarrhea and/or neutropenic enterocolitis observed in two of six patients: one diarrhea III°, one diarrhea IV°, as well as neutropenic enterocolitis. The maximum tolerable dose of lapatinib was 1250 mg OD. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of lapatinib 1250 mg OD with platinum-containing chemotherapy is safe and feasible in patients with refractory pancreatic cancer and warrants further investigation.

Progranulin mediates immune evasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through regulation of MHCI expression.

Immune evasion is indispensable for cancer initiation and progression, although its underlying mechanisms in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are not fully known. Here, we characterize the function of tumor-derived PGRN in promoting immune evasion in primary PDAC. Tumor- but not macrophage-derived PGRN is associated with poor overall survival in PDAC. Multiplex immunohistochemistry shows low MHC class I (MHCI) expression and lack of CD8+ T cell infiltration in PGRN-high tumors. Inhibition of PGRN abrogates autophagy-dependent MHCI degradation and restores MHCI expression on PDAC cells. Antibody-based blockade of PGRN in a PDAC mouse model remarkably decelerates tumor initiation and progression. Notably, tumors expressing LCMV-gp33 as a model antigen are sensitized to gp33-TCR transgenic T cell-mediated cytotoxicity upon PGRN blockade. Overall, our study shows a crucial function of tumor-derived PGRN in regulating immunogenicity of primary PDAC.

NeoRAS wild-type in metastatic colorectal cancer: Myth or truth?-Case series and review of the literature.

Upfront KRAS and NRAS gene testing ('RAS') is the standard of care for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), to guide first-line treatment. The presence of RAS mutation (MT) is a negative predictor for the efficacy of anti-EGFR antibodies and the use of cetuximab and panitumumab is restricted to RAS wild-type (WT) mCRC. Conversion from RAS WT to RAS MT mCRC after treatment with anti-EGFR antibodies is a known and well-described acquired resistance mechanism. The by far less frequent 'NeoRAS wild-type' phenomenon (reversion from RAS MT to RAS WT) has recently drawn attention. The proposed effect of chemotherapy on RAS status in mCRC patients is not fully understood. Because of the intriguing biological consequence of a RAS MT to RAS WT reversion, subsequent treatment of NeoRAS WT patients with anti-EGFR antibodies is increasingly being discussed. Here, we report three clinical cases of NeoRAS WT mCRC patients, which received standard-of-care regimens for RAS MT mCRC. Anti-EGFR antibodies were used in two out of three patients after progression of the disease. One of the patients had a long-term response. In line with our observations, NeoRAS WT phenomenon occurs in clinical practice. Retesting of RAS status during treatment should be discussed in patients with unusual long-term clinical courses of RAS MT mCRC to optimise treatment strategy and to evaluate the use of anti-EGFR antibodies.

Mucin-1 Protein Is a Prognostic Marker for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Results From the CONKO-001 Study.

BACKGROUND: The Mucin-family protein, MUC1, impacts on carcinogenesis and tumor invasion. We evaluated the impact of MUC1 expression on outcome in a cohort of 158 patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) in the CONKO-001 study (adjuvant gemcitabine [gem] vs. observation [obs]). METHODS: The percentage of MUC1-positive tumor cells by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the staining intensity were evaluated by two observers blinded to outcome. The numeric values of both parameters were multiplied, resulting in an immunoreactivity score (IRS) ranging from 0 to 12. The level of MUC1 expression was defined as follows: IRS 0-4 (low) vs IRS >4 (high). Outcomes in terms of disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank tests and Cox regressions. RESULTS: In total, tumors of 158 study patients were eligible for immunohistochemistry of MUC1. High cytoplasmic MUC1 expression was associated with impaired DFS and OS in the overall study population (hazard ratio (HR) for DFS: 0.49, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.78, p = .003; HR for OS: 0.46, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.73, p = .001). In the study arms, prognostic effects of MUC1 were also evident in the observation group (HR for DFS: 0.55; 95% CI 0.29 to 1.04, p = .062; HR for OS: 0.34, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.67, p = .001) and trending in the gem group (HR for DFS: 0.48, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.95, p = .041; HR for OS: 0.56, 95% CI 0.28 to1.11, p = .093). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that MUC1 expression is a powerful prognostic marker in patients with PDAC after curatively intended resection.

Impact of completeness of adjuvant gemcitabine, relapse pattern, and subsequent therapy on outcome of patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma - A pooled analysis of CONKO-001, CONKO-005, and CONKO-006 trials.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the most fatal malignancies worldwide. It is suggested that survival in PDAC depends, among other things, on pattern of disease recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a pooled analysis of the adjuvant therapy studies CONKO-001, CONKO-005, and CONKO-006, including a total of 912 patients with regard to prognostic factors in patients with recurrent disease. Overall survival from disease recurrence (OS 2) and disease-free survival (DFS) from the day of surgery were expressed by Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank testing and Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 912 patients treated within the previously mentioned CONKO trials, we identified 689 patients with disease recurrence and defined site of relapse. In multivariable analysis, the presence of isolated pulmonary metastasis, low tumour grading, and low postoperative level of CA 19-9 remained significant factors for improved OS 2 and DFS. Furthermore, completeness of adjuvant gemcitabine-based treatment (OS 2: P = 0.006), number of relapse sites (OS 2: P = 0.015), and type of palliative first-line treatment (OS 2: P < 0.001) significantly affected overall survival after disease recurrence in PDAC. CONCLUSIONS: Determining tumour subgroups using prognostic factors may be helpful to stratify PDAC patients for future clinical trials. In case of disease recurrence, the site of relapse may have a prognostic impact on subsequent survival. Further investigations are needed to identify differences in tumour biology, reflecting relapse patterns and the differing survival of PDAC patients.

TFE3 activation in a TSC1-altered malignant PEComa: challenging the dichotomy of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) form a family of rare mesenchymal neoplasms that typically display myomelanocytic differentiation. Upregulation of mTOR signaling due the inactivation of TSC1/2 (Tuberous Sclerosis 1 and 2) is believed to be a key oncogenic driver in this disease. Recently, a subgroup of PEComas harboring TFE3 (Transcription Factor E3) rearrangements and presenting with a distinctive morphology has been identified. TSC1/2 and TFE3 aberrations are deemed to be mutually exclusive in PEComa, with two different pathogenic mechanisms assumed to lead to tumorigenesis. Here, we challenge this dichotomy by presenting a case of a clinically aggressive TCS1-mutated PEComa displaying a TFE3-altered phenotype. FISH analysis was suggestive of a TFE3 inversion; however, RNA and whole genome sequencing was ultimately unable to identify a fusion involving the gene. However, a copy number increase of the chromosomal region encompassing TFE3 was detected and transcriptome analysis confirmed upregulation of TFE3, which was also seen at the protein level. Therefore, we believe that the TSC1/2-mTOR pathway and TFE3 overexpression can simultaneously contribute to tumorigenesis in PEComa. Our comprehensive genetic analyses add to the understanding of the complex pathogenic mechanisms underlying PEComa and harbor insights for clinical treatment options.