In Situ Local Band Engineering of Monolayer Graphene Using Triboelectric Plasma.

Graphene, a promising material with excellent properties, suffers from a major limitation in electronics due to its zero bandgap. The gas molecules adsorption has proven to be an effective approach for band regulation, which usually requires a harsh environment. Here, O2 - ions produced with triboelectric plasma are used for in situ regulation of graphene, and the switching ratio can reach 1010. The O2 - ions physical adsorption will reduce the Fermi-level (EF) of graphene. As the EF of graphene is lower than the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of O2-, the adsorption of O2 - changes from uniform physical adsorption to local chemical adsorption, thereby realizing the semiconductor properties of graphene. The local graphene bandgap is calculated to be 83.4 meV by the variable-temperature experiment. Furthermore, annealing treatment can restore to 1/10 of the initial conductance. The C─O bond formed by O2 - adsorption has low bond energy and is easy to desorb, while the C═O bond formed by adsorption on defects and edges has higher bond energy and is difficult to desorb. The study proposes a simple in situ method to investigate the microscopic process of O2 - adsorption on the graphene surface, demonstrating a new perspective for local energy band engineering of graphene.

Characterization of the metabolites of trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside in monkeys and dogs.

In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC/MSn) method was established to characterize the metabolites of TRG in monkeys and dogs. A total of seven metabolites of TRG besides the prototype were found, which were identified as TR (M1), TRN (M2), trans-resveratrol-4'-O-glucuronide (M2'), trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside-4'-O-glucuronide (M3), trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside-5-O-glucuronide (M3'), trans-resveratrol-3-sulfate (M4) and trans-resveratrol-4'-sulfate (M4'). Additionally, the metabolic pathways of TRG in monkeys and dogs were proposed. There were also species differences of metabolism of TRG between monkeys and dogs.

LncRNA DIRC1 is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in stomach adenocarcinoma.

The potential application value of Long non-coding RNA disrupted in renal carcinoma 1 (DIRC1) has not yet been explored, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between DIRC1 and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) based on the cancer genome atlas database. Wilcoxon rank sum test, Chi-square test, Fisher test and logistic regression were used to evaluate relationships between clinical-pathologic features and DIRC1 expression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to describe binary classifier value of DIRC1 using area under curve (AUC) score. Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the impact of DIRC1 on prognosis and the impact of DIRC1-related hub genes on prognosis. Gene oncology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were used to predict the function of differentially expressed genes associated with DIRC1. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to predict biological states or processes associated with DIRC1. Immune infiltration analysis was performed to identify the significantly involved functions of DIRC1. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were established and 10 hub genes identified with Cytoscape software. Real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of DIRC1 in Gastric Cancer patients and healthy people. Increased DIRC1 expression in STAD was associated with T stage (P = .004), race (P = .045), histologic grade (P = .029) and anatomic neoplasm subdivision (P = .034). ROC curve suggested the significant diagnostic ability of DIRC1 (AUC = 0.779). High DIRC1 expression predicted a poorer Overall survival (P = .004, hazard ratio: 1.63; 95% confidence interval: 1.17-2.27; P = .034). GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that DIRC1 is related to epidermis, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, receptor-ligand activity, protein digestion and absorption, etc. GSEA demonstrated that E2F target, G2M checkpoint, Myc target, interferon γ reaction were differentially enriched in the high DIRC1 expression phenotype. SsGSEA and Spearman correlation revealed the relationships between DIRC1 and macrophages, dendritic cells, and Th1 cells were the strongest. Coregulatory proteins were included in the PPI network, higher expressions of 4 hub genes were associated with worse prognosis in STAD. RT-PCR showed that the expression of DIRC1 in the serum of Gastric Cancer patients was higher than healthy people (P = .027). DIRC1 expression was significantly correlated with poor survival and immune infiltrations in STAD, and it may be a promising prognostic biomarker in STAD.

Investigation of Warpage for Multi-Die Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging Process.

This paper focuses on characterizing the evolution of warpage, effects of epoxy molding compound (EMC), and effects of carrier 2 (the second carrier in the process) of 12 inch RDL-first multi-die fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) during the manufacturing process. The linear viscoelasticity properties of EMC and polyimide (PI) were characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in the frequency domain at different temperatures., The elastic and viscoelastic model were used for PI and EMC, the finite element analyses (FEA) of the cured structure were carried out and the results were compared with the test results. The viscoelastic properties of the EMC in the FEA could predict the wafer warpage more accurately. The FEA and experiments were used to investigate the evolution of warpage. The molding had a great influence on the warpage. The effects of the EMC and carrier 2 were also investigated with FEA. The wafer warpage could be reduced by lowering the thickness of the EMC, increasing the thickness of carrier 2, and selecting EMC and carrier 2 with a matched coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).

Active-ion-gated room temperature acetone gas sensing of ZnO nanowires array.

Reducing the high operation temperature of gas sensor to room temperature (RT) have attracted intense interests for its distinct preponderances, including energy-saving and super stability, which presents great prospects in commercial application. The exciting strategies for RT gas sensing, such as unique materials with activated surface or light activation, do not directly modulate the active ions for gas sensing, limiting the RT gas sensing performances. Here, an active-ion-gated strategy has been proposed for RT gas sensing with high performance and low power consumption, in which gas ions in triboelectric plasma are introduced into metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) film to act as both floating gate and active sensing ions. The active-ion-gated ZnO nanowires (NWs) array shows a sensitivity of 38.3% to 10 ppm acetone gas at RT, and the maximum power consumption is only 4.5 mW. At the same time, the gas sensor exhibits excellent selectivity to acetone. More importantly, the response (recovery) time of this sensor is as low as 11 s (25 s). It is found that OH-(H2O)4 ions in plasma are the key for realizing RT gas sensing ability, and an accompanied resistive switch is also observed. It is considered that the electron transfer between OH-(H2O)4 and ZnO NWs will forms a hydroxyl-like intermediate state (OH*) on the top of Zn2+, leading to the band bending of ZnO and activating the reactive O2 - ions on the oxygen vacancies. The active-ion-gated strategy proposed here present a novel exploration to achieving RT gas sensing performance of MOS by activating sensing properties at the scale of ions or atoms.

The Characteristics of Steamed Bread from Reconstituted Whole Wheat Flour (WWF) of Different Hard Wheat Classes with Different Bran Particle Size Distributions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reconstituted whole wheat flour (WWF) particle size on flour characteristics and northern-type steamed bread (NTSB) quality. In this study, hard white (HW), hard red winter (HRW), and hard red spring (HRS) wheat classes, and four different bran particle size distributions [D(50) values of 53 µm, 74 µm, 105 µm, and 125 µm] were blended at a ratio of 85% refined flour + 15% bran to create reconstituted WWF and make reconstituted WWF NTSB. Farinograph water absorption and water solvent retention capacity (SRC) increased as bran particle size decreased. Flour and dough strength tests such as lactic acid SRC and Farinograph and Mixolab development time and stability did not show any clear trends with bran particle size. HRW WWF tended to be the exception as Farinograph development time and stability generally increased as particle size increased. Resistance to extension increased as bran particle size decreased for HRW WWF and increased as particle size increased for HW and HRS. These differences in WWF dough rheology trends were likely due to differences in gluten characteristics between the classes. The results showed that larger particle sizes (105 µm and 125 µm) were more conducive to achieving desirable whole wheat NTSB specific volume, color, and texture.

Pharmacokinetics of vertilmicin, a novel aminoglycoside antibiotic, in rats and dogs.

The pharmacokinetics of vertilmicin was investigated in rats and dogs following intramuscular or intravenous administration of vertilmicin. Following a single administration of an intramuscular dose, serum concentrations of vertilmicin peaked at 0.63 h in rats and 0.58 h in dogs. In rats, after intravenous administration of vertilmicin at dosages of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, the t1/2 values for vertilmicin were 0.81, 0.76, and 0.86 h, respectively, while after intramuscular administration of vertilmicin at dose of 20 mg/kg, the t1/2 value for vertiImicin was 0.79 h. In dogs, after intravenous or intramuscular administration of vertilmicin at a dose of 10 mg/kg, the t1/2 values for vertilmicin were 0.83 and 0.85 h, respectively. After intravenous dosing to rats vertilmicin was distributed to most organs and tissues, and kidney tissue exhibited the highest exposure, while the tissue with the lowest exposure was the brain. Following single intravenous administration of vertilmicin at a dose of 20 mg/kg to rats, about 81.1% of the vertilmicin was excreted in urine, while only 3.12 and 1.44% of the administered dose was excreted in feces and bile within 48 h. The mean values for the plasma protein binding of vertilmicin were 22.7 and 20.4% in rats and dogs, respectively. These results indicate that vertilmicin was rapidly absorbed and widely distributed into various tissues in rats. The pharmacokinetic behavior of vertilmicin was dose-dependent when increasing doses of vertilmicin were administered intravenously to rats. Renal excretion was the primary elimination route of vertilmicin following intravenous administration to rats.

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside and its two metabolites in rats.

BACKGROUND: Trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside (TRG), isolated from the Chinese traditional herbal medicine Huzhang, has been shown to have a wide range of pharmacological benefits. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of TRG and its metabolites, (TRN (trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide) and TR (trans-resveratrol)), following a single intragastric (i.g.) administration of TRG in rats. STUDY DESIGN: To evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of TRG, TRN and TR, groups of rats were administrated a single i.g. dose of either 75, 150 or 300 mg/kg TRG. The absolute bioavailability of TRG was estimated from the ratios of AUC0-∞ values for oral and intravenous administration. Tissue distributions of TRG, TRN and TR in rats were investigated following a single i.g. administration to four groups at 150 mg/kg dosage of TRG. For urinary, fecal and biliary excretion study, TRG, TRN and TR excretions were recovered from a group of rats administered a single i.g. dose of 150 mg/kg TRG. METHODS: The levels of TRG, TRN and TR in plasma, tissues, bile, urine and feces were measured by a rapid and sensitive LC-UV method. The precision was below 10.0%, and the accuracy was within ±9.9% for TRG, TRN and TR. RESULTS: The concentrations of TRN were markedly higher than those of TRG and TR in plasma, urine and bile. TRG, TRN and TR showed linear dynamics in dose range of 75-300 mg/kg TRG. TRG had poor absolute bioavailability in rats. The major distribution tissues of TRG, TRN, and TR in rats were in the digestive tract. TRG, TRN and TR were all eliminated from tissues quickly. TRG was mostly excreted via the renal route in the form of TRN, which accounted for 52.8% of the administered dose up to 72 h. CONCLUSION: Following a single i.g. administration to rats TRG was easily absorbed and rapidly converted to the metabolites TR and TRN. These metabolites were found to be mainly excreted by the kidneys.

Short implants (≤6 mm) versus longer implants with sinus floor elevation in atrophic posterior maxilla: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the use of short implants (≤6 mm) in atrophic posterior maxilla versus longer implants (≥10 mm) with sinus floor elevation. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomised controlled trials (RCTs). DATA SOURCES: Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane CENTRAL. Retrospective and prospective hand searches were also performed. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: RCTs comparing short implants (≤6 mm) and longer implants (≥10 mm) with sinus floor elevation were included. Outcome measures included implant survival (primary outcome), marginal bone loss (MBL), complications and patient satisfaction. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Risks of bias in and across studies were evaluated. Meta-analysis, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were undertaken. Quality of evidence was assessed according to Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. RESULTS: A total of seven RCTs involving 310 participants were included. No significant difference in survival rate was found for 1-3 years follow-up (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.04, p=0.74, I²=0%, moderate-quality evidence) or for 3 years or longer follow-up (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.04, p=0.79, I²=0%, moderate-quality evidence). However, short implants (≤6 mm) showed significantly less MBL in 1-3 years follow-up (MD=-0.13 mm, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.05; p=0.001, I²=87%, low-quality evidence) and in 3 years or longer follow-up (MD=-0.25 mm, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.10; p=0.001, I²=0%, moderate-quality evidence). In addition, short implant (≤6 mm) resulted in fewer postsurgery reaction (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.31, p<0.001, I²=40%, moderate-quality evidence) and sinus perforation or infection (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.63, p=0.01, I²=0%, moderate-quality evidence). CONCLUSIONS: For atrophic posterior maxilla, short implants (≤6 mm) are a promising alternative to sinus floor elevation, with comparable survival rate, less MBL and postsurgery reactions. Additional high-quality studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of short implants (≤6 mm). TRIAL REGISTERATION NUMBER: The protocol has been registered at PROSPERO (CRD42018103531).

Soft and Hard Tissue Changes Following Immediate Placement or Immediate Restoration of Single-Tooth Implants in the Esthetic Zone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: This systematic review aimed to compare immediate protocols with conventional protocols of single-tooth implants in terms of changes in the surrounding hard and soft tissue in the esthetic area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic and manual searches were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and other data systems for research articles published between January 2001 and December 2014. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting on hard and or soft tissue characteristics following a single-tooth implant were included. Based on the protocol used in each study, the included studies were categorized into three groups to assess the relationships between the factors and related esthetic indexes. Variables such as marginal bone level changes (mesial, distal, and mean bone level), peri-implant soft tissue changes (papilla level, midbuccal mucosa, and probing depth), and other esthetic indices were taken into consideration. The data were analyzed using RevMan version 5.3, Stata 12, and GRADEpro 3.6.1 software. RESULTS: A total of 13 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Four studies examined immediate implant placement, five studies examined immediate implant restoration, and four studies examined immediate loading. Comparing the bone level changes following immediate and conventional restoration, no significant differences were found in the bone level of the mesial site (standard mean difference [SMD] = -0.04 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.25 to 0.17 mm), the distal site (SMD = -0.15 mm; 95% CI: -0.38 to 0.09 mm), and the mean bone level changes (SMD = 0.05 mm; 95% CI: -0.18 to 0.27 mm). The difference in the marginal bone level changes between immediate and conventional loading was also not statistically significant (SMD = -0.05 mm; 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.06 mm for the mesial site and SMD = -0.02 mm; 95% CI: -0.09 to 0.05 mm for the distal site). Soft tissue changes following immediate and conventional restoration reported no significant differences in the papillae level of the mesial site (SMD = 0.18 mm; 95% CI: -0.00 to 0.37 mm), the papillae level of the distal site (SMD = -0.12 mm; 95% CI: -0.34 to 0.09 mm), and the midbuccal mucosa (SMD = -0.22 mm; 95% CI: -1.29 to 0.85 mm). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations, it can be concluded that immediately placed, restored, or loaded single-tooth implants in the esthetic zone result in similar hard and soft tissue changes compared with conventional protocols.

Comparison of implant success rates with different loading protocols: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To systematically evaluate implant success rates with different loading protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was conducted of electronic databases, including The Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, PubMed, SciSearch, Medline, and EMBASE, for all randomized controlled trials published between 1997 and 2011 to compare implant success rates among different loading methods. The quality of randomized controlled trials was critically appraised, and the data were extracted by two independent reviewers. Meta-analyses were conducted of the eligible randomized controlled trials. RESULTS: A total of 26 randomized controlled trials met the criteria for meta-analysis. The quality of these articles was moderate. Eight trials compared immediate and early loading (relative risk [RR] = 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-1.93, P = .79), 7 compared early with delayed loading (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.52-2.72, P = .69), and 11 compared immediate and delayed loading (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.52-2.72, P = .69). CONCLUSIONS: The limited evidence shows that there is no significant difference in implant success rates with different loading protocols.