Genome-wide SNPs reveal the fine-scale population structure of Laodelphax striatellus in China using double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing.

The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) is one of the most destructive rice pests and has caused serious economic losses in China. To clarify the genetic differentiation and population genetic structure of this insect pest, we investigated the genomic polymorphisms, genetic differentiation, and phylogeography of 31 SBPH populations from 28 sampling sites from three climatic zones of China using double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq). In total, 2,813,221,369 high-quality paired-end reads from 306 individuals and 1925 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained. Low levels of genetic diversity and significant genetic differentiation were observed among the SBPH populations, and three genetic clusters were detected in China. Neutrality tests and bottleneck analysis provided strong evidence for recent rapid expansion with a severe bottleneck in most populations. Our work provides new insights into the genetics of the SBPH and will contribute to the development of effective management strategies for this pest.

Feed tossing behaviour of Holstein cows: evaluation of physiological stress state and rumen fermentation function.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal or stereotyped behaviours in dairy cows are common in large-scale indoor farms and are usually accompanied by high physiological stress levels. Feed tossing is an abnormal behaviour commonly seen in cows while being fed, making farm management difficult. However, the reasons behind this behaviour have not been sufficiently reported. The objective of this study was to explore the changes in rumen fermentation, serum indicators, inflammatory conditions and the performance of cows with feed tossing behaviour. Holstein cows with similar lactation stages in the same barn were subjected to behaviour observations two times per day for 21 consecutive days. Ten cows with feed tossing behaviour (FT) and ten cows without abnormal behaviours (CON) were selected for further sampling. Plasma samples, rumen fluid, milk yield data of cows, and an indoor environment temperature-humidity index (THI) were collected. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in average daily milk yield during the observation period between feed-tossing cows (n = 68) and the other cows (n = 112). The number of cows showing FT behaviour had a moderately strong negative linear correlation with the THI of the environment. Compared to the CON cows, the FT cows had higher cortisol, norepinephrine and urea nitrogen levels in plasma, as well as higher plasma levels of inflammatory indicators, including total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase levels, and the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase. The FT cows had no significant variations from the CON cows regarding their rumen fermentation indicators, such as pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids. In addition, 16S rRNA analysis revealed that there might be no clear association between the diversity and abundance of rumen bacteria and feed tossing behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that cows might have suffered from high levels of physiological stress and immune state for a long period when they exhibited FT behaviour. The environmental THI could affect the FT behaviour of cows; as the THI increases, the willingness of cows to throw decreases. This work provided the first evidence that feed tossing might be a response associated with high levels of physiological stress and immune. It also explored our insights into a commonly observed behavioural response to cow welfare traits.

Evaluation of environmental and physiological indicators in lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress.

This study aimed to better understand environmental heat stress and physiological heat strain indicators in lactating dairy cows. Sixteen heat stress indicators were derived using microenvironmental parameters that were measured at the surrounding of cows and at usual fixed locations in the barn by using handheld and fixed subarea sensors, respectively. Twenty high-producing Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (> 30.0 kg/day) from an intensive dairy farm were chosen to measure respiration rate (RR), vaginal temperature (VT), and body surface temperature of forehead (FT), eye (ET), and muzzle (MT). Our results show that microenvironments measured by the handheld sensor were slightly warmer and drier than those measured by the fixed subarea sensor; however, their derived heat stress indicators correlated equally well with physiological indicators. Interestingly, ambient temperature (Ta) had the highest correlations with physiological indicators and the best classification performance in recognizing actual heat strain state. Using segmented mixed models, the determined Ta thresholds for maximum FT, mean FT, RR, maximum ET, mean ET, VT, mean MT, and maximum MT were 24.1 °C, 24.2 °C, 24.4 °C, 24.6 °C, 24.6 °C, 25.3 °C, 25.4 °C, and 25.4 °C, respectively. Thus, we concluded that the fixed subarea sensor is a reliable tool for measuring cows' microenvironments; Ta is an appropriate heat stress indicator; FT, RR, and ET are good early heat strain indicators. The results of this study could be helpful for dairy practitioners in a similar intensive setting to detect and respond to heat strain with more appropriate indicators.

Effects of Lonicera japonica extract on performance, blood biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress during perinatal period in dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Lonicera japonica extract (LJE) on milk production, rumen fermentation and blood biomarkers of energy metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress during the perinatal period of Holstein dairy cows. METHODS: Eighteen Holstein dairy cows were used in a complete randomized design experiment with 3 dietary treatments and 6 cows per treatment. All cows received the same basal total mixed ration (TMR) including a prepartal diet (1.35 Mcal of net energy for lactation [NEL]/kg of dry matter [DM], 13.23% crude protein [CP]) from -60 d to calving and a postpartal diet (1.61 Mcal of NEL/kg of DM, 17.39% CP) from calving to 30 days in milk (DIM). The 3 dietary treatments were TMR supplemented with LJE at 0 (control), 1 and 2 g/kg DM, respectively. LJE was offered from 21 d before calving to 30 DIM. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production were measured daily after calving. Milk and rumen fluid samples were collected on 29 and 30 d after calving. On -10, 4, 14, and 30 d relative to calving, blood samples were collected to analyze the biomarkers of energy metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress. RESULTS: Compared with control diet, LJE supplementation at 1 and 2 g/kg DM increased DMI, milk yield and reduced milk somatic cell count. LJE supplementation also decreased the concentrations of blood biomarkers of pro-inflammation (interleukin-1ß [IL-1ß], IL-6, and haptoglobin), energy metabolism (nonesterified fatty acid and ß-hydroxybutyric acid) and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen metabolites), meanwhile increased the total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase concentrations in blood. No differences were observed in rumen pH, volatile fatty acid, and ammonia-N (NH3-N) concentrations between LJE supplemented diets and the control diet. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with 1 and 2 g LJE/kg DM could increase DMI, improve lactation performance, and enhance anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities of dairy cows during perinatal period.

Free-space-based multiple-access frequency dissemination with optical frequency comb.

We demonstrate a free-space-based multiple-access frequency dissemination with an optical frequency comb by using a passive phase conjunction correction technique. Timing fluctuations and Allan Deviations are both measured to characterize the excess frequency instability incurred during the frequency transfer process. By reproducing a 2 GHz radio-frequency signal at a middle point over a 60-m long free-space link in 5000 s, the total root-mean-square (RMS) timing fluctuation was measured to be about 224 fs with a fractional frequency instability on the order of 8 × 10-14 at 1 s and 1 × 10-16 at 1000 s. This free-space-based multiple-access frequency transfer with passive phase conjunction correction can be used to disseminate a stable frequency signal at an arbitrary point in a free-space link.

Femtosecond-level timing fluctuation suppression in atmospheric frequency transfer with passive phase conjunction correction.

We demonstrate femtosecond-level timing fluctuation suppression in indoor atmospheric comb-based frequency transfer with a passive phase conjunction correction technique. Timing fluctuations and Allan deviations are both measured to characterize the excess frequency instability incurred during the frequency transfer process. By transferring a 2 GHz microwave over a 52-m long free-space link in 5000 s, the total root-mean-square (RMS) timing fluctuation was measured to be about 280 fs with a fractional frequency instability on the order of 3 × 10-13 at 1 s and 6 × 10-17 at 1000 s. This atmospheric comb-based frequency transfer with passive phase conjunction correction can be used to build an atomic clock-based free-space frequency transmission link because its instability is less than that of a commercial Cs or H-master clock.

Direct measurement of loop gain and bandwidth of phase-locked loop for mode-locked laser.

A simple and robust technique for measuring the loop gain and bandwidth of a phase-locking loop (PLL) for mode-locked laser is proposed. This technique can be used for the real-time measurement of the PLL's real loop gain and bandwidth in a closed loop without breaking its locking state. The agreement of the experimental result and theoretical calculation proves the validity of the proposed technique for measuring the loop gain and bandwidth. This technique with a simple configuration can be easily expanded to other laser's locking system whose loop gain and bandwidth should be measured in advance.

Localization of G1A1a Allergenic Domain Destroyed by Thermal Processing.

Glycinin is an important allergenic protein. A1a is the acidic chain of the G1 subunit in glycinin (G1A1a), and it has strong allergenicity. In this study, we used phage display technology to express the protein of G1A1a and its overlapping fragments and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) to determine the antigenicity and allergenicity of the expressed protein. After three rounds of screening, it was determined that fragment A1a-2-B-I (151SLENQLDQMPRRFYLAGNQEQEFLKYQQEQG181) is the allergenic domain of G1A1a destroyed by thermal processing. In addition, three overlapping peptides were synthesized from fragments A1a-2-B-I, and a linear epitope was found in this domain through methods including dot blot and iELISA. Peptide 2 (157DQMPRRFYLANGNQE170) showed allergenicity, and after replacing it with alanine, it was found that amino acids D157, Q158, M159, and Y164 were the key amino acids that affected its antigenicity, while Q158, M159, R162, and N168 affected allergenicity.

Spray performance and control efficacy against pests in paddy rice by UAV-based pesticide application: effects of atomization, UAV configuration and flight velocity.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers have emerged as valuable tools for pesticide application across various crops. Despite their increasing usage, the impact of several factors on spray performance and control efficacy in paddy fields warrants further investigation. This study examines atomization characteristics using a UAV spray test platform. Our evaluation of field spraying performance considers three UAV models, two nozzle types, two flight velocities, and adding methylated vegetable oil adjuvant (MVOA), in comparison with the electrical knapsack sprayer (EKS). RESULTS: Atomization characteristics demonstrated consistency within the downwash airflow field, but were influenced by spray solution, nozzle type, and spray pressure. The eight-rotor UAV sprayer excelled over the quad-rotor model in terms of spray deposition across both upper and lower rice canopies. The six-rotor UAV exhibited enhanced spray deposition, droplet density, and coverage at a flight velocity of 4 m s-1 . The choice of nozzle was pivotal; the flat fan nozzle produced finer droplets with desirable deposition and coverage, whereas the air-induction nozzle created larger droplets with consistent coverage at various flight velocities. Adding MVOA improved the physicochemical properties of the spray and its performance, yielding a more uniform distribution. When compared with the EKS, UAVs showed lower deposition but comparable spray penetration. Control efficacy with the UAV sprayer was less effective against Mythimna separata but achieved 81% efficacy against Laodelphax striatellus within 7 days. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that UAV sprayers, particularly when combined with tank-mix adjuvants and nozzle types, can be highly effective for controlling rice pests. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of Holstein cows with different tongue-rolling frequencies: stress immunity, rumen environment and general behavioural activity.

BACKGROUND: The tongue-rolling behaviour of cows is regarded as an outward sign of stressed animals in a low welfare status. The primary aim of this observational study was to evaluate the association between the frequency of tongue-rolling behaviour and its physiological function. The secondary aim was to explore the relationship between general activities and the frequency of tongue-rolling behaviour of cows. A total of 126 scan sampling behavioural observations were collected over 7 d on 348 Holstein cows with the same lactation stage in the same barn. The tongue-rolling frequency was defined as the number of tongue-rolling observations as a percentage to the total observations per individual cow. According to their tongue-rolling frequency, the cows were grouped into the CON (no tongue-rolling), LT (frequency 1%), MT (frequency 5%), and HT (frequency 10%) groups. Six cows from each group were randomly selected for sampling. Serum samples, rumen fluid, milk yield, and background information were collected. The general behaviour data during 72 continuous hours of dairy cows, including eating time, rumination time, food time (eating time + rumination time), and lying time, were recorded by the collar sensor. RESULTS: Cortisol (P = 0.012), γ-hydroxybutyric acid (P = 0.008), epinephrine (P = 0.030), and dopamine (P = 0.047) levels were significantly higher in tongue-rolling groups than in the CON group. Cortisol levels and tongue-rolling frequency had a moderate positive correlation (linearly r = 0.363). With the increase in tongue-rolling frequency, the rumen pH decreased first and then increased (P = 0.013), comparing to the CON group. HT cows had significantly less food time than CON cows (P = 0.035). The frequency of tongue-rolling had a moderate negative relationship with rumination time (r = -0.384) and food time (r = -0.492). CONCLUSIONS: The tongue-rolling behaviour is considered as a passive coping mechanism, as the stress response in cows with high tongue-rolling frequency increased. Food intake and rumination activities were all closely related to the occurrence of tongue-rolling behaviour.

Impact of Heat Stress on Blood, Production, and Physiological Indicators in Heat-Tolerant and Heat-Sensitive Dairy Cows.

Heat stress affects production and health in cows severely. Since it is difficult to define heat-tolerant animals, studies of response to heat stress are important for understanding dairy cows' health and production. However, information on the impact of heat stress on various indicators in heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cows is sparse. This study aimed to investigate the effects of heat stress (HS) on blood, production, and physiological indicators in heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cows. A total of 43 dairy cows were used from 9 May to 7 August 2021, under Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) measurements that ranged from 65.9 to 86.7. We identified cows that were tolerant or sensitive to HS based on the slope of the response of physiological and production traits against THI during the HS period by using a clustering method. After HS, serum glucose (Glu), cortisol (COR), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of cows in the heat-tolerant group were lower than in the heat-sensitive group (p < 0.05). With THI as the predictor, the R2 for predicting respiration rate (RR) and body surface temperature (BT) in heat-tolerant cows was 0.15 and 0.16, respectively, whereas the R2 for predicting RR and BT in heat-sensitive cows was 0.19 and 0.18, respectively. There were low to moderate, positive correlations between RR, BT, and MY with THI, with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.11 to 0.4 in the heat-tolerant group, and from r = 0.24 to 0.43 in the heat-sensitive group. There was a low positive correlation between VT and THI, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of r = 0.07 in the heat-sensitive group. The heat-tolerant dairy cows had lower MY losses and had lower MY (p = 0.0007) in mixed models. Heat-tolerant cows with low-stress levels, through upregulating RR rapidly, increased their adaptability to thermal environments. They have better thermoregulation capability; the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulated the thermoregulatory in animals by releasing a variety of neurotransmitters and hormones.

High-dynamic-range microwave sensing using atomic Rabi resonances.

Detection of the microwave (MW) field with high accuracy is very important in the physical science and engineering fields. Herein, an atomic Rabi resonance-based MW magnetic field sensor with a high-dynamic-range is reported, where α and ß Rabi resonances are used to measure MW fields. In MW measurement experiments, the sensor successfully measured a magnetic field of about 10 nT at 9.2 GHz using the α Rabi resonance line on the cesium clock transition and continuously detected the MW magnetic field in the X-band over a high dynamic power range of >60 dB from the ß Rabi resonance. Finally, the MW power frequency shift and power broadening are investigated to support more sensitive field measurements. The proposed MW detection method can be extended to cover a higher dynamic range and a wider frequency band by applying stronger excitations and exploring non-clock atomic transitions, respectively. In addition to MW magnetic field sensing, other potential application of the proposed method can be explored, including SI-traceable MW calibration and atomic communication.

Di-µ-aqua-bis-{diaqua-[µ-4-({4-[bis-(2-hy-droxy-eth-yl)amino]-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)-benzene-sulfonato]-sodium(I)}.

In the dinuclear title compound, [Na(2)(C(13)H(15)ClN(5)O(5)S)(2)(H(2)O)(6)](n), two Na(+) cations, disposed about a centre of inversion, are linked by two bridging water mol-ecules. The coordination geometry is based on an O(5) donor set defined by four water mol-ecules and a 4-amino-benzene-sulfonate O atom in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry. In the crystal, significant O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of a three-dimensional architecture.

Physiological Indicators and Production Performance of Dairy Cows With Tongue Rolling Stereotyped Behavior.

Non-nutritive oral behaviors, especially tongue rolling, are prevalent in the stabled cow population. These behaviors mean that the environment or management process might not suit the cows, suggesting low welfare. However, few researches have reported the physiological indicators or production performance of dairy cows with the stereotyped behavior. This study aimed to determine physical conditions, daily activity, rumen fermentation, and milk production of cows with tongue-rolling behavior. Three hundred and fifty nine Holstein cows in the same barn and lactation stage were subjected to scan sampling behavior observations 126 times for 7 days. Ten cows with high-frequency tongue-rolling behavior (TON) and 10 cows without abnormal oral behavior (CON) were selected for further study. Serum sample, ruminal fluid, milk sample, and behavior record video of TON and CON cows were collected. TON cows had more drinking behavior and more stable lying behavior than the CON cows during the daytime. The body condition score of the TON cows decreased, while the milk yield, yield of milk fat, protein, and lactose in the study period increased. The TON cows had lower ruminal fluid pH, acetate/propionate ratio, and total volatile acid. The bacterial diversity in the ruminal fluid was not different between the two groups. Compared to CON cows, the TON cows had a higher level of serum stress indicators, such as cortisol, thyroid hormone, and norepinephrine, which positively correlated to the frequency of tongue-rolling behavior. Meanwhile, the TON cows had a higher level of lactate dehydrogenase, serum glucose, total triglyceride, total cholesterol, and Interleukin 6. Overall, it means they suffer from higher levels of stress and have higher energy metabolism for a long time when cows show tongue-rolling behavior. TON cows had suffered a higher stress level and had higher energy metabolic status for a long time. The TON cows might have better heat tolerance to the thermal environment by more lying and drinking time. Our data revealed the changes in milk production, physiological stress indicators of dairy cows with high-frequency tongue rolling behavior, which will provide essential knowledge for the in-depth understanding of tongue rolling behavior in dairy cows.

Evaluation of the Best Region for Measuring Eye Temperature in Dairy Cows Exposed to Heat Stress.

Eye temperature (ET) has long been used for predicting or indicating heat stress in dairy cows. However, the region of interest (ROI) and temperature parameter of the eye have not been standardized and various options were adopted by previous studies. The aim of this study was to determine the best ROI for measuring ET as the predictor of heat stress in dairy cows in consideration of repeatability and validity. The ET of 40 lactating Holstein dairy cows was measured using infrared thermography. The mean and maximum temperature of five ROIs-medial canthus (MC), lateral canthus, eyeball, whole eye (WE), and lacrimal sac (LS)-were manually captured. The results show that the ET of left eyes was slightly higher than that of right eyes. The ET taken in MC, WE, and LS within 2 min had a moderate to substantial repeatability. The maximum temperature obtained at the LS had the highest correlation coefficients with respiration rate and core body temperature (all p < 0.001). Therefore, the maximum temperature of LS should be considered by future studies that want to use ET as the predictor or indicator of heat stress in dairy cows.

4-(Diphenyl-phosphan-yl)benzoic acid.

In the title compound, C(19)H(15)O(2)P, the dihedral angles between the benzoic acid ring and the phenyl rings are 75.64 (7) and 80.88 (7)°; the dihedral angle between the phenyl rings is 81.35 (7)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R(2) (2)(8) loops between the head-to-head carb-oxy-lic acid groups.

Ruminal Methanogenic Responses to the Thiamine Supplementation in High-Concentrate Diets.

BACKGROUND: Thiamine supplementation in high-concentrate diets (HC) was confirmed to attenuate ruminal subacute acidosis through promoting carbohydrate metabolism, however, whether thiamine supplementation in HC impacts methane metabolism is still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, thiamine was supplemented in the high-concentrate diets to investigate its effects on ruminal methanogens and methanogenesis process. METHODS: an in vitro fermentation experiment which included three treatments: control diet (CON, concentrate/forage = 4:6; DM basis), high-concentrate diet (HC, concentrate/forage = 6:4; DM basis) and high-concentrate diet supplemented with thiamine (HCT, concentrate/forage = 6:4, DM basis; thiamine supplementation content = 180 mg/kg DM) was conducted. Each treatment concluded with four repeats, with three bottles in each repeat. The in vitro fermentation was sustained for 48h each time and repeated three times. At the end of fermentation, fermentable parameters, ruminal bacteria and methanogens community were measured. RESULTS: HC significantly decreased ruminal pH, thiamine and acetate content, while significantly increasing propionate content compared with CON (p < 0.05). Conversely, thiamine supplementation significantly increased ruminal pH, acetate while significantly decreasing propionate content compared with HC treatment (p < 0.05). No significant difference of ruminal methanogens abundances among three treatments was observed. Thiamine supplementation significantly decreased methane production compared with CON, while no significant change was found in HCT compared with HC. CONCLUSION: thiamine supplementation in the high-concentrate diet (HC) could efficiently reduce CH4 emissions compared with high-forage diets while without causing ruminal metabolic disorders compared with HC treatment. This study demonstrated that supplementation of proper thiamine in concentrate diets could be an effective nutritional strategy to decrease CH4 production in dairy cows.

Metagenomic Insights into Effects of Thiamine Supplementation on Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes' Profile in Dairy Cows Fed High-Concentrate Diets.

As the co-enzyme of pyruvate formate-lyase under ruminal anaerobic condition, thiamine plays a critical role in carbohydrate metabolism in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of thiamine supplementation on ruminal carbohydrate-active enzymes. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments: control diet (CON; 20% starch, dry matter (DM) basis), high-concentrate diet (HC; 33.2% starch, DM basis) and a high-concentrate diet supplemented with 180 mg thiamine/kg DM (HCT; 33.2% starch, DM basis). Dry matter intake and milk production were recorded for 21 days. Rumen fluid samples were collected, and ruminal pH and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were measured. The metagenome sequencing technique was used to detect the genes in ruminal microorganisms and identify putative carbohydrate-active enzymes. The total abundances of carbohydrate-active enzymes and fiber-degrading enzymes were both reduced by HC with no effect on starch-degrading enzymes compared with CON. However, the fiber-degrading enzymes and starch-degrading enzymes were both increased after thiamine supplementation. These results indicated that 180 mg thiamine /kg DM might effectively improve rumen carbohydrate metabolism through increasing the abundance of ruminal carbohydrate-active enzymes and consequently balanced the rumen volatile fatty acids and rumen pH, providing a practical strategy in preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in cows offered HC.

Effects of Partial Replacment of Dietary Forage Using Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae) on Ruminal Fermentation and Lactation Performances of Dairy Cows.

BACKGROUND: Kelp powder, which was rich in novel oligosaccharides and iodine might be utilized by the rumen microbiome, promoted the ruminal fermentation and finally enhanced the lactation performance of dairy cows. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of kelp powder partially replacing dietary forage on rumen fermentation and lactation performance of dairy cows. (2) Methods: In the present study, 20 Chinese Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into two treatments, a control diet (CON) and a kelp powder replacing diet (Kelp) for a 35-d long trial. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, milk quality, ruminal fermentable parameters, and rumen microbiota were measured to investigate the effects of kelp powder feeding on dairy cows. (3) Results: On the lactation performance, kelp significantly increased milk iodine content and effectively enhanced milk production and milk fat content. On the fermentable aspects, kelp significantly raised TVFA while reducing the ammonia-N content. On the rumen microbial aspect, kelp feeding significantly promoted the proliferation of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria while suppressing Bacteroidetes. (4) Conclusion: kelp powder as an ingredient of feedstuff might promote the rumen fermentation ability and effectively increase milk fat and iodine content, and consequently improve the milk nutritional value.

Microwave magnetic field detection based on Cs vapor cell in free space.

In this study, we demonstrate the direct measurement of a microwave (MW) magnetic field through the detection of atomic Rabi resonances with Cs vapor cells in a free-space low-Q cavity. The line shape (amplitude and linewidth) of detected Rabi resonances is investigated versus several experimental parameters such as the laser intensity, cell buffer gas pressure, and cell length. The specially designed low-Q cavity creates a suitable MW environment allowing easy testing of different vapor cells with distinct properties. Obtained results are analyzed to optimize the performances of a MW magnetic field sensor based on the present atom-based detection technique.