Fluorescence detected linear dichroism spectroscopy: A selective and sensitive probe for fluorophores in flow-oriented systems.

Fluorescence detection typically enhances sensitivity and selectivity for fluorescent analytes. The potential for combining fluorescence detection with flow orientation of the sample in the normal configuration of linear dichroism experiments is explored in this work by measuring the fluorescence emitted from flow-orientated DNA-bound ligands and M13 bacteriophage. Data for ethidium bromide, Hoechst 33258, and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyindole are presented. The theoretical basis of the technique is also presented for instruments running in both the fixed direct-current mode, which is the normal operation mode of circular dichroism spectropolarimeters, and also in fixed high-tension voltage mode. The role of the stray light reaching the detector that results in a spectral shape in fixed direct current mode that resembles the shape of a linear dichroism spectrum, rather than the expected reduced linear dichroism, is also explored.

Architecture of the Vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus machine revealed by electron cryotomography.

Type IV pili (T4P) are filamentous appendages found on many Bacteria and Archaea. They are helical fibres of pilin proteins assembled by a multi-component macromolecular machine we call the basal body. Based on pilin features, T4P are classified into type IVa pili (T4aP) and type IVb pili (T4bP)1,2. T4aP are more widespread and are involved in cell motility3, DNA transfer4, host predation5 and electron transfer6. T4bP are less prevalent and are mainly found in enteropathogenic bacteria, where they play key roles in host colonization7. Following similar work on T4aP machines8,9, here we use electron cryotomography10 to reveal the three-dimensional in situ structure of a T4bP machine in its piliated and non-piliated states. The specific machine we analyse is the Vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus machine (TCPM). Although only about half of the components of the TCPM show sequence homology to components of the previously analysed Myxococcus xanthus T4aP machine (T4aPM), we find that their structures are nevertheless remarkably similar. Based on homologies with components of the M. xanthus T4aPM and additional reconstructions of TCPM mutants in which the non-homologous proteins are individually deleted, we propose locations for all eight TCPM components within the complex. Non-homologous proteins in the T4aPM and TCPM are found to form similar structures, suggesting new hypotheses for their functions and evolutionary histories.

Structure function analysis of interleukin 7: requirement for an aromatic ring at position 143 of helix D.

The residues located at the carboxyl terminus of helix D in interleukin-7 (IL-7) have previously been targeted as important for recruitment and binding to the gamma chain component of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R). In this study, Trp 143 of helix D was mutated to His, Phe, Tyr and Pro and these mutants, along with a W143A mutant previously described, were studied to determine the effects on activation of DNA synthesis and binding affinity to IL-7R positive 2E8 cells. The W143F and W143Y mutants were similar to wild type IL-7 in their binding properties and retained 85% and 74% of their activating properties, respectively. In contrast, the W143H mutant possessed a lower binding affinity and a corresponding decrease in activation, the W143A mutant possessed an over 100-fold decreased binding affinity and some residual activation activity and the W143P mutant possessed a greatly decreased binding affinity and did not activate. These results strongly suggest an aromatic residue is required at position 143 for IL-7R binding and subsequent signal transduction.