Antitumor activity of sulforaphane in mice model of skin cancer via blocking sulfatase-2.

Although there are many treatment options for skin cancer, the chemotherapeutic agents for skin cancer are linked with many adverse effects as well as the development of multidrug resistance. Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate, which is found in cruciferous vegetables. Consumption of sulforaphane-rich diet has been linked to inhibition of UV-exposed skin carcinogenesis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the ability of sulforaphane to reduce skin cancer in mice through inhibition of sulfatase-2 enzyme. Epicutaneous application of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene was performed on the shaved dorsal skin of mice followed by croton oil. Sulforaphane (9 µmol/mouse/day) was administered to mice orally. Skin was removed from the dorsal area for assessment of sulfatase-2, glypican-3, heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs), nuclear factor (NF)κB, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1ß and caspase-3. In addition, skin sections were stained with haematoxylin/eosin, Mallory and cytokeratin immunostaining. We found that, sulforaphane blocked sulfatase-2 activity, leading to significant elevation in HSPGs as well as significant reduction in glypican-3. In addition, sulforaphane significantly activated Nrf2 and reduced both the gene and protein expression of NFκB, TNF-α, IL-1ß and caspase-3. In parallel, stained sections obtained from skin cancer mice treated with sulforaphane showed significant reduction in hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and epithelial dysplasia. The collective results indicate that sulforaphane suppresses skin cancer via blocking sulfatase-2 with subsequent elevation in HSPGs and reduction in glypican-3. Moreover, sulforaphane attenuated skin cancer-induced activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.

Effects of aging on the myelination of the optic nerve in rats.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Cognitive decline due to aging is most probably the result of changes in the white matter in the central nervous system (CNS) and/or demyelination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used electron microscopic analysis of the morphological changes in aging rats' optic nerves as an easily accessible part of the CNS. RESULTS: Several age changes were observed in aging rats (36 months) vs. young adult rats (6 months), namely degeneration of axons, decreased packing density and morphological alterations of myelination, including the ballooning of some myelin sheaths, separation of myelin lamellae and degenerative changes in the oligodendrocytes population. CONCLUSION: Cognitive decline related to aging may occur in part due to the disturbed myelination of axons in CNS white matter.

Evaluating Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Life After Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Al-Qunfudhah Governorate, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Gallstone disease, commonly referred to as cholelithiasis, is a prevalent medical condition that has substantial global implications. Due to its numerous benefits, such as cheaper costs and shorter hospital stays, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has replaced open surgery as the most often performed surgical method for treating a range of biliary problems in wealthy countries. Any medical procedure's long-term patient well-being must be assessed, starting with the quality of life (QoL), patient satisfaction, and postoperative healing. AIM: The current study aims to evaluate patient satisfaction and QoL after undergoing LC in Al-Qunfudhah Governorate. METHODS:  A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting all patients who underwent LC in Al-Qunfudhah Governorate during the period from January to March 2024. The online survey was initiated by the study researchers after an intensive literature review and experts' consultation. The validated questionnaire was uploaded online using Google Forms and distributed electronically via social media apps. RESULTS: The current study included records of 200 participants where the highest proportion falls within the 26 to 35 age group, comprising 57 individuals (28.5%). In terms of gender, males represent the majority, with 109 participants (54.5%). A total of 122 individuals (61.0%) reported being satisfied with their procedures. Conversely, 18 patients (9.0%) expressed dissatisfaction. The majority of participants under investigation expressed satisfaction with their overall QoL after undergoing LC, with 84 patients (42.0%) reporting satisfaction and 67 patients (33.5%) reporting being very satisfied. Additionally, only a small proportion of participants expressed dissatisfaction or very dissatisfaction Conclusion: In summary, the current study demonstrated high satisfaction with the LC treatment and highly reported QoL, which were mostly attributable to a number of factors such as the staff's cooperation, the lack of severe problems, and the sufficiency of the pre-surgery information supplied.

The Assessment of Knowledge, Awareness and Practice Regarding Diverticulitis and Its Risk Factors Among the Population of Saudi Arabia.

Background The term "diverticula" refers to the existence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract but is mainly located in the sigmoid colon and is used to describe colonic diverticulosis. Diverticula, which are sac-like protrusions in the wall of the large bowel, are becoming more prevalent globally, in both developed and developing nations. This increase in occurrence is primarily attributed to changes in dietary and lifestyle patterns. Raising public awareness can potentially contribute to a decrease in the incidence of the disease and its associated complications. Aim This study aims to assess knowledge and awareness levels among the Saudi Arabian population regarding diverticulitis and its risk factors. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 1st January 2024 to 1st April 2024 using an online questionnaire for data collection. The target population consists of individuals who are between 18 years and 45, in Saudi Arabia without a history of diverticulitis. The study questionnaire covered participants' demographic (Western, Central, Southern, Eastern, Northern) regions, knowledge, awareness and practice of diverticulitis. Results A total of 548 eligible participants completed the study questionnaire, most of them (80.3%; 395) were from the Western region including Mecca, Medina and Jeddah. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to more than 40 years with a mean age of 30.5 ± 11.9 years old. A greater percentage (72.3%) of the participants were males compared to the percentage of females, which was 27.7%. The vast majority of the study participants had an inadequate knowledge level about diverticulitis (85.9%; 471) while only 31 (5.7%) had adequate knowledge and awareness about the disease. The most reported sources of information included study courses (6.4%), media (5.3%), and physicians (4.7%) while most respondents (83.6%) had no source. Conclusion In conclusion, aside from preventive strategies, the current study found that the public knew very little about diverticulitis, including its risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnostic process. The two significant predictors of public awareness level were age and doctors as information sources.

Awareness of Bariatric Sleeve Gastrectomy Complications Among the General Population of Saudi Arabian Regions.

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a type of procedure called bariatric surgery that provides large weight loss and has a positive impact on diseases associated with obesity. However, it has brought several complications that have an impact on those undergoing surgery, which are classified into intraoperative and postoperative issues. The study's goal is to assess the Saudi Arabian population's awareness of SG consequences. This study assessed the general population's knowledge in Saudi Arabia in 2023 using a cross-sectional approach. The total number of participants was 1,013, the majority of whom were individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 (471, 46%), and females (692, 68%). A total of 692 (68%) participants showed awareness of BMI; in addition, 987 (97%) were aware of gastric sleeve surgery, and 538 (53%) understood its indications correctly. Regarding SG complications, approximately 821 (81%) of participants showed awareness. There were significant associations between knowledge of gastric sleeve surgery and residence in the northern region of Saudi Arabia. In conclusion, our study indicated that the general population is aware of the complications of gastric sleeve surgery, but it found a deficiency in their knowledge about BMI.

Knowledge and Awareness of Screening for Children With Cryptorchidism in the Al-Qunfudhah Governorate, Saudi Arabia.

Background Undescended testis is a common pediatric surgical presentation condition with potential long-term consequences if left untreated. It is characterized by the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. This study aims to measure and enhance awareness and knowledge about undescended testis through comprehensive medical research and provide evidence-based recommendations. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate participants' knowledge regarding undescended testes and assess the level of interest and awareness among individuals and parents about the importance of early examination and treatment. Methods It is a cross-sectional, nationwide study targeting the population of Al-Qunfudhah. The study was conducted in December 2023 using a validated questionnaire distributed through social media platforms. Results The study analyzed data from 459 participants to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding undescended testis. Participants' knowledge was evaluated. In general, the mean ± SD score of knowledge was 3.61 ± 2.33. Higher education level, occupation, and having children were associated with greater knowledge. Attitudes were measured. The mean attitudes score was 2.37 ± 1.58. Higher education level, occupation, and marital status influenced attitudes. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the knowledge and attitudes of individuals regarding undescended testis. Participants displayed moderate levels of knowledge and positive attitudes, with educational attainment and occupation playing significant roles. These findings highlight the importance of targeted educational interventions to improve awareness and promote positive attitudes toward undescended testis.

Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness Levels of Lipoma and Simple Surgical Excision Among Adults in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia.

Background Lipoma is a soft tissue tumor primarily composed of fat cells. These slow-growing, painless, subcutaneous nodules can occur in any place in the body where fat is present. Our study aims to assess the awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of Makkah region inhabitants regarding lipomas and the surgical excision method. Methodology This study used a cross-sectional methodology to evaluate the general public's knowledge regarding lipomas and the surgical excision method using a self-administered questionnaire in the Makkah region from January to April 2024. Results A total of 367 participants were included, with the majority (56.10%) aged between 18 and 29 years. The survey revealed that 48.50% had heard about lipomas, 42.80% lacked any knowledge about them, and 26.70% acquired their information via social media. Furthermore, 31.60% believed it to affect both genders equally, 46.60% admitted uncertainty, 20.40% correctly identified that lipomas can occur at any age, and 39.80% were uncertain. Overall, 57.20% correctly identified lipomas as benign tumors composed of fat cells. Opinions diverged on whether lipomas cause pain, with 46.90% being uncertain. Moreover, 25.90% of respondents thought that surgery was the sole option for removing a lipoma, while 38.10% recognized the risk of lipoma recurrence after surgical removal. Overall, 85.60% reported never being diagnosed with a lipoma, while 4.10% had been diagnosed, predominantly with single lipomas 6.00%. There were significant differences in the participants' marital status, with widowed people exhibiting the greatest awareness level, followed by single people. Conclusions Our study findings indicate a moderate level of awareness about lipomas among residents of the Makkah region. However, there are significant gaps in understanding various aspects of lipomas, including their characteristics, treatment options, and demographic distribution.

Knowledge and Awareness of Varicose Veins and Its Risk Factors in Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia.

Background Varicose veins are defined as visibly swollen and twisted veins, surrounded sometimes by patches of flooded capillaries. Varicose veins are a relatively common condition. For many people, they are a family trait. Women are at least twice as likely as men to develop them. Aim This study aims to assess the public knowledge and awareness of varicose veins in Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia. Methods A correlational cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of people in Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire was used for data collection. The data collection sheet included socioeconomic-demographic information. Varicose vein knowledge was assessed in the second portion using three-point ratings. The final section had multiple-choice questions about risk factors and complications, including symptoms, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors for varicose veins. Results Participants were included in the study after excluding individuals aged less than 18 years old, with a majority being males (319; 79.9%). Regarding age distribution, participants aged 36-45 years constituted the largest group (132; 33.1%). Out of 399 participants, 369 (92.5%) had not been diagnosed with varicose veins. Most participants (271, 67.9%) had heard of varicose veins, with the primary sources of information being someone they knew with varicose veins (106, 39.11%). Family history was considered an important factor by 141 (35.3%) of respondents while 217 (54.4%) were unsure. Female gender and old age showed significantly higher knowledge levels (p< 0.05). Conclusion The current study concluded that while there was a fair level of public awareness of varicose veins in general, there was a noticeable lack of knowledge regarding clinical symptoms and diagnostic techniques. Younger females demonstrated noticeably greater awareness and comprehension of the illness.

Assessment of Public Awareness of Cellulitis in Al-Qunfudhah Region, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: The term "cellulitis" is frequently used to describe a non-necrotizing inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues that is typically caused by an acute infection and does not affect the muscles or fascia. Warmth, erythema, tenderness, swelling, and localized pain are the hallmarks of cellulitis. Life-threatening and debilitating outcomes from cellulitis include necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing hypodermitis, abscess formation, septic shock, and, in extreme cases, death. The current study aimed to assess public awareness of cellulitis in the Al-Qunfudhah region, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted targeting all residents in Al-Qunfudhah, Saudi Arabia, during the period from January to March 2024. Data were collected using a pre-structured online questionnaire. The study questionnaire included participants' demographic data, cellulitis data, and knowledge and attitude towards cellulitis. The final questionnaire was uploaded online using social media platforms by the researchers and their friends until no more new participants were included. RESULTS: A total of 470 records were analyzed. Among the respondents, the majority were male (n=347, 73.8%), and the highest proportion fell within the age range of 18 to 25 years (n=174, 37.0%). The highest proportion of respondents correctly identified cellulitis as a medical condition affecting the skin and soft tissues underneath it, typically caused by infection or injury (n=278, 59.1%). Additionally, the majority acknowledged that cellulitis can cause pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area (n=240, 51.1%). As for factors associated with awareness of cellulitis, significant associations were found with age group (p=0.031), educational levels (p=0.003), and employment status (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a high level of awareness of cellulitis among participants, especially highly educated and employed participants. Participants believed that healthcare providers play a crucial role in raising population awareness of cellulitis health problems.

Multifaceted Impacts of Monosodium Glutamate on Testicular Health: Insights into Pyroptosis and Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol.

BACKGROUND: Monosodium glutamate was considered one of the food additive and flavor enhancer in processed meat and soup that affects testicular tissues, the aim of this research to investigates the impact of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on testicular structure in rats and explores the potential protective effects of resveratrol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four experimental groups involved in our study 10 rats of each.: the first group as control group; the second group (Resveratrol group: control rats received 20 mg/kg of resveratrol, via oral gavage); the third group (MSG group: rats received monosodium glutamate (MSG) with a dose 60 mg/kg body weight daily, via gastric tube, and the fourth group (MSG+ Resveratrol group). Serum level of testosterone, FSH, LH, were measured. Testicular tissues were prepared for measurement of oxidative stress markers, and gene expression of NLRP3, Caspase 3, and GSK-3ß. Moreover, paraffin blocks contained testicular tissue used for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Additionally, seminal smear from epididymis were examined. RESULTS: MSG administration adversely affected testosterone production, hormonal levels, and sperm parameters, Histological examination revealed marked testicular degeneration, and oxidative stress assessments indicated elevated level of MDA a lipid peroxidation marker and decrease in SOD, CAT antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, MSG-induced apoptotic and pyroptotic markers and its gene expressions. Importantly. Administration of resveratrol reversed the detrimental effects of MSG, demonstrating its corrective influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis disruption, improvement of sperm parameters, attenuation of oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic activity, and anti-pyroptotic effects. The expression of Ki-67 as a cell proliferation marker further supported the positive response to spermatogenesis dysfunction upon resveratrol treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive exploration sheds light on the protective effect of resveratrol against MSG-induced testicular with exploration of its mechanistic role.

Community-Level Awareness of Proper Immediate Steps for Ocular Chemical Injury in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: The human eyes are the most vital sensory organ. Eye injury is the main factor leading to monocular blindness. There is a lack of understanding in the Saudi community regarding the appropriate response to a chemical injury to the eyes. To provide accurate and clear medical information about ocular chemical damage, it is crucial to identify areas where healthcare professionals fall short. To address the gaps in critical knowledge, this study aimed to focus on the Saudi Arabian community to determine if healthcare professionals have fulfilled their responsibility as health promoters in providing education on eye emergencies. We examined the immediate reaction of the study participants to evaluate the community's awareness of chemical eye injuries and immediate management strategies. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess and evaluate the general population's knowledge and awareness of immediate management steps following an ocular chemical injury in Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional design was employed. A random sampling method was used to select 2,295 individuals from the Saudi community. Participants completed an electronic closed-ended, pre-validated, anonymous, and self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of the respondents were females (71.6%) and Saudis (94.5%) aged 18 to 30 years (46.6%). The majority of the respondents correctly stated that eye injuries could cause complications (89.6%) and that common substances that could result in eye injuries are chloride and detergents (93.3%) and battery materials (73.1%). Furthermore, complications after eye injuries could include blindness (80.6%), perforation (44.5%), and scar formation (38.1%). A substantial proportion of the respondents indicated that water should be used to treat chemical injuries due to acidic and alkaline substances (68.1%). However, only a small proportion of the respondents correctly answered that the eyes should be washed for 30 minutes or more after an ocular injury (7.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The overall knowledge levels on injury mechanisms and complications were generally high with a lack of knowledge regarding immediate management for injuries. Therefore, there is a need for targeted educational interventions and training programs to enhance the general public's understanding of immediate management strategies for chemical eye injuries.

Knowledge and Attitude of the General Population About Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) in the Western Region, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: A do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order is a medical order issued by a doctor. It directs medical professionals to refrain from performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient's breathing or heartbeat ceases. Patients can refuse CPR in an emergency if they have a DNR order. The DNR order includes precise directives about CPR. Instructions for extra therapies like nourishment, other drugs, or painkillers are not included. AIM: The aim of the study is to learn more about the western region's general population's knowledge and attitudes toward DNR orders and identify any challenges that may arise when dealing with DNR patients. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 in the western region of Saudi Arabia. An online, self-administered questionnaire was distributed randomly from April 8, 2023 to June 6, 2023. The estimated sample size was 384, and 604 were the collected responses. RESULTS: A total of 383 (63.4%) participants were females, and 221 (36.6%) were males. Regarding the knowledge and attitude of the general population about DNR orders in the western region of Saudi Arabia, 276 (45.7%) study participants had satisfactory knowledge and awareness, while 328 (54.3%) had inadequate knowledge. A total of 343 (56.8%) participants thought that DNR is important; 255 (42.2%) felt that the DNR has reduced the pain of their relatives, and 181 (30%) believed that it has reduced the stress felt by the patient's families. Of participants aged 20-30 years, 58.4% had satisfactory knowledge about DNR orders compared with those aged 50 and above; 76.1% of healthcare workers had satisfactory knowledge versus 26.5% of unemployed participants (P=.001). CONCLUSION: We recommend increasing awareness and knowledge about DNR by conducting educational events about the concept and how to deal with patients who choose to acquire a DNR order.

Phytochemical analysis of Origanum majorana L. extract and investigation of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects against experimentally induced colitis downregulating Th17 cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Origanum majorana L. is a member of the Lamiaceae family and is commonly used in Egyptian cuisine as a seasoning and flavor enhancer. It is also recognized as a well-known traditional medicine in Egypt and is widely used for treating abdominal colic due to its antispasmodic properties. However, the protective effects of Origanum majorana L. against ulcerative colitis and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to identify the biologically active components present in methanol extracts of Origanum majorana L. using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Additionally, it aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of these extracts on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis and elucidate the potential mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract obtained from Origanum majorana L. Thirty-two male rats were included in the study and divided into four experimental groups, with eight rats in each group: sham, UC, UC + O. majorana, and UC sulfasalazine. After euthanizing the rats, colon tissue samples were collected for gross and microscopic examinations, assessment of oxidative stress, and molecular evaluation. GC-MS analysis identified 15 components in the extracts. Pretreatment with O. majorana L. extract and sulfasalazine significantly improved the disease activity index (DAI) and resulted in notable improvements in macroscopic and microscopic colon findings. Additionally, both treatments demonstrated preventive effects against colonic oxidative damage by reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing the levels of the antioxidant systems superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), which operate through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Moreover, these treatments downregulated the colonic inflammatory cascade by inhibiting NFκB, TNFα, IL-1ß, IL6, IL23, IL17, COX-2, and iNOS, subsequently leading to downregulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and a decrease in the Th17 cell response. Furthermore, a reduction in the number of apoptotic epithelial cells that expressed caspase-3 was observed. CONCLUSION: pretreatment with O. majorana L. extract significantly ameliorated acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis. This effect could be attributed to the protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of the extract.

The Influence of Social Media on the Decision of Rhinoplasty Among Adults in the Western and Southern Regions of Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Rhinoplasty, a cosmetic surgical procedure aimed at altering the appearance of the nose, has gained immense popularity worldwide. Patients undergo this procedure for various reasons, ranging from aesthetic concerns to functional impairments. Social media, being a ubiquitous platform for sharing and consuming visual content, has emerged as a potential influencer for individuals contemplating rhinoplasty. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media on the prevalence of rhinoplasty among individuals residing in the southern and western regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online self-administered questionnaire, targeting male and female adults aged 18 years or older, residing in the western and southern regions of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire comprised 17 questions, categorized into two sections. The first section sought demographic information, including age, gender, education, and other relevant characteristics. The second section focused on the influence of social media on the decision-making process related to rhinoplasty. Results A total of 1645 participants responded to the survey, with 96.80% being Saudi citizens. The majority of respondents were females (69.11%); 58.52% of the respondents were from the western region of Saudi Arabia, while 41.48% lived in the southern region. Most participants (64.27%) were aged between 18 and 30 years. The study revealed that Snapchat (Snap Inc., Santa Monica, California, United States) was the most influential social media platform, with 43.41% of respondents reporting it as the key influencer for their decision to undergo rhinoplasty. Twitter (Twitter, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States) and Instagram (Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, California, United States) followed at 22.97% and 12.09%, respectively. Interestingly, 28.42% of respondents acknowledged that social media played a significant role in their decision to undergo rhinoplasty, particularly when promoted by celebrities or trusted figures. Comparing responses from the western and southern regions, the study showed that individuals from the southern region were relatively more influenced by social media, with 27.8% and 29.3% of respondents reporting the influence from the two regions, respectively. Out of the total respondents, only 38.75% reported dissatisfaction with their nose's appearance and condition, while 23.60% expressed a tendency towards undergoing rhinoplasty. Conclusion The study's findings underscore the critical role of social media in influencing patients' decisions to undergo rhinoplasty, particularly in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Snapchat emerged as the most influential social media platform, with celebrities' pictures before and after the procedure being the leading factor in motivating patients to undergo rhinoplasty. The study highlights the need for further research to explore the potential risks and benefits associated with the influence of social media on patients' decision-making regarding rhinoplasty.

Palliative Role of Zamzam Water against Cyclosporine-Induced Nephrotoxicity through Modulating Autophagy and Apoptosis Crosstalk.

Cyclosporine (CsA) is considered one of the main components of treatment protocols for organ transplantation owing to its immunosuppressive effect. However, its use is very restricted due to its nephrotoxic effect. ZW is an alkaline fluid rich in various trace elements and has a great ability to stimulate antioxidant processes. This study aimed to investigate the possible mitigating effect of ZW on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms. Forty rats were allocated into four groups (n = 10): a control group, ZW group, cyclosporine A group (injected subcutaneously (SC) with CsA (20 mg/kg/day)), and cyclosporine A+ Zamzam water group (administered CsA (SC) and ZW as their only drinking water (100 mL/cage/day) for 21 days). Exposure to CsA significantly (p < 0.001) increased the serum creatinine level, lipid peroxidation marker level (malondialdehyde; MDA), and the expression of apoptotic markers procaspase-8, caspase-8, caspase- 9, calpain, cytochrome c, caspas-3, P62, and mTOR in renal tissues. Meanwhile, it markedly decreased (p< 0.001) the autophagic markers (AMPK, ULK-I, ATag5, LC3, and Beclin-1), antiapoptotic Bcl-2, and antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the administration of CsA caused histological alterations in renal tissues. ZW significantly (p < 0.001) reversed all the changes caused by CsA and conclusively achieved a positive outcome in restraining CsA-induced nephrotoxicity, as indicated by the restoration of the histological architecture, improvement of renal function, inhibition of apoptosis, and enhancement of autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway.

Novel Insights about Synergistic Effect of Zamzam Water with SGL2 Inhibitors on Wound Healing in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats: The Role of anti-Inflammatory and Proangiogenic Effects.

Background: Hyperglycemia usually impairs wound healing by dysregulating the inflammatory response and angiogenesis. This study aimed to examine the synergistic effect of dapagliflozin and Zamzam water (ZW) on the healing of diabetic wounds and to explore their anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic effects.Materials and methods: A full-thickness excisional wound was made on the backs of all groups after two weeks of diabetes induction. Forty rats were divided into five groups, with eight rats per group; Group 1: Control non-diabetic rats; Group II: Untreated diabetic rats; Group III: Diabetic rats drinking ZW; Group IV: Diabetic rats receiving an oral dose of 1 mg/kg dapagliflozin; and Group V: Received both dapagliflozin and ZW. The healing of diabetic wounds was assessed by measuring wound closure, oxidative stress markers, immunohistochemical staining of NF-ßB, VEGF, CD34, CD45, Ki-67, and eNOS, gene expression of MMP-9, TGF-ß1, EGF-b1, FGF, and Col1A1, protein levels of TNFα, IL-1ß, IL6, Ang II, and HIF-1α by ELISA assay, and histological examination with H & E and Masson's trichrome. Combined treatment with dapagliflozin and ZW significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the wound closure and antioxidant enzyme level, with apparent histological improvement, and shortened the inflammatory stage of the diabetic wound by decreasing the level of inflammatory markers NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL6, and CD45. Therefore, it improved angiogenesis markers VEGF, CD34, eNOS, EGF-ß1, FGF, Ang II, and HIF-1α, increasing Ki-67 cellular proliferation. Moreover, it enhanced the remodeling stage by increasing MMP-2, TGF-ß1, and Col1A1 levels compared to diabetic rats.

Thyroid Cancer Knowledge and Awareness in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Thyroid cancer incidence has been increasing worldwide over the last few decades. It is the most common endocrine cancer and is most common among females. The study contributes to filling the knowledge gap among Saudi people regarding thyroid cancer. Objectives This research aims to investigate the level of thyroid cancer knowledge and awareness in Saudi Arabia, identify potential knowledge gaps, and develop targeted strategies for enhancing public awareness and education. Methods A cross-sectional, voluntary online survey was conducted from 1st August 2023 to 1st October 2023 among residents living in Saudi Arabia over 18 years of age. The participants included were 2030 respondents. Data analysis was performed using RStudio (R version 4.3.0; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Results Among the participants, the majority were female (60.4%). A total of 49.7% of the individuals reported having a moderate to high level of knowledge about thyroid cancer. While 63.9% knew the association of a lump in the neck to thyroid cancer, 82.6% affirmed to consult a doctor upon discovering a lump, 72.1% knew that regular monitoring of neck lumps is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment of precancerous conditions, 38.7% were aware of females being prone to thyroid cancer, and 59.2% were aware of the link between lifestyle and increased risk. Higher awareness scores were positively associated with female gender, previously having thyroid function tests done, and previously undergoing a US scan of the thyroid. Conclusion In this study, Saudi individuals are reported to lack some aspects of knowledge and perception of thyroid cancer. This study emphasizes filling the existing knowledge gap in thyroid cancer awareness in the Saudi population.

Awareness of Keratoconus and Its Association With Eye Rubbing Among the Population in Aseer Province.

BACKGROUND: Keratoconus (KC), is a non-inflammatory, bilateral, asymmetrical, progressive disease characterized by ectasia, thinning, increasing corneal curvature, and loss of visual acuity. In Saudi Arabia, it was discovered that KC has been the main reason for corneal transplantation in the past 20 years. Eye rubbing is considered one of the most significant risk factors for KC based on available data. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in Aseer province, Saudi Arabia in 2023. Data were collected through a pre-designed online questionnaire consisting of 17 questions divided into three sections. The questionnaire was preceded by informed consent and insured to maintain the confidentiality of the data. RESULTS: A total of 498 respondents were included in this study. The majority of the study's participants were in the 18 to 25 age group and females made up the majority. The majority of participants had a university education. 41.6% of individuals reported experiencing an allergic disorder, 59.0% reported having knowledge about KC, and the overall participants' awareness regarding KC was poor at 85.74%, with the highest percentage of good awareness (22.2%) detected among the 18-25 age group. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a concerning lack of awareness about KC among the population in Aseer Province, Saudi Arabia. Additionally, a significant percentage of participants engaged in eye rubbing, a behavior associated with increased risk for KC. There is a need for increased awareness about KC and the importance of avoiding eye rubbing.

Knowledge and Practice of the Preventive and Care Methods for Diabetic Foot Among the Caregivers of Diabetic Patients in Saudi Arabia.

Background Diabetic foot syndrome is a complex and multifactorial disease process involving neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, osteomyelitis, diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), and amputation. DFUs are a common and burdensome manifestation of the syndrome, responsible for diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Successful management of DFU requires collaboration between patients and caregivers. This study assesses the knowledge, experience, and practices of the caregivers of diabetic foot patients in Saudi Arabia, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve knowledge and practices in certain subgroups of caregivers. Method The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the proficiency and practicality of caregivers who provide care to patients with diabetic foot in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To accomplish this, a cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of diabetic foot patients who were aged 18 years or older and living in Saudi Arabia. The participants were randomly chosen to ensure that the sample was representative. The data collection process involved the distribution of a structured online questionnaire via various social media platforms. Prior to the distribution of the questionnaire, the participants were informed about the study's objectives, and their informed consent was obtained. Additionally, adequate measures were taken to ensure the confidentiality of the participants and their caregiving status. Results Among the initial pool of 2990 participants, 1023 individuals were excluded from the study due to their status as non-caregivers of diabetic patients or being under the age of 18 years. Consequently, the final sample size consisted of 1921 caregivers. The majority of the participants were female (61.6%), married (58.6%), and had a bachelor's degree (52.4%). The findings revealed that 34.6% of caregivers were attending to patients with diabetic foot, of which 8.5% reported poor foot status and 9.1% reported amputation. Caregivers reported examining the patient's feet in 75.2% of cases, and the feet were cleaned and moisturized by either the patient or caregiver. Nails were trimmed by 77.8% of caregivers, and 49.8% of them did not permit patients to walk barefoot. Moreover, knowledge of diabetic foot care was positively correlated with being female, having a post-graduate degree, having personal experience with diabetes, caring for a patient with diabetic foot, and having prior experience in treating diabetic foot. Conversely, lower knowledge levels were associated with divorced or unemployed caregivers and those residing in the northern region. Conclusion The present study highlights that caregivers of diabetic foot patients in Saudi Arabia possess a satisfactory level of knowledge and follow appropriate practices regarding foot care. Nonetheless, it is imperative to identify specific subgroups of caregivers who may require additional education and training to improve their knowledge and practices concerning diabetic foot care. The results of this study could potentially inform the design of tailored interventions aimed at reducing the significant burden of morbidity and mortality attributed to diabetic foot syndrome in the Saudi Arabian context.

Adult Knowledge About Postoperative Complications of Rhinoplasty in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia.

Background Rhinoplasty, a prevalent cosmetic surgical procedure worldwide, is not exempt from associated risks and complications, as with any other surgery. In light of the surging demand for rhinoplasty amongst young adults, it is imperative to acknowledge that the procedure can engender various complications that can be classified as either early or late complications. Examples of early complications include epistaxis and periorbital ecchymosis, while late complications may manifest as enophthalmos or septal perforation. The present study endeavors to gauge the knowledge of rhinoplasty complications among adult residents of the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods To achieve the research objectives, a cross-sectional study design was implemented, utilizing a self-administered online questionnaire. The study targeted male and female adults aged 18 years and above residing in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire comprised of 14 items, categorized into socio-demographic and rhinoplasty postoperative complications sections, respectively. Results The study gathered responses from a total of 968 participants, of which 60.95% fell within the age range of 18-30 years. The majority of participants identified as female (77.89%), and Saudi citizens constituted the vast majority of the respondents (96.28%). Among the participants, 22.62% expressed a desire to undergo rhinoplasty, whereas 77.38% indicated no interest in the procedure. Of those who sought rhinoplasty, the majority favored having the surgery performed by a skilled physician (81.74%). Notably, participants exhibited a relatively high level of awareness regarding the postoperative complications of rhinoplasty, with respiratory issues being the most widely recognized complication (66.63%). Conversely, headache, nausea, and vomiting were the least familiar complications (100%). Conclusion The study findings reveal a considerable knowledge gap among adults residing in the Western region of Saudi Arabia concerning rhinoplasty's possible postoperative complications. The results underscore the pressing need to establish comprehensive educational and awareness-raising programs to equip individuals contemplating the procedure with the requisite information to make informed decisions. Future research endeavors could delve into the underlying determinants that drive the desire for rhinoplasty and assess potential interventions geared toward augmenting individuals' comprehension and knowledge of the procedure.