A cross-sectional study of United States Academic-clinical research collaborations: Characteristics, resources, benefits and outcomes.

AIMS: The aims of the study were to compare characteristics, resources, benefits and outcomes of academic-clinical collaborations of nursing researcher leaders from academic, clinical and joint-employer sites. BACKGROUND: Few research-based publications addressed academic-clinical research collaborations. New knowledge could increase nursing and multidisciplinary research productivity, including implementation science. DESIGN: An anonymous survey using a 40-item questionnaire. METHODS: Information letters with a link to the questionnaire were emailed to United States nursing research leaders. Data were grouped by institution type: academic, clinical or joint-employer. Analyses included Kruskal-Wallis tests for ordered responses, Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical responses and Cohen's Kappa agreement statistic for expected and actual time devoted to research. STROBE guidelines were followed. RESULTS: Of 120 respondents from academic (n = 60; 50.0%), clinical (n = 53; 41.2%) and joint-employer (n = 7; 5.8%) sites, 78.3%, 92.3% and 100%, respectively, were from metropolitan areas. Mean (SD) priority for active collaborations was higher at joint-employer sites; p = .002. Clinical sites were more likely to have directors of evidence-based practice (p = .031) and informatics (p = .008) and librarians (p = .029). Sites with collaborations were more likely to have access to research subjects (p = .008) and post-award research account management (p = .045). By collaboration status, there were no differences in the number of ethics board-approved studies. Collaborating site benefits were perceived to be executive leadership support (p = .003), greater research engagement by clinical nurses (p = .048), more co-authored publications (p = .048) and more abstracts accepted at national meetings (p = .044). Despite more resources and perceived benefits, outcomes did not differ by collaboration status. CONCLUSIONS: Sites with and without academic-clinical research collaborations differed; however, outcomes were similar. Future efforts should focus on nurse scientist collaboration to address important clinical questions aimed at improving clinical outcomes. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Despite some successful outcomes, potential benefits of academic-clinical research collaborations have not been fully actualised.

Strategies to enhance the success of mid-career nurse scientists.

BACKGROUND: The mid-career nurse scientist, defined as an associate professor with/without tenure, is often faced with a multitude of challenges and opportunities PURPOSE: This paper shares strategies to assist mid-career scientists as they juggle required career demands and navigate the mid-career phase in pursuit of the rank of full professor. METHOD: A review of the literature was performed on mid-career nurse scientists. DISCUSSION: A combination of increased research responsibilities, increased institutional teaching and service demands, and dwindling support can result in a sense of overwhelm and burnout. The mid-career nurse scientist must balance several balls in the air at one time to remain successful. CONCLUSION: Strategies aligned with the Ecological Framework, focus on intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, organizational, and public policy domains to provide a wide scope of strategies that target the mid-career scientist and engage the larger nursing community.

Impact of Pre-visit Contextual Data Collection on Patient-Physician Communication and Patient Activation: a Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patient contextual data (PCD) are often missing from electronic health records, limiting the opportunity to incorporate preferences and life circumstances into care. Engaging patients through tools that collect and summarize such data may improve communication and patient activation. However, differential tool adoption by race might widen health care disparities. OBJECTIVE: Determine if a digital tool designed to collect and present PCD improves communication and patient activation; secondarily, evaluate if use impacts outcomes by race. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A pragmatic, two-armed, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted during 2019 in a primary care setting. INTERVENTION: The PCD tool (PatientWisdom) invited patients to identify preferences, values, goals, and barriers to care. Patients were randomized to a standard pre-visit email or facilitated enrollment with dedicated outreach to encourage use of the tool. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes of interest were post-visit patient communication and patient activation measured by the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT) and Patient Activation Measure (PAM), respectively. Outcomes were evaluated using treatment-on-the-treated (TOT) and intention-to-treat (ITT) principles. KEY RESULTS: A total of 301 patients were enrolled. Facilitated enrollment resulted in a five-fold increase in uptake of the PCD tool. TOT analysis indicated that the PCD tool was associated with notable increases in specific CAT items rated as excellent: "treated me with respect" (+ 13 percentage points; p = 0.04), "showed interest in my ideas" (+ 14 percentage points; p = 0.03), "showed care and concern" (+ 16 percentage points; p = 0.02), and "spent about the right amount of time with me" (+ 11 percentage points; p = 0.05). There were no significant pre/post-visit differences in PAM scores between arms (- 4.41 percentage points; p = 0.58). ITT results were similar. We saw no evidence of the treatment effect varying by race in ITT or TOT analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The inclusion of PCD enhanced essential aspects of patient-provider communication but did not affect patient activation. Outcomes did not differ by race. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clincaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03766841.

Improving the care and health of populations through optimal use of clinical nurse specialists.

Patients with complex and chronic illnesses and those who have significant needs related to care coordination and transitions of care are dependent on access to healthcare providers who are skilled at meeting the distinct needs of these populations and are current in the latest evidence-based practices and guidelines. Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) are uniquely qualified to care for patients with complex illnesses as well as having the skills to optimize care for entire populations with complex needs. The absence of consistent legislative advanced practice registered nurse recognition of CNSs prevents health care systems from optimal use of this advanced practice registered nurse role to improve and provide safe and quality care for these patients. Additional barriers in optimal utilization of CNSs include lack of consistency: in title protection and licensing from state to state; ensuring patient access through identification and tracking of CNS numbers across the United States in order to determine workforce and educational program requirements; and ensuring appropriate reimbursement for care provided by CNSs. Therefore, it is the position of the American Academy of Nursing that addressing public and private sector regulatory, legislative, and policy concerns related to CNSs is essential to achieving optimal population health outcomes across the nation.

Chlorhexidine with isopropyl alcohol versus iodine povacrylex with isopropyl alcohol and alcohol- versus nonalcohol-based skin preparations: the incidence of and readmissions for surgical site infections after colorectal operations.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after colorectal operations. Preparation of the surgical site with antiseptic solutions is an essential part of wound infection prevention. To date, there is no universal consensus regarding which preparation is most efficacious. OBJECTIVE: This study compared 2.0% chlorhexidine with 70.0% isopropyl alcohol versus 0.7% iodine povacrylex with 74.0% isopropyl alcohol and alcohol-based versus nonalcohol-based skin preparations with regard to efficacy in preventing postoperative wound infections. DESIGN: This is a retrospective study from 2 prospectively collected statewide databases combined. A propensity score model was used to adjust for differences between the groups in patient demographics, characteristics, comorbidities, and laboratory values. SETTINGS: The multicenter data set used in this analysis represents a variety of academic and community hospitals within the state of Michigan from January 2010 through June 2012. PATIENTS: Patients over the age of 18 years who underwent clean-contaminated colorectal operations were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence of superficial surgical site infections, any surgical site infection, any wound complication, and readmission within 30 days for surgical site infection were measured. RESULTS: When 2.0% chlorhexidine with 70.0% isopropyl alcohol (n = 425) and 0.7% iodine povacrylex with 74.0% isopropyl alcohol (n = 115) were compared, a total of 540 colorectal cases met inclusion criteria. When alcohol-based (n = 610) and nonalcohol-based (n = 177) skin preparations were compared, a total of 787 colorectal cases met inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in the propensity-adjusted odds for having any of the 4 outcomes of interest when comparing 2.0% chlorhexidine with 70.0% isopropyl alcohol to 0.7% iodine povacrylex with 74.0% isopropyl alcohol and when comparing alcohol-based with nonalcohol-based skin preparations. LIMITATIONS: This was a nonrandomized study performed retrospectively based on data collected within the state of Michigan. CONCLUSIONS: The use of 2.0% chlorhexidine with 70.0% isopropyl alcohol versus 0.7% iodine povacrylex with 74.0% isopropyl alcohol or alcohol-based versus nonalcohol-based skin preparations does not significantly influence the incidence of surgical site infections or readmission within 30 days for surgical site infection after clean-contaminated colorectal operations.

Relationship between operating room nursing staff expertise and patient outcomes.

This secondary analysis evaluated the association of operating room scrub staff expertise, based on frequency of working on a specific surgical procedure, with the development of surgical site infections. The odds of developing surgical site infections decreased by 5.7% (odds ratio = 0.943; 95% confidence interval, 0.834-1.067) with increased expertise, although a statistically significant association was not established (P = .354). The relationship between operating room scrub staff expertise and patient outcomes is important to understand.

Intraoperative risk factors associated with postoperative pressure ulcers in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The risk for pressure ulcers is rarely identified in the perioperative period, and the influence of this period on risk factors has not been as rigorously studied as the postoperative period. We hypothesized that intraoperative risk factors exist, which increase the likelihood of a postoperative new-onset pressure ulcer. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study. SETTING: A large midwestern U.S. quaternary care institution. PATIENTS: A total of 2,695 adult surgical patients underwent operative procedures and received care in one of three ICUs using an electronic documentation application. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was hospital-acquired pressure ulcer categorized as stages II, III, and IV; deep tissue injury; or unstageable. Univariate analyses comparing patients with and without the outcome of pressure ulcers were conducted for each preoperative characteristic or comorbidity. Patients were matched using the logit of the propensity score based solely on their preoperative comorbidities. Adjusted associations between development of pressure ulcers and intraoperative characteristics were determined in the postmatch cohort. We identified seven independent preoperative patients' characteristics and comorbidities in our adult surgical patient sample: American Society of Anesthesiologists risk classification 4 or 5, underweight body mass index, noncardiac surgery, history of congestive heart failure, renal disease, existing airway present prior to arrival in the operating room, and age. The only significant association in the matched dataset accounting for patient preoperative variability is the use of intraoperative blood products. CONCLUSION: Postoperative pressure ulcers developed in 10.7% of critically ill patients in our study. Only intraoperative use of blood products, not operative case length, hypotension, or vasopressor use, was associated with postoperative pressure ulcer development on adjusted analysis.

Nurses' delivery of the Tobacco Tactics intervention at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) factors associated with nurses' perceived confidence in and importance of delivering cessation interventions to patients after receiving the Tobacco Tactics educational module, and (2) whether self-reported delivery of smoking cessation services increased after the Tobacco Tactics educational programme was implemented. BACKGROUND: Intensive nurse-based inpatient smoking cessation interventions are effective; however, due to a lack of nurse confidence, training and time, nurse-administered cessation interventions are seldom implemented. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional surveys among staff trained in the Tobacco Tactics programme, conducted at two months and 15 months post-training. METHODS: Surveys were conducted to determine whether self-reported delivery of smoking cessation services by nursing staff increased after delivery of the Tobacco Tactics training at a Midwestern Veterans Affairs Medical Center. All staff members who attended the training were eligible to complete the surveys at two and 15 months post-training. RESULTS: Having a good understanding of the elements of smoking cessation interventions and satisfaction with training were associated with perceived confidence and importance of delivering smoking cessation interventions. Additionally, 86% of participants reported delivering cessation interventions 15 months post-training compared with 57% prior to training (p < 0·0001). CONCLUSIONS: Training nurses how to deliver tobacco cessation interventions increases delivery of cessation services. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurse-delivered cessation interventions have the potential to increase quit rates and decrease morbidity and mortality among patient populations.

Early adjuvant use of nonopioids associated with reduced odds of serious postoperative opioid adverse events and need for rescue in children.

OBJECTIVES: Examine factors associated with opioid adverse drug events (ADE) in children. SPECIFIC AIMS: Examine whether adjuvant nonopioid use is associated with a decreased probability of opioid-ADEs and need for rescue. BACKGROUND: Opioid-ADEs contribute to serious preventable harm for hospitalized children. Adjuvant nonopioid use may mitigate opioid risk postoperatively, yet few studies support this notion. METHOD: This nested case-control study included children who required intervention or rescue from opioid-ADEs and procedure-matched controls. Data were recorded from medical records and primary outcomes included serious opioid-ADEs (over-sedation and respiratory depression) and need for rescue (e.g., naloxone, rapid response team). Hierarchical logistic regression (HLR) models examined relationships between factors and opioid-ADEs. Early clinical signs and symptoms of deterioration were examined. RESULTS: Twenty five children with opioid-ADEs and 98 children without events were included. ASA-PS remained an independent risk factor (odds ratio, 2.56 [1.09, 6.03]; P = 0.031), while adjuvant nonopioids a risk reduction factor for opioid-ADEs (OR, 0.16 [0.05, 0.47]; P = 0.001) and need for rescue (0.14 [0.04, 0.47]; P = 0.001). Supplemental oxygen use at PACU discharge was associated with an increased odds of opioid-ADEs (OR, 3.72 [1.35, 10.23]; P = 0.007) and need for rescue (5.5 [1.7, 17.82]; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that strategies such as early use of adjuvant nonopioids may reduce risk of opioid-ADEs postoperatively. Furthermore, children who require supplemental oxygen early postoperatively may be at heightened risk of later events.

Artificial neural network approaches to identify maternal and infant risk and asset factors using Peridata.Net: a WI-MIOS study.

Objective: To analyze PeriData.Net, a clinical registry with linked maternal-infant hospital data of Milwaukee County residents, to demonstrate a predictive analytic approach to perinatal infant risk assessment. Materials and Methods: Using unsupervised learning, we identified infant birth clusters with similar multivariate health indicator patterns, measured using perinatal variables from 2008 to 2019 from n = 43 969 clinical registry records in Milwaukee County, WI, followed by supervised learning risk-propagation modeling to identify key maternal factors. To understand the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and birth outcome cluster assignment, we recoded zip codes in Peridata.Net according to SES level. Results: Three self-organizing map clusters describe infant birth outcome patterns that are similar in the multivariate space. Birth outcome clusters showed higher hazard birth outcome patterns in cluster 3 than clusters 1 and 2. Cluster 3 was associated with lower Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min after birth, shorter infant length, and premature birth. Prediction profiles of birth clusters indicate the most sensitivity to pregnancy weight loss and prenatal visits. Majority of infants assigned to cluster 3 were in the 2 lowest SES levels. Discussion: Using an extensive perinatal clinical registry, we found that the strongest predictive performance, when considering cluster membership using supervised learning, was achieved by incorporating social and behavioral risk factors. There were inequalities in infant birth outcomes based on SES. Conclusion: Identifying infant risk hazard profiles can contribute to knowledge discovery and guide future research directions. Additionally, presenting the results to community members can build consensus for community-identified health and risk indicator prioritization for intervention development.

Strategies to Strengthen Nursing PhD Enrollment: An Ecological Systems Perspective.

BACKGROUND: Nurses with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree are essential to developing nursing knowledge, promoting health outcomes, and educating the next generation of nurses. Declining enrollment in nursing PhD programs calls for purposeful action. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Framework, this article outlines barriers and facilitators, and offers strategies to increase PhD enrollment. METHOD: Extant literature and the authors' cumulative experiences in PhD education and research were reviewed to identify strategies to increase PhD enrollment. RESULTS: Multilevel influences impede or facilitate enrollment in PhD programs. Strategies addressing individual and interpersonal influences included intentional personalized recruiting and early outreach to students at various levels of education. Institutional and organizational strategies included research partnerships and programs, and financial and infrastructure support. Sociocultural strategies included image branding and a positive social media presence supporting nurse scientists. CONCLUSION: Strategies to enhance PhD enrollment across all levels can spark interest in nursing science and PhD enrollment. [J Nurs Educ. 2023;62(12):669-678.].

Pregnant Through the COVID-19 Chaos: Insights on How Women Use Information in the Perinatal Period During a Pandemic.

PURPOSE/AIMS: To gain insights in how women use technology to address health information needs during the prenatal and postpartum time frame. DESIGN: An exploratory qualitative study recruited pregnant and recent postpartum women to share their perspectives on information they needed and how they obtained it. METHODS: Women who were pregnant or <90 days postpartum (n = 26) were recruited via social media and invited to share their experiences. Design thinking methodology was used to develop questions to understand information needs in the perinatal period as well as in context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Verbatim transcripts were coded by the research team according to Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Five themes explain the experience of seeking information to support the perinatal period. Women explained the need for the following: (1) information and relationships are inseparable, (2) current practices leave needs unmet, (3) the pandemic exposes vulnerability in prenatal care, (4) left to figure it out alone, and (5) bridging the gap through technology. CONCLUSIONS: Aggregated findings suggest how usual care can be modified to improve support for women through personalized care, improved information support, and use of technology. The study findings inform innovative strategies using current technologies to improve health promotion in a dynamic health environment.

Real-world implementation evaluation of an electronic health record-integrated consumer informatics tool that collects patient-generated contextual data.

OBJECTIVE: Use the RE-AIM framework to examine the implementation of a patient contextual data (PCD) Tool designed to share patients' needs, values, and preferences with care teams ahead of clinical encounters. MATERIALS & METHODS: Observational study that follows initial PCD Tool scaling across primary care at a Midwestern academic health network. Program invitations, enrollment, patient submissions, and clinician views were tracked over a 1-year study period. Logistic regression modeled the likelihood of using the PCD Tool, accounting for patient covariates. RESULTS: Of 58,874 patients who could be contacted by email, 9,183 (15.6%) became PCD Tool users. Overall, 76% of primary care providers had patients who used the PCD Tool. Older age, female gender, non-minority race, patient portal activation, and Medicare coverage were significantly associated with increased likelihood of use. Number of office visits, medical issues, and behavioral health conditions also associated with use. Primary care staff viewed 18.7% of available PCD Tool summaries, 1.1% to 57.6% per clinic. DISCUSSION: The intervention mainly reached non-minority patients and patients who used more health services. Given the requirement for an email address on file, some patients may have been underrepresented. Overall, patient reach and adoption and clinician adoption, implementation, and maintenance of this Tool were modest but stable, consistent with a non-directive approach to fostering adoption by introducing the Tool in the absence of clear expectations for use. CONCLUSION: Healthcare organizations must implement effective methods to increase the reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of PCD tools across all patient populations. Assisting people, particularly racial minorities, with PCD Tool registration and actively supporting clinician use are critical steps in implementing technology that facilitates care.

Characterizing the structure of operating room staffing using social network analysis.

BACKGROUND: : Very little research has been focused on the interdisciplinary staffing characteristics of the operating room team, an essential component of providing safe patient care in a high-risk setting. OBJECTIVES: : The aim of this study was to determine how the operating room staffing of two surgical specialties compares in terms of social network variables. METHODS: : Staffing data from all general and neurosurgical procedures performed at a large Midwestern hospital were analyzed using Social Network Analysis methods. Network variables include centrality, team coreness, and the core/periphery network structure. Multidimensional scaling, correlation, and descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. RESULTS: : The core/periphery network structure was characteristic of both surgical services. Team coreness, a measure of how often the team worked together, was associated with the length of the case (p < .001). Procedure start time predicts the team coreness measure, with cases starting later in the day less likely to be staffed with a high core team (p < .001). Registered nurses constitute the majority of core interdisciplinary team members in both groups. DISCUSSION: : Analysis of the core/periphery structure of specialty team staffing networks indicates that many procedures are staffed with individuals who are associated peripherally with the specialty. Registered nurses as core group members are in a position to take a leadership role in the communication of norms and process variations to noncore members. The effect of having late starting cases staffed with a lower core team should be studied further because it pertains to patient outcomes. Future work should strive to account for the complex and dynamic nature of team development.

Nursing medication administration and workflow using computerized physician order entry.

The benefits of computerized physician order entry systems have been described widely; however, the impact of computerized physician order entry on nursing workflow and its potential for error are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a computerized physician order entry system on nursing workflow. Using an exploratory design, nurses employed on an adult ICU (n = 36) and a general pediatric unit (n = 50) involved in computerized physician order entry-based medication delivery were observed. Nurses were also asked questions regarding the impact of computerized physician order entry on nursing workflow. Observations revealed total time required for administering medications averaged 8.45 minutes in the ICU and 9.93 minutes in the pediatric unit. Several additional steps were required in the process for pediatric patients, including preparing the medications and communicating with patients and family, which resulted in greater time associated with the delivery of medications. Frequent barriers to workflow were noted by nurses across settings, including system issues (ie, inefficient medication reconciliation processes, long order sets requiring more time to determine medication dosage), less frequent interaction between the healthcare team, and greater use of informal communication modes. Areas for nursing workflow improvement include (1) medication reconciliation/order duplication, (2) strategies to improve communication, and (3) evaluation of the impact of computerized physician order entry on practice standards.

The Effect of RN Circulator-Scrub Person Dyad Consistency on Total OR Time and Turnover Time.

Operating room efficiency is an important consideration for perioperative nurse leaders because it can affect their facilities' revenue and provider and patient satisfaction. Using consistent perioperative teams, including the same RN circulator and scrub person, for consecutive procedures may improve OR efficiency. This retrospective cross-sectional cohort study assessed the effects of a consistent team in the form of RN circulator-scrub person dyads on the total OR and turnover times for 310 surgical procedures using electronic OR records data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program that was collected in 2008. Controlling for relevant variables (eg, procedure type consistency, number of staff members present, procedure complexity), the association between RN circulator-scrub person dyads and total OR time and turnover time was not significant.

The Development and Testing of the MISSCARE Survey OR.

BACKGROUND: An acceptable, reliable, and valid survey instrument to measure missed nursing care in perioperative settings has not been developed. PURPOSE: To develop and conduct psychometric testing of the MISSCARE Survey OR. METHODS: Data were collected nationwide from 1,693 operating room (OR) nurses who completed the MISSCARE Survey OR. The survey contained two sections: Part A, "Elements of perioperative nursing care" (32 questions) and Part B, "Reasons for missing nursing care" (17 questions). RESULTS: The MISSCARE Survey OR demonstrated acceptability, as few respondents missed questions in Part A (0.1%-1.1%) and Part B (0.8%-1.3%). Exploratory factor analysis revealed five subscales in Part A (Legal, Preparation, Safety, Communication, and Closing) and four in Part B (Urgency, Staffing, Materials, and Teamwork). In Part A, the five-factor solution explained 44% of the variance. In Part B, the four-factor solution explained 53% of the variance. Alpha coefficients for subscales in Part A ranged from 0.71 to 0.84 and 0.74 to 0.90 for Part B. Validity was measured using content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity. A panel of OR nurse experts established content validity. Criterion validity compared hospitals with fewer than six ORs to hospitals with hospitals with more than six ORs where it was hypothesized aprior that nurses in hospitals with fewer ORs would have missed less care (X = -.123, standard error [SE] = .041, p = .003). Construct validity was tested through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Correlation coefficients for Part A ranged from 0.34 to 0.73 and 0.60 to 0.73 for Part B. Overall model fit was acceptable: goodness-of-fit index (GFI) and CFA were greater than 0.90, standardized root mean square residual (SMRM) was less than 0.06, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) less than 0.08. CONCLUSION: The MISSCARE Survey OR promises to be a reliable, valid indicator of the extent of and reasons for missed nursing care.

Racial Disparities in Patient Activation: The Role of Economic Diversity.

The Patient Activation Measure (PAM) assesses a person's level of knowledge, skills, and confidence to self-manage their day-to-day health. We conducted a mediation analysis to examine potential direct effects of race on significantly lower baseline PAM scores in Black than in White participants (p<0.001) who were a subset of 184 adults who participated in a randomized controlled trial. In the mediation analysis, using natural indirect effects, the continuous outcome was the PAM score. The mediators were income, education, ability to pay bills, and health literacy; race (Black or White) was the "exposure." The results indicate that income (p=0.025) and difficulty paying monthly bills (p=0.04) mediated the relationship between race and baseline PAM score, whereas health literacy (p=0.301) and education (p=0.436) did not. Researchers must further investigate the role of economic diversity as an underlying mechanism of patient activation and differences in outcomes.Clinical Trial Registration: Avoiding Health Disparities When Collecting Patient Contextual Data for Clinical Care and Pragmatic Research: NCT03766841https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03766841?term=crotty&draw=2&rank=1.

Failure to rescue measure: validation of community- and hospital-acquired complications.

The inclusion of the failure to rescue (FTR) measure as one of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Inpatient Prospective Payment System measures has raised questions about the characteristics of FTR cases and their outcomes. In this study, we validated 75% of the identified FTR complications using medical record review (n = 461). Nearly half (49.5%) of the complications originated in the community and were present on admission. Acute renal failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and sepsis most often originated in the community. Cardiac arrest/shock, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis most often developed in the hospitals. These findings have important implications for practice as clinical leadership focuses on the prevention and aggressive management of complications to prevent death, increased length of stay, and possible reductions in Medicare diagnosis related groups' reimbursements.